Numerical Simulation on Expansion Process of Ablation Plasma Induced by Intense Pulsed Ion Beam

We present a one-dimensional time-dependent numerical model for the expansion process of ablation plasma induced by intense pulsed ion beam （IPIB）. The evolutions of density, velocity, temperature, and pressure of the ablation plasma of the aluminium target are obtained. The numerical results are well in agreement with the relative experimental data. It is shown that the expansion process of ablation plasma induced by IPIB includes strongly nonlinear effects and that shock waves appear during the propagation of the ablation plasma.     

Propagation of Plasma Generated by Intense Pulsed Ion Beam Irradiation

Taking the calculation results based on the established two-dimensional ablation model of the intense-pulsed-ionbeam （IPIB） irradiation process as initial conditions, we build a two-dimensional hydrodynamic ejection model of plasma produced by an IPIB-irradiated metal titanium target into ambient gas. We obtain the conclusions that shock waves generate when the background pressure is around 133 mTorr and also obtain the plume splitting phenomenon that has been observed in the experiments.     

Experimental Scaling for Mass Ablation Rate in Planar Targets Irradiated by Smoothed 0.351μm Laser Beam

Layered planar targets, consists of al and Au layers, were irradiated by smoothed 0.351-μm-high power laser with relatively large focus spot on Xingguang Ⅱ laser facility. The burn-through time of laser ablation of Al sample has been obtained by measuring the delay time of Au N-Band x-ray emission with respect to the Al K-Band x-ray emission. The scaling law of mass ablation rate with the laser flux has been obtained by only varying the laser energy on the target surface on different shots. The experimental scaling law is greatly different from the results of Key et al. [Phys. Fluids 23 (1983) 2011] and is in good agreement with the analytical model.     

Effects of Confined Laser Ablation on Laser Plasma Propulsion

We investigate the effects of confined laser ablation on laser plasma propulsion. Compared with planar ablation, the cavity ablation provides an effective way to obtain a large target momentum and a high coupling coefficient. When laser pulses are focused into a cavity with 1 mm diameter and 2ram depth, a high coupling coefficient is obtained. By using a glass layer to cover the cavity, the coupling coefficient is enhanced by 10 times. Meanwhile, it is found that with the increase of the target surface size, the target momentum presents a linear increase.     

The characteristics of confined ablation in laser propulsion

Compared with direct ablation, confined ablation provides an effective way to obtain a large target momentum and a high coupling coefficient. By using a transparent glass layer to cover the target surface, the coupling coefficient is enhanced by an order of magnitude. With the increase of the gap width between the target surface and the cover layer, the coupling coefficient exponentially decreases. It is found that the coupling coefficient is also related to the thickness of the cover layer.     

Femtosecond laser ablation of silicon in air and vacuum

Femtosecond(fs) pulse laser ablation of silicon targets in air and in vacuum is investigated using a timeresolved shadowgraphic method. The observed dynamic process of the fs laser ablation of silicon in air is significantly different from that in vacuum. Similar to the ablation of metallic targets,while the shock wave front and a series of nearly concentric and semicircular stripes,as well as the contact front,are clearly identifiable in the process of ablation under 1×10 5 Pa,these phenomena are no longer observed when the ablation takes place in vacuum. Although the ambient air around the target strongly affects the evolution of the ablation plume,the three rounds of material ejection clearly observed in the shadowgraphs of fs laser ablation in standard air can also be distinguished in the process of ablation in vacuum. It is proven that the three rounds of material ejection are caused by different ablation mechanisms.     

Theoretical and simulation research of hydrodynamic instabilities in inertial-confinement fusion implosions

Inertial fusion energy(IFE)has been considered a promising,nearly inexhaustible source of sustainable carbon-free power for the world's energy future.It has long been recognized that the control of hydrodynamic instabilities is of critical importance for ignition and high-gain in the inertial-confinement fusion(ICF)hot-spot ignition scheme.In this mini-review,we summarize the progress of theoretical and simulation research of hydrodynamic instabilities in the ICF central hot-spot implosion in our group over the past decade.In order to obtain sufficient understanding of the growth of hydrodynamic instabilities in ICF,we first decompose the problem into different stages according to the implosion physics processes.The decomposed essential physics processes that are associated with ICF implosions,such as Rayleigh-Taylor instability(RTI),Richtmyer-Meshkov instability(RMI),Kelvin-Helmholtz instability(KHI),convergent geometry effects,as well as perturbation feed-through are reviewed.Analytical models in planar,cylindrical,and spherical geometries have been established to study different physical aspects,including density-gradient,interface-coupling,geometry,and convergent effects.The influence of ablation in the presence of preheating on the RTI has been extensively studied by numerical simulations.The KHI considering the ablation effect has been discussed in detail for the first time.A series of single-mode ablative RTI experiments has been performed on the Shenguang-Ⅱlaser facility.The theoretical and simulation research provides us the physical insights of linear and weakly nonlinear growths,and nonlinear evolutions of the hydrodynamic instabilities in ICF implosions,which has directly supported the research of ICF ignition target design.The ICF hot-spot ignition implosion design that uses several controlling features,based on our current understanding of hydrodynamic instabilities,to address shell implosion stability,has been briefly described,several of which are novel.     

Droplet impact on regular micro-grooved surfaces

We have investigated experimentally the process of a droplet impact on a regular micro-grooved surface. The target surfaces are patterned such that micro-scale spokes radiate from the center, concentric circles, and parallel lines on the polishing copper plate, using Quasi-LIGA molding technology. The dynamic behavior of water droplets impacting on these structured surfaces is examined using a high-speed camera, including the drop impact processes, the maximum spreading diameters, and the lengths and numbers of fingers at different values of Weber number. Experimental results validate that the spreading processes are arrested on all target surfaces at low velocity. Also, the experimental results at higher impact velocity demonstrate that the spreading process is conducted on the surface parallel to the micro-grooves, but is arrested in the direction perpendicular to the micro-grooves. Besides, the lengths of fingers increase observably, even when they are ejected out as tiny droplets along the groove direction, at the same time the drop recoil velocity is reduced by micro-grooves which are parallel to the spreading direction, but not by micro-grooves which are vertical to the spreading direction.     

Evaluation of laser ablation threshold in polymer samples using pulsed photoacoustic technique

The acoustic signals generated in solids due to interaction with pulsed laser beam is used to determine the ablation threshold of bulk polymer samples of teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) and nylon under the irradiation from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at 1.06μm wavelength. A suitably designed piezoelectric transducer is employed for the detection of photoacoustic (PA) signals generated in this process. It has been observed that an abrupt increase in the amplitude of the PA signal occurs at the ablation threshold. Also there exist distinct values for the threshold corresponding to different mechanisms operative in producing damages like surface morphology, bond breaking and melting processes at different laser energy densities.     

Spatial and time resolved analysis of CN bands in the laser induced plasma from graphite

Analysis of the emission bands of the CN molecules in the plasma generated from a graphite target irradiated with 1.06 μm radiation pulses from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser has been done. Depending on the position of the sampled volume of the plasma plume, the intensity distribution in the emission spectra is found to change drastically. The vibrational temperature and population distribution in the different vibrational levels have been studied as function of distance from the target for different time delays with respect to the incidence of the laser pulse. The translational temperature calculated from time of flight is found to be higher than the observed vibrational temperature for CN molecules and the reason for this is explained.     

强流脉冲离子束辐照靶材烧蚀效应二维数值研究

对强流脉冲离子束(IPIB)辐照Ti靶的烧蚀效应进行了二维数值研究.得到了表面烧蚀物质随脉冲时间的变化关系.得出TEMP Ⅱ 型加速器产生的脉冲束流辐照靶材时引起的汽、液化均是从表面开始、并且汽化过程中表面物质被层层烧蚀的结论.同时，得到中心区的平均烧蚀速度为10m/s 数量级，它远小于产生的烧蚀等离子体的喷发速度.得到脉冲期间靶材内部不同位置烧蚀斑痕形状的时间演化过程，以及束流中含有的离子种类分额不同时IPIB辐照过程产生的不同效果. 关键词： 强流脉冲离子束 靶 烧蚀过程 二维数值模拟     

强流脉冲离子束辐照双层靶能量沉积的数值模拟

利用拟合实验测得的TEMP Ⅱ型加速器磁绝缘二极管电压波形及其焦点附近束流密度曲线,建立了Gauss分布模型.采用Monte Carlo方法研究了强流脉冲离子束与铝材镀有不同厚度金膜的双层靶(金膜与铝材合称为双层靶)之间的相互作用,模拟了能量沉积的演化过程和随不同金膜厚度的变化情况.对脉冲离子束强化薄膜粘结性进行了探讨. 关键词： 强流脉冲离子束 双层靶 能量沉积 Monte Carlo方法     

强流脉冲离子束辐照靶及其喷发的数值研究

利用拟合实测的TEMP Ⅱ型加速器磁绝缘二极管(MID)电压波形及其焦点附近束流密度曲线，建立了Gaussian分布模型，据此计算了与靶作用的离子的能量及数量，采用Monte Carlo(MC)方法计算了沉积在靶内的能量.并以此作为热源，与流体动力学(HD)模型相结合，对不同的靶状态采用相应的状态方程，模拟计算了靶内压力演化情况; 同时对烧蚀产生的等离子体采用理想气体状态方程, 结合HD方程组, 模拟计算了喷发过程中压力的空间演化过程. 关键词： 强流脉冲离子束 Gaussian模型 HD方程 数值研究     

强流辐照钛合金表面特征的原子力显微研究

利用原子力显微术的轻敲模式(TM-AFM),并采用形貌与相位同时成像技术对强流脉冲离子束(IPIB)辐照前后试样表面进行了系统标征,得到了试样表面的高度像及相位像的衬度.分析结果表明:在高流强密度、多次脉冲条件下,IPIB辐照可使试样表面变得光滑化,从相位像中可以定性分析出辐照后表面硬度也得到一定程度的提高.     

强脉冲离子束辐照金属材料表面热力学效应计算

 简要讨论了强脉冲离子束与金属靶材料相互作用的理论模型,以此为基础应用数值计算的方法模拟计算了离子能量为1.0 MeV和300 keV,束流密度分别为10 A/cm²、50 A/cm²、100 A/cm²的质子束与金属铝靶材料相互作用时的热力学效应,给出了铝在辐照后内部的温度分布、温度梯度分布,以及温度变化速率（加热速率与冷却速率）、热激波的产生与传播过程及与应力等模拟计算结果。     

纳秒脉冲激光沉积薄膜过程中的烧蚀特性研究

研究了高能短脉冲激光薄膜制备的整个烧蚀过程.首先建立了基于超热理论的烧蚀模型，然 后利用较为符合实际的高斯分布表示脉冲激光输入能量密度，给出了考虑蒸发效应不同阶段 的烧蚀状态方程.结合适当的边界条件，以Si靶材为例，利用有限差分法得到了靶材在各个 阶段温度随时间和烧蚀深度的演化分布规律及表面蒸发速度与烧蚀深度在不同激光辐照强度 下随时间的演化规律.结果表明，在脉冲激光辐照阶段，靶材表面的蒸发效应使得靶材表面 温度上升显著放缓；在激光辐照强度接近相爆炸能量阈值时，蒸发速度与蒸发厚度的变化由 于逆流现象将显著放缓.还得到了考虑了熔融弛豫时间及蒸发效应的固-液界面随时间的演化 方程，这一结论较先前工作更具有普适性. 关键词： 脉冲激光烧蚀 热流方程 温度演化 有限差分法     

KTN薄膜脉冲激光沉积过程的机理研究

根据能量平衡原理,导出了脉冲激光作用靶材的烧蚀率公式,并根据流体动力学理论,得出了脉冲激光产生的等离子体的空间运动特性方程,将靶材烧蚀率公式与等离子体空间动力学方程结合起来,根据实验研究了不同激光功率密度和波长对Kta_0.65Nb_0.35O₃(KTN)薄膜沉积特性的影响,得到了一些有价值的结果,并对结果进行了详细的讨论,理论计算结果与实验大体符合. 关键词： PLD技术 烧蚀率 等离子体 KTN薄膜     

强脉冲离子束辐照薄金属靶的热力学过程研究

在回顾和总结现有强脉冲离子束诊断技术和能量沉积模型的基础上, 结合红外成像诊断分析, 基于能量平衡, 提出了强脉冲离子束在固体靶中功率密度分布模型, 并采用蒙特卡罗方法对其进行计算. 以该功率密度模型作为源项, 使用有限元分析方法模拟强脉冲离子束入射100 μm不锈钢靶后内部温度场在毫秒时间范围内的分布和演化. 结果显示, 在微秒时间范围内, 热场以存在于近表面区域数倍于离子射程范围内的冲击热场为主要特征; 而在毫秒时间范围内, 靶的前后表面(纵向)已达到温度平衡, 且靶后表面温度场和入射前表面的离子束横截面能量密度具有空间分布的相似性. 这证明了, 在采用具有毫秒响应速度的红外拍摄系统的情况下, 背面红外诊断技术可以实现以较高的精度对强脉冲离子束横截面的能量分布进行诊断和分析.