Fluxes of physical quantities and ozone concentration within a fruit tree

Summary Implicit to an understanding of the eco-physiological behaviour and yield of cultivated plants is a knowledge of air-vegetation interaction. One of the basic factors controlling the quantity and quality of plant growth is the turbulent exchange of such physical quantities as temperature and humidity, a fact making the impact assessment of gaseous pollutant deposition also important. Oxidants such as ozone are potentially harmful to plants via metabolic responses and cell injury and, once the threshold of adaptation is exceeded, the death of the plant may even ensue. Experimental application of the micrometeorological gradient method to a peach tree so as to determine the in-canopy transfer coefficients and to derive the fluxes of physical quantities and ozone is reported.     

Fuel cost charged to desalters in co-generation power-desalting plants

In combined power-desalting (plants, high available steam (at high pressure temperature) is expanded first in a steam turbine (and thus produces work) before its extraction (from the turbine) as a heat source to the desalters. The amount of energy consumption charged to the predominantly used multi-stage flash (MSF) desalter in this combined heat and power plant is a question of great concern in the Gulf area. The following are among the methods used to answer this questions (i) the available energy of the heat supplied to the desalter; (ii) work loss from the lower pressure stages of the steam turbine due to steam extracted to the desalter; (iii) energy charged if a separate boiler was used to supply the desalter with its required heat; and (iv) the excess energy supplied to the combined power desalting plant as compared to a single purpose power plant producing the same power output. There would be a different rating method of the power producing process associated with any of the above mentioned charging methods. In this paper, the MSF desalting method and its power consumption are outlined, together with the rating method of the power-desalting plants and the energy charged to the desalter methods. These rating methods are applied to real cases of dual purpose plants working in Kuwait.     

Physical methods for genetic transformation of fungi and yeast

The production of transgenic fungi is a routine process. Currently, it is possible to insert genes from other fungi, viruses, bacteria and even animals, albeit with low efficiency, into the genomes of a number of fungal species. Genetic transformation requires the penetration of the transgene through the fungal cell wall, a process that can be facilitated by biological or physical methods. Novel methodologies for the efficient introduction of specific genes and stronger promoters are needed to increase production levels. A possible solution to this problem is the recently discovered shock-wave-mediated transformation. The objective of this article is to review the state of the art of the physical methods used for genetic fungi transformation and to describe some of the basic physics and molecular biology behind them.     

铁磁形状记忆合金Ni52.2Mn23.8Ga24的马氏体相变及其物理表征

对Ni52.2Mn23.8Ga24的单晶样品在马氏体相变过程中的相变潜热、磁性、电阻以及应变等物理序参量进行了测量.测量结果表明:不同的物理机制表征的相变温度有所不同.利用马氏体相变的GT关系予以分析,解释了不同测量方法获得的相变温度差别的原因.研究指出,Heusler合金Ni2MnGa的相变是分布晶格畸变类型,磁结构的变化发生在第二步晶格的非均匀切变,但相变应变与GT模型有区别. 关键词： 马氏体相变 Ni52.2Mn23.8Ga24     

栎黄枯叶蛾幼虫寄主选择机制的光谱学研究

栎黄枯叶蛾(Trabala vishnou gigantina Yang)是一种多寄主林业害虫,在我国常造成多种经济作物的减产甚至绝收。为了对栎黄枯叶蛾幼虫的寄主选择机制进行深入了解,该研究在室内条件下,选取刺槐、柠条、旱柳、山杨、山杏和沙棘六种植物,采用双向选择实验方法,研究了栎黄枯叶蛾幼虫对六种植物的取食偏好性。并利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线衍射(XRD)对六种供选植物的化学成分和物理结构进行了光谱学研究。研究结果表明,当寄主沙棘与山杏、山杨、旱柳、柠条、刺槐存在时,幼虫比较倾向于选择沙棘。栎黄枯叶蛾幼虫对六种植物的取食偏好性的顺序依次为：沙棘>山杏>旱柳>山杨>刺槐>柠条。FTIR谱图显示,六种植物在光谱特征吸收峰的位置、数目及形状上基本相似,差异不明显。通过对三个FTIR吸光度比率的分析后发现：植物中的脂类和多糖含量是影响幼虫取食选择的关键因素。通过XRD检测,测得了六种供试植物的结晶度。通过对结晶度变化趋势和幼虫取食偏好性的对比发现：结晶度可能一定程度上影响植物的适口性,进而影响了幼虫对寄主植物的取食偏好。该研究是光谱学分析方法首次应用于昆虫寄主选择机制的研究,将为深入研究昆虫与植物在分子层面上的互相影响开辟蹊径。     

Determining the full transformation relations in the transformation method

The transformation method provides an efficient way to control wave propagation by materials. However, the degree to which this transformation concept can be applied to other physical phenomena remains an open question. Recently, Hu et al. presented a general framework for determining the transformation relations of the physical quantities in an arbitrary partial differential equation (PDE) in its application scope according to the idea of the transformation method. In this paper, we will review the main concepts of this general theory, particularly the difference between this idea and usual methods. The flexibility of this method is shown using an example.     

核心素养下多情境构建物理概念的教学研究——以“认识守恒量”为例

高中物理核心素养导向下,有效认识物理概念是落实构建物理观念的重要环节.通过多情境化的教学途径,在多角度、多层面地构建物理概念的过程中知道构建这个概念的缘由,有效地实现前概念向科学概念转变.既有助于学生对物理概念的有效构建,又有利于学生对概念的深度理解,还可以助力学生对物理规律和科学思维方法的掌握,达到培养学科核心素养的目的.     

Partitioning and transformation behavior of selenium during coal combustion

The partitioning of selenium in coal-fired flue gas and desulfurization wastewater is of great threat to the ecological environment and human health. However, the unclear understanding of interactions between selenium vapors and fly ash hinders the emission control of selenium from coal-fired power plants. To further illuminate the mechanism of selenium partitioning and transformation, this study carefully estimated selenium distribution characteristics in the coal combustion byproducts from several industrial power plants. The effective temperature range as well as the key ash components for selenium retention by fly ash was clarified by multiple-scale experiments and theoretical perspectives. The results showed that gaseous selenium tended to be captured by fly ash at a medium-to-low temperature range (i.e. below 650 °C). The limited residence time resulted in the incomplete capture of gaseous selenium by fly ash. Mullite, quartz, iron oxides, and anhydrite in fly ash were found to be the main trappers for gaseous selenium. Among these components, iron oxides showed excellent selenium adsorption performance at a wide temperature range of 150-700 °C, which was realized by the strong chemical adsorption. By contrast, as the dominant phases in fly ash for the physical adsorption of gaseous selenium, mullite and quartz mainly captured gaseous selenium below 300 °C. On the other hand, sulfur dioxides had priority over gaseous selenium to react with calcium-containing ash components by forming anhydrite in the high-temperature region. The formed anhydrite had a limited selenium adsorption capacity, which was confirmed to capture gaseous selenium through a combination of physical adsorption and weak chemical adsorption. For the in-depth control of selenium emitted into desulfurization system and atmosphere environment, these findings provided a comprehensive insight into the behavior of selenium partitioning and transformation into fly ash during coal combustion.     

电离辐射致植物诱变效应的损伤-修复模型

在电离辐射速率理论的基础上, 结合电离辐射诱导植物的微观与宏观生物效应, 建立了电离辐射致植物诱变效应的损伤-修复模型. 通过对理论模型平衡态的数值求解, 研究了辐照植物各状态相对浓度随电离辐射剂量的变化. 研究表明当考虑植物的修复作用时, 理论模型能够给出“马鞍型”的植物存活率-剂量关系. 为进一步验证模型, 对重离子⁷Li辐射玉米自交系的实验数据进行理论模型拟合, 确定重离子辐射玉米的诱变效应参数, 理论计算的结果与实验数据符合较好. 电离辐射诱导植物的损伤-修复模型的建立为电离辐射诱导植物生物效应的机理研究和辐射诱变植物育种提供了理论依据和参考.     

内蒙古地区沙生植物饲用养分含量分析研究

利用化学和仪器方法,测定了内蒙古地区七种沙生植物叶、茎、株作为饲养成分的含量(干物质百分率)：钙0.73～3.89,磷0.043～0.34,硒0.026～2.8,粗蛋白质3.38～13.92,粗脂肪3.97～15.03,总糖14.89～35.78,灰分0.61～14.33,中性洗涤纤维26.66～79.72,酸性洗涤纤维27.03～69.01,七种沙生植物叶、茎氨基酸总含量变动范围为2.30%～11.26%。除沙枣外,其余六种沙生植物叶、茎钙/磷均高于苜蓿叶粉和茎粉;硒含量均比植物中一般硒含量高;粗蛋白质达到了优质禾谷类粮食蛋白含量的水平;叶、茎、全株粗脂肪含量均高于玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆;叶中总糖含量均大于其茎和株;灰分含量高;叶中性洗涤纤维均低于苜蓿叶粉,茎中性纤维均高于苜蓿叶粉;除梭梭外,其余植物茎酸性洗涤纤维均高于苜蓿茎粉。实验表明,七种沙生植物适宜于家畜饲养的要求,是沙区发展草地畜牧业优质的饲草资源。     

Research of Methods for Controlling Laser Focal Profile by Adaptive Optical Technology

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对气象常用坐标系中位涡形式的探讨

气象常用垂直坐标系中的位涡方程及位涡形式是位涡理论及位涡诊断技术的基础.本文依据坐标转换的观点,分别用两种不同的方法推导出等压坐标和等熵坐标中的位涡方程及相应的位涡表达式.一是从三维矢量运动方程出发,由三维涡度方程、连续方程和热力学方程推导位涡方程;二是直接从等压坐标和等熵坐标中的标量运动方程组出发推导位涡方程.结果表明,用两种方法所得到的等压坐标中的位涡方程和位涡表达式形式有所不同,而等熵坐标中用两种方法所得到的位涡方程和位涡形式相同.对垂直坐标系的物理本质分析表明,采用第一种方法时尽管矢量运动方程中的 关键词： 位涡 坐标转换 等压坐标 等熵坐标     

光谱指数的植物叶片叶绿素含量估算模型

叶片叶绿素能够有效监测植被的生长状况,利用光谱指数反演植被叶绿素含量是目前的通用方法。实测了盐生植物光谱反射率和叶片叶绿素含量。对SPAD值进行变换,对比Pearson与VIP方法探讨盐生植被叶片叶绿素含量与植被指数的相关性并进行精度验证,从中选出最佳拟合模型。研究表明,通过对Pearson与VIP相关性分析,最终选定VIP方法建立植被指数的叶片叶绿素估算模型,NDVI₇₀₅,ARVI,CI_{red edge},PRI,VARI,PSRI和NPCI的VIP值均大于0.8,因此选定这七个植被指数为最优植被指数;预测结果显示,所有模型的相关性都在0.7以上,预测值与实测值相关性最好的是经过倒数变换的SPAD值,R=0.816,RMSE=0.007。基于VIP方法的反演模型能较好地估算研究区植被叶绿素含量,该方法为植物叶绿素含量诊断的实际应用提供了重要的理论依据和技术支持。     

高光谱的矿区植物异常信息提取

白茎绢蒿是一种广泛分布于新疆富蕴县各个矿区的一种植物。在矿区进行矿产勘查时，由于植物等障碍信息的存在，传统的勘查方法已经难以发挥作用，急需一些新方法、新思路。遥感植物地球化学方法可以巧妙地利用植物这一天然的信息源，把植物从障碍信息转换为了有用信息。帮助人们快速、经济地获取植物屏障下的矿产有用信息。由于其具有大面积、快速、无损性等优点，受到了越来越多学者的关注，成为当下的研究热点。近些年虽然有学者综合考虑“吸收系数”和“衬度系数”这两个指标，证明了白茎绢蒿是对隐伏矿床的勘查具有较好指示性作用的植物，生在在矿床上部的植物可以较好的吸收土壤中的成矿元素，在其体内形成地球化学异常，相比于其他植物异常信息更加清晰可见。但是目前没有人研究是否可以从光谱的角度来发现白茎绢蒿体内的地球化学异常，进而为隐伏矿床的勘查提供参考。因此，本研究首次尝试从白茎绢蒿的光谱信息中寻找出与地球化学异常密切相关的特征波段或者特征值, 然后构建基于植物光谱的隐伏矿床预测模型。采取的方法是首先利用ASD FieldSpec3 型光谱仪分别对生长在矿床上部和背景区的植物进行光谱测定，然后从原始光谱、一阶导数光谱、二阶导数光谱、一阶导数的分形维数、二阶导数的分形维数五个层面对生长在这两个区域的植物光谱进行对比分析，最终优选出了10个差异显著的特征波段，分别为：R′₈₂₄，R′₈₃₄，R′_{1 533}，R′_{1 573}，R′_{1 633}，R′_{1 643}，R″_{1 284}，R″_{1 703}，一阶导数的分形维数以及二阶导数的分形维数。这些特征波段可以作为植物地区寻找隐伏矿床的植物地球化学标志。以优选出的10个特征波段作为输入参数，分别用随机森林 (RF)和偏最小二乘-支持向量机(PLS-SVM)构建了基于植物光谱数据的隐伏矿床预测模型。结果表明：(1)两种模型均可以取得较好的效果，但是相比于随机森林模型，偏最小二乘-支持向量机模型具有更好的鲁棒性，泛化能力也更强；(2)利用植物的光谱异常寻找隐伏矿床具有较大的潜力，因为相比于传统方法，更加简单、快速。课题组已经利用动力三角翼和HySpex成像高光谱传感器构建了“超低空探测平台”，可以实现对地“亚米级”的观测。但是如何有效的解决“空间尺度”和“光谱尺度”问题，如何把地面试验场建立的模型更好的应用于超低空探测平台，实现研究区大面积地、快速地植物异常信息提取将是我们下一步的研究重点。     

Silver nanoparticles in soil–plant systems

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have broad spectrum antimicrobial/biocidal properties against all classes of microorganisms and possess numerous distinctive physico-chemical properties compared to bulk Ag. Hence, AgNPs are among the most widely used engineered NPs in a wide range of consumer products and are expected to enter natural ecosystems including soil via diverse pathways. However, despite: (i) soil has been considered as a critical pathway for NPs environmental fate, (ii) plants (essential base component of all ecosystems) have been strongly recommended to be included for the development of a comprehensive toxicity profile for rapidly mounting NPs in varied environmental compartments, and (iii) the occurrence of an intricate relationship between “soil–plant systems” where any change in soil chemical/biological properties is bound to have impact on plant system, the knowledge about AgNPs in soils and investigations on AgNPs–plants interaction is still rare and in its rudimentary stage. To this end, the current paper: (a) overviews sources, status, fate, and chemistry of AgNPs in soils, AgNPs-impact on soil biota, (b) critically discusses terrestrial plant responses to AgNPs exposure, and (c) illustrates the knowledge-gaps in the current perspective. Based on the available literature critically appraised herein, a multidisciplinary integrated approach is strongly recommended for future research in the current direction aimed at unveiling the rapidly mounting AgNPs-fate, transformation, accumulation, and toxicity potential in “soil–plant systems,” and their cumulative impact on environmental and human health.     

北京城市彩叶系植物秋季高光谱特征研究及差异性分析

北京持续推进增彩延绿科技示范工程,彩叶植物在城市园林建设和人居环境改善方面发挥着越来越重要的作用.如果能够利用高光谱技术实现快速、无损地观测城市彩叶植物区域分布特点及其生长特征变化,可为进一步优化城市彩叶植物布局,加快城市彩叶植物系统建设提供重要理论依据和数据支撑.高光谱遥感技术的快速发展,不仅提供了大量地被植物光谱信...     

不同核函数支持向量机和可见-近红外光谱的多种植被叶片生化组分估算

氮、磷、钾元素是植物有机质的重要生化组分,准确估算其含量对监测管理植被的新陈代谢和健康状况具有重要意义。可见-近红外光谱结合多种建模方法已被用于植被生化参数的监测,其中支持向量机回归方法被证明能够较好拟合反射光谱和植被生化参数之间的非线性关系,而选取适当的核函数是其成功的关键。以宜兴地区水稻、玉米、芝麻、大豆、茶叶、草地、乔木和灌木等八种植被叶片样本为研究对象,分析比较基于径向基核函数、多项式核函数和S形核函数的支持向量回归模型估算叶片氮、磷、钾元素含量的能力。利用一阶微分变换、标准正态变量变换和反对数变换对叶片可见-近红外光谱进行预处理,运用bootstrapping法生成1 000组校正集和验证集,分别建立基于三种核函数的支持向量回归估算模型,以决定系数（R2）和相对分析误差（RPD）的均值作为评价指标。结果显示,结合一阶微分和反对数变换光谱,采用径向基核函数模型对氮、钾元素估算精度最高（氮：平均R2=0.64,平均RPD=1.67;钾：平均R2=0.56,平均RPD=1.48）,结合一阶微分变换光谱,采用径向基核函数模型对磷元素估算精度最高（磷：平均R2=0.68,平均RPD=1.73）。研究表明,结合不同预处理的可见-近红外光谱,基于径向基核函数的支持向量回归模型具有较好的估算多种植被叶片生化组分含量的潜力。     

Test theories of special relativity

We review the Edwards transformation, and investigate the Robertson transformation and the Mansouri-Sexl (ms) transformation. It is shown that thems transformation is a generalization of the Robertson transformation, just as the Edwards transformation is a generalization of the Lorentz transformation. In other words, thems transformation differs from the Robertson transformation by a directional parameterq, just as is the case for the Edwards and Lorentz transformations. So thems transformation predicts the same observable effects as the Robertson transformation, just as the Edwards transformation does with the Lorentz transformation. This is to say that the directional parameterq representing the anisotropy of the one-way speed of light is not observable in any physical experiment. The observable difference between thems (Robertson) transformation(s) and the Lorentz transformation is caused by the anisotropy of the two-way speed of light. Therefore a physical test of thems transformation is a test of the two-way speed of light, but not of the one-way speed of light.     

Use of atomic absorption spectrometry in assessment of biomonitor plants for lead, cadmium and copper pollution

Eleven plant species were collected from the vicinity of lead-battery plant in the city of Gaziantep,Turkey.Lead,cadmium and copper concentrations in the soil and leaves of plants were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry.Lead,Cd and Cu concentrations in the soil samples taken from battery area were found to be in the ranges of 304～602,0.4～0.44 and 31～37 mg·kg-1,respectively.Significantly increased lead concentration up to 2 750 mg·kg-1 was found in the leaves of Eleagnus angustifolia L.plant.The lead concentrations in the other plant leaves taken from 50 m around battery factory followed the order Ailanthus altissima>Morus sp.>Juglans regia L.>Ficus carica L.>Cydonia oblonga Miller>Prunus x domestica L.The plants,Populus nigra L.,Eleagnus angustifolia L.and Salix sp.were found useful for Cd,and the plant,Eleagnus angustifolia L.for Pb,to be considered as potential biomonitor.Especially,leaves of trees and plants taken from the distance of 50 m from battery plant have relatively higher Pb concentrations.Therefore,people who and animals which live in this area and benefit from these soil and plants have vital risks.     

棕树叶的形貌、成分及光谱特性研究

利用傅里叶红外光谱仪-衰减全反射技术对不同棕树叶的太赫兹光谱进行了测量, 利用扫描电子显微镜及中红外光谱表征了样品的物理形貌与化学成分. 给出了叶绿素及类胡萝卜素的太赫兹指纹谱峰, 发现植物叶子的化学成分对光学响应的影响强于其物理形貌的影响. 在棕树叶的主要化学成分中, 叶绿素的太赫兹响应强于类胡萝卜素. 提出了植物光学研究以及太赫兹有机敏感材料研究的新方法, 获得了一些重要结果. 研究结果不仅有助于人们更加深入地了解植物的一些生理行为, 并可以从中得到启发, 为设计性能更高、针对性更强、应用更广的器件功能材料创造条件, 推动理论及应用研究的发展.