A spherical cavity expansion model for penetration of ogival-nosed projectiles into concrete targets with shear-dilatancy

A dynamic spherical cavity-expansion penetration model is suggested herein to predict the penetration and perforation of concrete targets struck normally by ogivalnosed projectiles.Shear dilatancy as well as compressibility of the material in comminuted region are considered in the paper by introducing a dilatant-kinematic relation.A procedure is first presented to compute the radial stress at the cavity surface and then a numerical method is used to calculate the results of penetration and perforation with friction being taken into account.The influences of various target parameters such as shear strength,bulk modulus,density,Poisson’s ratio and tensile strength on the depth of penetration are delineated.It is shown that the model predictions are in good agreement with available experimental data.It is also shown that the shear strength plays a dominant role in the target resistance to penetration.     

Analysis of penetration of axisymmetric projectiles into semi-infinite targets

The process of penetration of a projectile into a semi-infinitetarget is studied in this paper. Using certain assumptions, the propagation of plastic wave in the target is analyzed and the pressure on the surface of penetrator is given. The results calculated from the formulas of this paper agree well with experimental data and numerical results.     

Simulation on projectile with high rotating speed penetrating into the moving vehicular door

The numerical program LS-DYNA, is used to simulate the process of the projectile with high rotating speed penetrating into the moving vehicular door. Because of the moving of the vehicular door, the projectile will turn, and the ballistic trajectory will migrate. The paper provides a method to calculate the projectile’s angle of turning’s curve. In the process of the penetration, the projectile’s moving speed is 300 m/s, rotating speed is 0, 3600 n/s and 6370 n/s. The vehicular door’s moving speed is 0, 40 m/s and 80 m/s. The projectile is the semi-sphere nose projectile whose diameter is 7.62 mm; the vehicular door’s thickness is 2 mm. The material model is the JOHN-COOK material model that can characterize strain, strain rate hardening and thermal softening effects. Through comparing with the results by simulation to study the effects of the projectile’s final velocity, the angle of rotation and the ballistic trajectory’s migration with different projectile’s rotating speeds and the vehicular door’s moving speeds.     

卵形头部刚性弹侵彻厚靶的半解析模型

基于确定靶体中速度势和速度场的方法分析刚性卵形头部弹体对有限厚靶的侵彻问题。推导了靶体中速度场与应力场的计算方法,利用据此编制的计算程序,计算了卵形头部钢弹体对铝靶的侵彻与穿透问题,给出了侵彻深度与剩余速度同初始碰撞速度的关系。结果表明,在对实验参数不经过任何调整的情况下,得到了同试验曲线相吻合的结果。可以看出该方法的有效性。     

Analytical models for the penetration of semi-infinite targets by rigid, deformable and erosive long rods

A theoretical study is presented herein on the pen- etration of a semi-infinite target by a spherical-headed long rod for Yp 〉 S, where Yp is the penetrator strength and S is the static target resistance. For Yp 〉 S, depending upon initial impact velocity, there exist three types of penetration, namely, penetration by a rigid long rod, penetration by a deforming non-erosive long rod and penetration by an erosive long rod. If the impact velocity of the penetrator is higher than the hydrodynamic velocity （VH）, it will penetrate the target in an erosive mode; if the impact velocity lies between the hydrodynamic velocity （VH） and the rigid body velocity （VR）, it will penetrate the target in a deformable mode; if the impact velocity is less than the rigid body velocity （VR）, it will penetrate the target in a rigid mode. The critical conditions for the transition among these three penetration modes are proposed. It is demonstrated that the present model predictions correlate well with the experimental observations in terms of depth of penetration （DOP） and the critical transition conditions.     

12.7 mm弹侵彻不同强度钢靶的数值模拟

针对12.7 mm弹侵彻不同强度钢靶时可能出现子弹保持完整或发生破碎的情况,过去的数值模拟仅限于模拟单一模式的子弹侵彻行为。为了克服这种数值模拟的局限性,开展了模型算法、网格尺寸对模拟结果影响的研究,并将模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比,提出了一种能够用于模拟子弹保持完整或破碎的弹靶模型。研究结果表明,为模拟子弹保持完整状态,子弹和靶板应分别采用基于Lagrange算法的有限元法和光滑粒子算法,而且子弹网格尺寸和靶板粒子间距之比应至少保持在5.3左右,否则弹头会产生与实验结果不符合的异常变形。但是,在模拟子弹发生破碎侵蚀时,该比例的网格/粒子尺寸比会引起计算中止。为了克服该问题,进一步建立了一种弹体表面采用大尺寸网格、内部采用细化小尺寸网格的有限元/光滑粒子法耦合弹靶模型。计算结果表明,改进的弹靶模型可模拟子弹保持完整或者发生破碎的情况。

     

Site of ductile fracture initiation in cold forging: A finite element model

Ductile fracture occurs due to micro-void nucleation, growth and finally coalescence into micro-crack. In this study a new ductile fracture condition that based on the microscopic phenomena of void nucleation, growth and coalescence was proposed. Using this condition and combining with finite element model to predict the fracture locations in bulk metal forming, the results show that it is in close accordance with observations of some experimental specimens. However, in order to obtaining the high trustiness many experiments have to be carried out.     

A computational model of viscoplasticity and ductile damage for impact and penetration

A coupled constitutive model of viscoplasticity and ductile damage for penetration and impact related problems has been formulated and implemented in the explicit finite element code LS-DYNA. The model, which is based on the constitutive model and fracture strain model of Johnson and Cook, and on continuum damage mechanics as proposed by Lemaitre, includes linear thermoelasticity, the von Mises yield criterion, the associated flow rule, non-linear isotropic strain hardening, strain-rate hardening, temperature softening due to adiabatic heating, isotropic ductile damage and failure. For each of the physical phenomena included in the model, one or several material constants are required. However, all material constants can be identified from relatively simple uniaxial tensile tests without the use of numerical simulations. In this paper the constitutive model is described in detail. Then material tests for Weldox 460 E steel and the calibration procedure are presented and discussed. The calibrated model is finally verified and validated through numerical simulations of material and plate perforation tests investigated experimentally.     

混凝土靶侵彻过程中空腔膨胀响应分区

利用LS-DYNA有限元软件对刚性弹正侵彻混凝土靶进行数值模拟,以混凝土极限压应变和极限拉应变两阈值为依据,对侵彻过程中混凝土靶空腔膨胀响应区域进行了识别划分,得到了侵彻过程中混凝土各响应区的区域大小。另外,还讨论了弹体侵彻速度对混凝土粉碎区和破裂区的影响,以及粉碎区和破裂区边界膨胀速度分别与侵彻速度的关系。计算结果表明,随着弹体侵彻速度的增大,混凝土粉碎区和破裂区界面速度都增大,粉碎区半径增大,而破裂区半径却减小;当侵彻速度达到某一特定值时,破裂区将会消失。     

Homogenization-based continuum plasticity-damage model for ductile failure of materials containing heterogeneities

This paper develops an accurate and computationally efficient homogenization-based continuum plasticity-damage (HCPD) model for macroscopic analysis of ductile failure in porous ductile materials containing brittle inclusions. Example of these materials are cast alloys such as aluminum and metal matrix composites. The overall framework of the HCPD model follows the structure of the anisotropic Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) type elasto-plasticity model for porous ductile materials. The HCPD model is assumed to be orthotropic in an evolving material principal coordinate system throughout the deformation history. The GTN model parameters are calibrated from homogenization of evolving variables in representative volume elements (RVE) of the microstructure containing inclusions and voids. Micromechanical analyses for this purpose are conducted by the locally enriched Voronoi cell finite element model (LE-VCFEM) [Hu, C., Ghosh, S., 2008. Locally enhanced Voronoi cell finite element model (LE-VCFEM) for simulating evolving fracture in ductile microstructures containing inclusions. Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 76(12), 1955-1992]. The model also introduces a novel void nucleation criterion from micromechanical damage evolution due to combined inclusion and matrix cracking. The paper discusses methods for estimating RVE length scales in microstructures with non-uniform dispersions, as well as macroscopic characteristic length scales for non-local constitutive models. Comparison of results from the anisotropic HCPD model with homogenized micromechanics shows excellent agreement. The HCPD model has a huge efficiency advantage over micromechanics models. Hence, it is a very effective tool in predicting macroscopic damage in structures with direct reference to microstructural composition.     

Finite element simulation of penetration into geological targets

The finite element method has been applied to study the projectile penetration process into geological targets. To illustrate the solution procedure, two example problems involving conical nose steel penetrators into sea ice and antelope tuff are presented. Details of the numerical treatment using the computer code PRONTO 2D are given. Good agreements between numerical and experimental results are observed. Although the examples are limited to normal impact problems in which the axis of the penetrator is perpendicular to the target surface and where no angle of attack for the penetrator is allowed, some thoughts regarding ways to deal with nonnormal three-dimensional penetration problems are discussed.     

Mechanical modelling of ductile fracture

Mechanical models of material failure by void growth to coalescence are described to give a brief overview of methods applied in the analysis of ductile fracture. Approximate constitutive relations for porous ductile materials are discussed, modelling both the nucleation and growth of voids. The application of the material models is illustrated by numerical analyses for a tensile test specimen and for dynamic, ductile crack growth. Unstable void growth is a relevant mechanism in ductile materials subject to a high level of triaxial tension. The analysis of such cavitation instabilities in elastic-perfectly plastic materials is discussed for axisymmetric stress states, and the relevance to metal/ceramic components is emphasized.General Lecture presented at the 10th Italian National Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics; AIMETA, Pisa, October 1990.     

Modeling of fluid dynamics interacting with ductile fraction propagation in high pressure pipeline

This paper presents a computational model for the fluid dynamics in a fractured ductile pipe under high pressure. The pressure profile in front of the crack tip, which is the driving source of crack propagation, is computed using a nonlinear wave equation. The solution is coupled with a one dimensional choked flow analysis behind the crack. The simulation utilizes a high order optimized prefactored compact-finite volume method in space, and low dispersion and dissipation Runge-Kutta in time. As the pipe fractures the rapid depressurization take place inside the pipe and the propagation of the crack-induced waves strongly influences the outflow dynamics. Consistent with the experimental observation, the model predicts the expansion wave inside the pipe, and the reflection and outflow of the wave. The model also helps characterize the propagation of the crack dynamics and fluid flows around the tip of the crack.     

卵形弹体侵彻预开孔靶理论分析

以破爆型串联战斗部后级随进弹对预开孔靶侵彻过程为研究对象,基于锥形预开孔和库仑摩擦模型,发展完善了包括扩孔/开坑和稳定侵彻的卵形弹体侵彻预开孔靶理论模型。分别对该模型在侵彻脆性和弹塑性靶体的有效性进行了实验验证。利用该模型分析了弹头曲径比、预开孔直径、预开孔形状等对侵彻结果的影响。研究结果表明:发展完善的模型计算结果与实验数据吻合较好。柱形开孔情况下,侵彻速度、弹头曲径比及相对孔径同侵彻深度呈正比;在侵彻容积相同的条件下,弹体侵彻预开锥孔的侵深结果与锥角及相对入孔孔径变化关系较大。     

带攻角平头弹侵彻不同厚度芳纶层合板的数值模拟

为研究攻角对不同厚度芳纶层合板抗平头弹侵彻性能的影响,构建了三维有限元计算模型,首先通过对比实验结果验证了其可靠性,然后基于该数值模型,进一步计算了0°～30°攻角范围内,4、8和16 mm靶板的弹道响应,从子弹剩余速度、靶板能量吸收率、极限弹道速度与穿孔能量阈值4个方面,综合评估了芳纶层合板的抗侵彻性能。结果表明：攻角的影响与靶板厚度及子弹入射速度有关,随着攻角的增大,靶板的极限速度和穿孔能量阈值均有所降低,降低的程度随厚度的增加而减小;入射速度接近芳纶层合板弹道极限速度时,子弹剩余速度随着攻角增大而增大,但速度远高于弹道极限速度时,子弹剩余速度随着攻角增大而减小;攻角对芳纶层合板弹道性能的影响机理随靶板的破坏模式不同而改变。

     

A thermo-mechanical cohesive zone formulation for ductile fracture

The paper addresses the possibility to project both mechanical and thermal phenomena pertinent to the fracture process zone into a cohesive zone. A wider interpretation of the notion cohesive zone is thereby suggested to comprise not only stress degradation due to micro-cracking but also heat generation and energy transport. According to our experience, this widening of the cohesive zone concept allows for a more efficient finite element simulation of ductile fracture. The key feature of the formulation concerns the thermo-mechanical cohesive zone model, evolving within the thermo-hyperelastoplastic continuum, allowing for the concurrent modelling of both heat generation, due to the fracture process, and heat transfer across the fracture process zone. This is accomplished via thermodynamic arguments to obtain the coupled governing equation of motion, energy equation, and constitutive equations. The deformation map is thereby defined in terms of independent continuous and discontinuous portions of the displacement field. In addition, as an extension of the displacement kinematics, to represent the temperature field associated with the discontinuous heat flux across the fracture interface, a matching discontinuous temperature field involving the interface (or band) temperature is proposed. In the first numerical example, concerning dynamic quasi-brittle crack propagation in a thermo-hyperelastoplastic material, we capture the initial increase in temperature close to the crack surface due to the energy dissipating fracture process. In the second example, a novel application of ductile fracture simulation to the process of high velocity (adiabatic) cutting is considered, where some general trends are observed when varying the cutting velocity.     

High rotating speed projectile penetrating into moving vehicle door at different incident angle

This paper uses the numerical simulation LS-DYNA, to simulate the process of the projectile with high rotating speed and different penetration angles penetrating into the moving vehicular door. Because of the moving of the vehicular door, the projectile will turn, and the ballistic trajectory will migrate. At the same time, the projectile will deflect from the vehicular door because of the projectile’s penetration angles. In the process of the penetration, the projectile’s moving speed is 300 m/s; rotating speed is 0 and 6370 r/s. The vehicular door’s moving speed is 80 m/s. The penetration angle is 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°. The projectile is the semi-sphere nose projectile whose diameter is 7.62 mm; the vehicular door’s thickness is 2 mm. The material model is the JOHN-COOK material model that can characterize strain, strain rate hardening and thermal softening effects. Through comparing with the results by simulation to study the effects of the projectile’s final velocity, the angle of rotation, the ballistic trajectory’s migration and the projectile’s deflection with different projectile’s rotating speeds and penetration angles.