Synthesis of various acylating agents directly from carboxylic acids

Abstract

A straightforward synthesis of acylating reagents such as Weinreb and MAP amides from aromatic, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and amino acids using PPh₃/NBS combination is described. A chemo-selective modification of the carboxylic acid group into Weinreb amide in the presence of more reactive aldehydes and ketones is presented. All reactions were performed at ambient temperature under air using undried commercial grade solvent. Furthermore, the present methodology could be performed at a gram scale under inert-free reaction conditions. In addition, 7-azaindoline amide auxiliary (used for catalytic asymmetric aldol- and Mannich-type reactions), which behaves like Weinreb amide is also synthesized under similar reaction conditions.     

Asymmetric synthesis of anti-α-substituted β-amino ketones from sulfinimines

Previously unknown, enantiopure, β-amino ketones were prepared in modest yield by addition of lithium reagents to N-sulfinyl anti-α-substituted β-amino Weinreb amides. Grignard reagents failed to add to these Weinreb amides in contrast to the syn-α-substituted isomers which did. The anti-α-substituted β-amino Weinreb amides were prepared by addition of LiN(OMe)Me to the corresponding N-sulfinyl anti-α-substituted β-amino esters because α-alkylation of N-sulfinyl β-amino Weinreb amide enolates resulted in poor diastereoselectivities.     

A practical one-pot process for α-amino aryl ketone synthesis

An efficient, convenient, high-yielding synthesis of α-amino aryl ketones is described, involving the one-pot deprotonation-transmetallation-arylation of a Weinreb amide while retaining chirality of the original amide.     

Palladium-catalyzed arylation of α,β-unsaturated Weinreb amides

Palladium-catalyzed arylation of α,β-unsaturated Weinreb amides has been examined to obtain β-aryl-α,β-unsaturated Weinreb amides. The chelation between the palladium center of an alkylpalladium intermediate and Weinreb amide moiety facilitated both coordination and insertion steps.     

Highly enantioselective phase-transfer-catalyzed alkylation of protected alpha-amino acid amides toward practical asymmetric synthesis of vicinal diamines, alpha-amino ketones, and alpha-amino alcohols

Highly enantioselective alkylation of protected glycine diphenylmethyl (Dpm) amide 1 and Weinreb amide 10 has been realized under phase-transfer conditions by the successful utilization of designer chiral quaternary ammonium salts of type 4 as catalyst. Particularly, remarkable reactivity of the chiral ammonium enolate derived from 1b and 4c allowed the reaction with less reactive simple secondary alkyl halides with high efficiency and enantioselectivity. An additional unique feature of this chiral ammonium enolate is its ability to recognize the chirality of beta-branched primary alkyl halides, which provides impressive levels of kinetic resolution and double stereodifferentiation during the alkylation, allowing for two alpha- and gamma-stereocenters to be controlled. Combined with the subsequent reduction using LiAlH4 in cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME), this system offers a facile access to structurally diverse optically active vicinal diamines. Furthermore, the optically active alpha-amino acid Weinreb amide 11 can be efficiently converted to the corresponding amino ketone by a simple treatment with Grignard reagents. In addition, reduction and alkylation of the optically active alpha-amino ketone into both syn and anti alpha-amino alcohols with almost complete relative and absolute stereochemical control have been achieved. With (S,S)- and (R,R)-4 in hand, the present approach renders both enantiomers of alpha-amino amides including Weinreb amides readily available with enormous structural variation and also establishes a general and practical route to vicinal diamines, alpha-amino ketones, and alpha-amino alcohols with the desired stereochemistry.     

Asymmetric synthesis and applications of beta-amino Weinreb amides: asymmetric synthesis of (S)-coniine

Conjugate addition of lithium (S)-N-benzyl-N-alpha-methylbenzylamide to a range of alpha, beta-unsaturated Weinreb amides proceeds with high levels of diastereoselectivity (>95% de). The beta-amino Weinreb amide products may be transformed into beta-amino ketones via reactions with Grignard reagents, while treatment with DIBAL-H furnishes beta-amino aldehydes. Trapping of the aldehyde via Wadsworth-Emmons reaction and subsequent manipulation offers an efficient route to homochiral delta-amino acid derivatives and 2-substituted piperidines. The application of this methodology for the synthesis of (S)-coniine is demonstrated.     

有机锌试剂制备Weinreb酰胺的研究

探索了带Weinreb酰胺官能团的有机锌试剂的制备及其与酰氯的反应, 得到了另一类Weinreb酰胺, 提供了一种制备Weinreb酰胺的新方法.     

Total synthesis of amphidinolide J

The marine natural product amphidinolide J has been synthesized according to a convergent strategy. The key steps of this synthesis include a B-alkyl Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and the addition of an alkynyllithium reagent to a Weinreb amide to build the C4-C5 and C12-C13 bonds, respectively, and a Yamaguchi macrolactonization.     

Synthesis of the C21-C28 segment of pectenotoxin-4

The synthesis of the C21-C28 segment of pectenotoxin-4 as the C21 Weinreb amide is described. Feasibility studies for the union of a related Weinreb amide and a functionalized alkyne are also reported.     

Total synthesis of (+)-Brefeldin A

The total synthesis of (+)-brefeldin A has been accomplished via 15 linear steps in a 7.9% overall yield from the known Weinreb amide 6. The key parts of this approach include the stereoselective construction of the cis-disubstituted hydroxycyclopentane skeleton and the direct introduction of the C1-C3 acrylate moiety using a new variant of a trans-vinylogous acyl anion equivalent.     

First stereoselective total synthesis of Neocosmosin A: a facile approach

First stereoselective concise synthesis of Neocosmosin A, with in vitro binding affinity for human opioid and cannabinoid receptors, has been reported using readily available starting materials such as methylacetoacetate, cyclohexanone, and homoallyl alcohol involved in the key transformations. There are three fragments involved in the synthesis of target molecule, bearing acid functionality, (R)-pent-4-en-2-ol, and Weinreb amide which are synthesized in four, eight, and three steps, respectively. Then the fragments were coupled in four steps to yield the target molecule in an overall yield of 28.6%.     

Asymmetric synthesis of the core of AMPTD, the key amino acid of microsclerodermins F-I

We report a stereoselective synthesis of the five consecutive stereocenters of AMPTD in seven steps. Highlights include an Evans glycolate aldol reaction, the use of a Weinreb amide as an aldehyde masking group, and a Mannich reaction with an Ellman-type chiral sulfimine.     

Efficient synthesis of the 6,6-spiroacetal of spirofungin A

The 6,6-spiroacetal segment of spirofungin A, an antifungal antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces violaceusniger Tü 4113, was efficiently prepared via the coupling reaction of the Weinreb amide and the alkyne which are readily available from the common intermediate. The synthesis includes the unsymmetrization through a stereoinversion at the C11 position and the transacetalization as the key steps.     

Asymmetric synthesis of 1,3-aminoketals

The asymmetric synthesis of α-chiral 1,3-aminoketals 1, useful chiral building blocks for piperidine preparation, was achieved in seven steps involving highly diastereoselective 1,4-addition of Davies’ lithium amide to an α,β-unsaturated ester. Problems of partial racemization observed during transformation of the ester moiety into a keto function, via a Weinreb amide, were solved using non-conventional experimental conditions. This procedure allowed the preparation of the title compounds in >90% enantiomeric excess.     

Asymmetric synthesis of syn-alpha-substituted beta-amino ketones by using sulfinimines and prochiral Weinreb amide enolates

Syn-alpha-substituted beta-amino Weinreb amides are new chiral building blocks for asymmetric synthesis of syn-alpha-substituted beta-amino acids, aldehydes, and ketones and are prepared by addition of prochiral lithium enolates of Weinreb amides to sulfinimines (N-sulfinyl imines).     

Synthesis of medicinally interesting polyfluoro ketones via perfluoroalkyl lithium reagents

The addition of (pentafluoroethyl)- and (heptafluoropropyl)lithium to various acyl derivatives was studied. Weinreb and morpholine amides led to polyfluoro ketones in high to quantitative yields in short reaction times. Derivatives of 2-fluorocarboxylic acids may produce 1,1,1,2,2,4-hexafluoro ketones and 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,5-octafluoro ketones. The methodology can provide inhibitors for various lipolytic enzymes, including phospholipase A2.     

Kinetically Controlled,Highly Chemoselective Acylation of Functionalized Grignard Reagents with Amides by N−C Cleavage

The direct transition-metal-free acylation of amides with functionalized Grignard reagents by highly chemoselective N−C cleavage under kinetic control has been accomplished. The method offers rapid and convergent access to functionalized biaryl ketones through transient tetrahedral intermediates. The direct access to functionalized Grignard reagents by in situ halogen–magnesium exchange promoted by the versatile turbo-Grignard reagent (iPrMgCl ⋅ LiCl) permits excellent substrate scope with respect to both the amide and Grignard coupling partners. These reactions enable facile, operationally simple and chemoselective access to tetrahedral intermediates from amides under significantly milder conditions than chelation-controlled intermediates. This novel direct two-component coupling sets the stage for using amides as acylating reagents in an alternative paradigm to the metal-chelated approach, acyl metals and Weinreb amides.     

Tetramic acid and imidazolidinone syntheses via unexpected base induced cyclisations of alanine derived Weinreb amides

Reactions of N-protected derivatives of Weinreb amides of alanine with strong base unexpectedly gave tetramic acid derivatives or an imidazolidinone. The tetramic acid derivatives were obtained by unusual cyclisation of N-acyl N-methoxy derivatives of alanine Weinreb amide upon treatment with potassium hexamethyldisilazide and benzyl bromide. In contrast, treatment of a bromobenzylidine alanine Weinreb amide with potassium hexamethyldisilazide gave rise to cyclisation to form an imidazolidinone.     

Preparation of fused β-lactams through Weinreb amide α-anions

Enantiomerically pure β-lactams bearing a Weinreb amide functionality at the C3 position have been shown to be excellent substrates for α-alkylation reactions, generating C3 quaternary centers with predictable absolute stereochemistry. In addition, oxidative coupling of C3/C4 dianions affords entry to fused β,γ-bislactam systems.     

犬尿氨酸羟化酶选择性抑制剂L-3-(邻甲氧基苯甲酰基)丙氨酸的简捷合成

从Boc-保护氨基的天冬氨酸苄酯出发, 通过5步反应简捷地合成了犬尿氨酸羟化酶的选择性抑制剂L-3-(邻甲氧基苯甲酰基)丙氨酸(o-MBA). 其中关键反应为锂试剂对Weinreb酰胺的亲核取代反应.