3D FDTD Implementation for Scattering of Electric Anisotropic Dispersive Medium Using Recursive Convolution Method

The finite-difference time-domain method based on recursive convoltion method (RC-FDTD) for the electric anisotropic dispersive medium is discussed in detail. To exemplify the availability of the three-dimensional RC-FDTD algorithm, the backscattering Radar-Cross-Section(RCS) of a non-magnetized plasma sphere is computed, and the numerical results are the same as the one of the Shift Operater-FDTD method, and show that the RC-FDTD method is correct and efficient. In addition, the co-polarized and cross-polarized backscattering time-domain of a magnetized plasma sphere are obtained by the RC-FDTD algorithm. The results show that when the external magnetic field is implemented, the cross-polarized component appear, evidently.     

Analysis of Electromagnetic Scattering from Plasma Antenna Using CG-FFT Method

A gaseous plasma column as an efficient radiator of electromagnetic waves is well known. This paper presents the scattering analysis of a plasma antenna using the conjugate gradient fast Fourier transform (CG-FFT) method. Radar cross sections (RCS) of designed plasma antenna for different plasma parameters are computed mainly. Numerical results show that the plasma antenna with appropriate parameters can offer lower RCS than the metal one. It is evident from the observed scattering characteristics that the plasma antenna can be regarded as a rod of imperfect conductor with losses.     

电各向异性色散介质电磁散射的三维递推卷积-时域有限差分方法分析

根据递推卷积原理，将磁化等离子体的频域介电系数过渡到时域，通过引入时域复数极化率张量和时域复数电位移矢量，得到了磁化等离子体的三维时域有限差分方法迭代式. 为了验证该方法，用它计算了非磁等离子体球的后向雷达散射截面，与移位算子法结果符合很好. 应用该方法计算和分析了磁化等离子体球的电磁波散射，发现其后向散射时域波形明显出现了交叉极化分量. 关键词： 递推卷积 磁化等离子体 电磁散射 时域有限差分方法     

一种宽角域散射增强超表面的研究

提出并验证了一种基于超表面相位梯度设计以实现宽角域后向雷达散射截面(radar cross section, RCS)增强的设计思路.宽角域RCS增强超表面包含两个区域,分别设计大小相等方向相反的相位梯度,控制-45?和45?方向上的入射电磁波沿入射方向返回;电磁波垂直入射时,在一个区域内耦合为表面电磁波,传播至另一区域再次解耦为垂直反射的自由空间波,分别在-45?, 0?, 45?方向上形成散射峰,实现了在-45?—45?的宽角域范围内的RCS增强.仿真了宽角域RCS增强超表面在电磁波以不同角度入射时的电场分布和单站RCS,测试了加工样品在9—12 GHz频带内不同频点处的单站RCS,和仿真结果基本一致.结果表明:设计的宽角域RCS增强超表面在9—12 GHz的宽带频率范围内,在-45?—45?的宽角域范围内对于x和y极化入射波均有良好的RCS增强效果.     

Analysis of scattering by conducting objects covered with arbitrarily magnetised plasma using finite element-boundary integral-fast multipole algorithm

The electromagnetic (EM) scattering by conducting objects covered with arbitrarily magnetised plasma is computed using the hybrid vector finite element-boundary integral-fast multipole method (FE-BI-FMM). The relative permittivity tensor of arbitrarily magnetised plasma is described. The FE-BI-FMM formulation for scattering by three-dimensional (3D) conducting objects covered with arbitrarily magnetised plasma is derived in detail. The validity of FE-BI-FMM is verified by comparing numerical results with analytical values. The radar cross-sections (RCS) of conducting objects covered with magnetised plasmas are simulated and the effects of plasma parameters on RCS are analysed. Numerical results indicate that magnetised plasma cover layer is effective on reducing the back scattering if appropriate parameters of plasma are chosen.     

Multiple scattering effects on the radar cross section (RCS) of objects in a random medium including backscattering enhancement and shower curtain effects

This paper presents a theory of the radar cross section (RCS) of objects in multiple scattering random media. The general formulation includes the fourthorder moments including the correlation between the forward and the backward waves. The fourth moments are reduced to the second-order moments by using the circular complex Gaussian assumption. The stochastic Green's functions are expressed in parabolic approximation, and the objects are assumed to be large in terms of wavelength; therefore, Kirchhoff approximations are applicable. This theory includes the backscattering enhancement and the shower curtain effects, which are not normally considered in conventional theory. Numerical examples of a conducting object in a random medium characterized by the Gaussian and Henyey-Greenstein phase functions are shown to highlight the difference between the multiple scattering RCS and the conventional RCS in terms of optical depth, medium location and angular dependence. It shows the enhanced backscattering due to multiple scattering and the increased RCS if a random medium is closer to the transmitter.     

Multiple scattering effects on the radar cross section (RCS) of objects in a random medium including backscattering enhancement and shower curtain effects

Abstract

This paper presents a theory of the radar cross section (RCS) of objects in multiple scattering random media. The general formulation includes the fourthorder moments including the correlation between the forward and the backward waves. The fourth moments are reduced to the second–order moments by using the circular complex Gaussian assumption. The stochastic Green's functions are expressed in parabolic approximation, and the objects are assumed to be large in terms of wavelength; therefore, Kirchhoff approximations are applicable. This theory includes the backscattering enhancement and the shower curtain effects, which are not normally considered in conventional theory. Numerical examples of a conducting object in a random medium characterized by the Gaussian and Henyey–Greenstein phase functions are shown to highlight the difference between the multiple scattering RCS and the conventional RCS in terms of optical depth, medium location and angular dependence. It shows the enhanced backscattering due to multiple scattering and the increased RCS if a random medium is closer to the transmitter.     

等离子体覆盖立方散射体目标雷达散射截面的时域有限差分法分析

采用分段线性电流密度递归卷积时域有限差分（PLJERC-FDTD）算法计算了均匀非磁化等离子体覆盖三维立方体目标的散射特性.分析了等离子体厚度、密度和碰撞频率对雷达散射截面（RCS）的影响.计算结果表明：等离子体包层能有效地减小雷达目标的RCS，当等离子体频率比入射电磁波频率小得多时，主要靠增大等离子体的厚度使立方散射体目标的RCS值减小，增大等离子体碰撞频率对立方散射体目标的RCS值影响不大；当等离子体频率约为入射电磁波频率的一半时，增大等离子体厚度和碰撞频率都对立方散射体目标的RCS值减小有影响；当等 关键词： FDTD算法 电磁波 等离子体隐身 雷达散射截面     

Analysis of Scattering Properties from an Infinite Plasma Cylinder

In this paper, the scattering characteristics of an infinite plasma cylinder are studied theoretically by using the method of eigenfunction expansion. The backscattering cross sections of plasma cylinder in the transverse magnetic (TM) polarization case are calculated in detail. Effects of different parameters on the backscattering cross section are illustrated. Some errors in determining the complex wave number in plasma, as appeared in literatures published previously, are also rectified.     

Study and Optimization of Plasma-Based Radar Cross Section Reduction Using Three-Dimensional Computations

The radar cross section (RCS) of a flat plate covered with a cold collisional inhomogeneous plasma has been studied using a 3-D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for electromagnetics. Two problems have been considered. In problem 1, using experimentally reported plasma density profiles, we have observed some interesting features in the bistatic RCS and provided simple physical interpretations for some of these features. The simulations confirm that a plasma shroud can successfully be used for reducing the RCS of a flat plate at almost all scattering angles, although the RCS could increase at some other angles. This is a novel extension of the FDTD method for the calculation of the bistatic RCS of an object shielded by a nonuniform collisional plasma. Problem 2 involves an optimization study for the input power required to achieve a desired RCS reduction (RCSR), examining a variety of plasma density levels and spatial profiles. For this optimization study, we have considered a helium plasma produced by a high-energy electron beam. We find that the maximum achievable reduction increases monotonically with power up to an optimum point, beyond which the RCSR decreases, finally showing some tendency to saturate. This is of practical importance and indicates the usefulness of FDTD simulations in identifying the optimal point. Furthermore, at a given power level, there can be a considerable scatter in the RCSR achievable. This is because various combinations of the plasma parameters, differing considerably in their RCSR abilities, could require the same power to sustain them. Simulations would be of great use in helping to identify the best profiles to be used for a given input power level.      

激波风洞设施中的等离子体包覆目标电磁散射实验研究

利用JF10高焓激波风洞设施, 进行了等离子鞘包覆目标的电磁散射测量实验. 基于矢量网络仪的步进扫频体制, 在C波段进行实验, 观测到等离子鞘对目标雷达散射截面(radar cross section, RCS)的影响. 并且, 目标散射测量值中直接体现了激波风洞的高速气流状态信息: 气流前段会造成散射回波的剧烈变化且稳定性差, 持续0.5–1 ms; 激发的等离子鞘有效持续时间仅约为2 ms, 衰减了目标RCS回波.     

负折射率媒质雷达散射特性分析

 从负折射率媒质的本构关系出发,应用分段线性递推卷积(PLRC)方法推导出负折射率媒质中的时域有限差分（FDTD）计算公式,建立了基于分段线性递推卷积的FDTD方法(PLRC-FDTD)。并应用该方法计算了负折射率媒质覆盖导体柱的雷达散射截面,分析了负折射率媒质参数对其雷达散射截面的影响。结果表明,恰当地选择负折射率媒质参数能有效减小目标的雷达散射截面。     

Optical design of retro-reflectors by coordinate transformation

Transformation optics based on the form-invariant coordinate transformation of Maxwell’s equations offers an unconventional approach for designing devices with unprecedented electromagnetic (EM) behaviors. In this paper, we expand the coordinate transformation method to design omni-directional (OD) retro-reflectors by extending the conventional Luneberg lens reflectors to work in a much wider angular width. The constitutive medium tensors of the transformation devices are derived. Based on full wave simulations combined with Huygen’s principle, the flat and efficient backscattering responses of the resultant devices have been evaluated quantitatively. We confirm that the proposed structures are highly visible to incident EM waves from all directions, and they can be used as good OD radar cross section (RCS) enhancers in radar applications, such as the reference target for RCS measurements, range finding and position identification.     

Effect of the illumination region of targets on waves scattering in random media with H-polarization

This paper addresses some parameters that have a significant effect on wave scattering in random media. These parameters are: target configuration, including size and curvature; random media strength, represented in the spatial coherence length; and incident wave polarization. Here, I present numerical calculations for the radar cross-section (RCS) of conducting targets and analyze the backscattering enhancement with different configurations. I postulate a concave illumination region and consider targets taking large sizes of about five wavelengths. In this aspect, waves scattering from targets are assumed to propagate in free space and a random medium with H-polarization. This polarization produces what is well known as creeping waves which in turn have an additional effect on the scattering waves that is absent in the case of E-polarization.     

Electromagnetic wave scattering from a magnetized plasma column including a thin annular magnetized relativistic rotating electron beam (TAMRREB)

The problem of the scattering of electromagnetic waves from a magnetized plasma column including a thin annular magnetized relativistic rotating electron beam is discussed theoretically. The backscattering cross-section and scattering pattern are presented for a transverse electric (TE) polarization. An investigation on the effects of system parameters on the backscattering cross-section and scattering pattern is done and the corresponding polarized charge density plots are presented.     

覆盖X和Ku波段的低雷达散射截面人工磁导体反射屏

设计并制备了一种基于人工磁导体(artificial magnetic conductor, AMC)的覆盖X和Ku波段的宽带低雷达散射截面(radar cross section, RCS)反射屏. 将双频带耶路撒冷十字形AMC结构和宽带双金属方形AMC结构复合, 通过参数优化, 使耶路撒冷十字形结构的反射相位反转频点与方形结构的反射相位零值频点重合或者非常接近, 进一步扩宽有效相位差区域, 从而拓展RCS减缩带宽. 给出了反射能量峰值方位的一般理论计算公式, 当入射角度、棋盘单元尺寸和观察频率确定后, 可通过公式计算出反射峰的方位. HFSS软件仿真结果与理论计算结果符合较好, 验证了理论公式的正确性. 同时与等尺寸金属平板相比, 在7.4–17.0 GHz 频带内, 除9.8 GHz附近的少数频点外, 天线后向RCS均有-10 dB以上的减缩, 基本覆盖X波段和Ku波段, 相对带宽为78.7%, 在11.6 GHz时, 减缩量最大, 达到40.3 dB. 加工了反射屏实物并进行测试, 测试结果与仿真结果基本一致, 证实了反射屏具有宽带的低RCS特性.     

人工磁导体正交布阵的宽带低雷达截面反射屏

基于互补开口谐振单环 (complementary split ring resonator, CSRR) 的电磁特性, 设计了一种新型人工磁导体 (artificial magnetic conductor, AMC) 结构 CSRR-AMC. 通过与方形贴片人工磁导体的反射相位对比发现, 该结构在X极化和Y极化波垂直照射条件下可分别实现小型化和多同相反射频带. 基于此特性, 设计了一种仅由单一CSRR-AMC结构组成的宽带低雷达截面反射屏. 该设计将相邻CSRR-AMC单元正交化排布, 通过优化单元结构实现宽带相位对消, 降低后向散射能量. 测试结果表明, 样品在7.38–10.47 GHz 范围内后向RCS减缩量达到10 dB以上, 相对带宽达到34.6%, 为宽带低反射屏设计提供了新的方法. 关键词： 人工磁导体 相位对消 宽带 雷达截面减缩     

Investigation of EM scattering from electrically large sea surface with breaking wave at low grazing angles

According to the high-resolution radar data, backscattering scattering from sea surfaces may give rise to super events of strong scattering and large Doppler offsets for horizontal (HH) polarization at low grazing angles (LGA), which are usually considered to be caused by breaking waves. In this paper, the mesoscale breaking wave model is introduced to account for the contribution of breaking waves, which can be responsible for sea spikes and high Doppler shift. The backscattering radar cross-section (RCS) from a single breaking wave is computed and the scattering from sea surfaces is analyzed by a composite surface scattering model, in which the phase factor of every facet is modified by the capillary waves. By using the slope criterion, the spatial distribution of the breaking waves is obtained. At the same time, the RCS of sea surfaces with breaking waves is calculated and the results agree with measured data well at LGA for HH polarization. Considering the Bragg phase velocity, orbital motion of facets and wind drift, the Doppler spectrum of sea surface with breaking wave is simulated, and when compared with the result without breaking wave, there is a good improvement for HH polarization, and for the vertical polarization, the revision is little, which are agreeable with the results of recent researches.     

Reducing backscattering cross section of an electrically large sphere with metamaterial coating

In this paper, we present a method for hiding large spheres. Our proposed coating can make a significant reduction in backscattering cross section of an electrically large sphere. Since the monostatic radar cross section (RCS) is based on backscatter waves, such a coated sphere cannot be detected by this kind of radars. Also the effect of loss is considered in coating and we prove that even with a lossy coating, transparency is achievable in front of monostatic radars.     

共享孔径人工电磁媒质设计及其在高增益低雷达散射截面天线中的应用

提出了一种具有部分反射特性和吸波特性的共享孔径人工电磁媒质(shared aperture metamaterial, SA-MTM).该媒质由上层斜十字金属图案加载集总电阻的吸波表面、下层开条带缝隙金属面的部分反射表面以及中间介质层构成, 吸波表面和部分反射表面在垂直维度上共享了一个物理孔径使该媒质同时实现了吸波特性和部分反射特性.将SA-MTM与天线一体化设计, 利用SA-MTM的部分反射表面和天线表面构成的法布里-珀罗(Fabry-Perot, F-P)谐振腔提升天线的增益, 利用SA-MTM的吸波表面吸收入射电磁波实现低雷达散射截面(radar section cross, RCS)天线的设计.仿真和实验结果表明, SA-MTM 的加载使天线的前向增益在5.57–5.94 GHz 的工作带宽范围内都提升了3 dB以上, 且天线的后向RCS在2–9 GHz范围内都有明显的减缩.该研究成果克服了天线辐射性能和散射性能无法兼顾的矛盾, 对高增益低RCS天线的设计具有重要的指导意义.