Characteristics of tilted and off-axis partially coherent beams reflected back by a cat-eye optical lens in atmospheric turbulence

In this paper, taking the tilted and off-axis partially coherent beams as the active detection laser beams, the characteristics of the active detection laser beams reflected back by a cat-eye optical lens in atmospheric turbulence are studied analytically and numerically. The analytical expressions for the centroid position deviation γ, the average intensity, the mean-squared beam width and the far-field divergence angle at the receiver plane are derived. It is found that tilted and off-axis active detection laser beams cannot be reflected back by a cat-eye optical lens in the direction of the source. The absolute deviation $\left| \gamma \right|$ decreases as the beam coherence decreases. Therefore, partially coherent beams are more suitable as active detection laser beams than fully coherent ones. In addition, $\left| \gamma \right|$ decreases greatly due to the aperture effect, and the influence of turbulence on $\left| \gamma \right|$ is not monotonic. On the other hand, the influence of the beam coherence and the atmospheric turbulence on the average intensity, the mean-squared beam width and the far-field divergence angle at the receiver plane is also examined, and some interesting results are obtained. The results obtained in this paper are very useful for applications of the active laser detection.     

倾斜离轴高斯-谢尔模型光束在大气湍流中通过猫眼光学镜头反射光的光强特性

本文研究了大气湍流和探测光空间相干性对倾斜离轴激光束通过猫眼光学 镜头反射光光强特性的影响. 研究表明: 由于光阑效应以及光束倾斜或离轴, 反射光光强出现振荡和非对称分布现象. 大气湍流不会改变其非对称性, 但湍流中其光强不再振荡. 当猫眼光学镜头存在微弱正离焦δ_max情况下, 轴上光强可达到最大值. 猫眼光学镜头焦距越大, 所需δ_max越大. 但是, 大气湍流和探测光相干性好坏都不会改变所需δ_max值. 在大气湍流中传输距离足够远时, 反射光强会成为离轴类高斯分布. 随着传输距离的增大, 相干性越差的探测光的反射光束扩展可以更小, 这与部分相干光自由空间传输规律完全不同. 探测光相干性越好, 其反射光强受湍流的影响越大, 但差异不大. 本文所得结果对激光主动探测的应用具有意义. 关键词： 猫眼光学镜头 大气湍流 部分相干光 光强     

分划板失调时猫眼系统的反射特性

为降低光电装备猫眼效应,减小光学窗口被激光主动侦察系统探测到的概率,对分划板失调情况下猫眼系统的反射特性进行了研究。基于几何光学与2维平面波角谱衍射理论,推导并仿真了平面波通过分划板失调猫眼系统在出射面上的衍射光场分布特性,实验验证了猫眼目标的反射特性。研究结果表明:分划板失调会导致猫眼系统出射面的回波光斑发生椭圆形变,而斜入射探测激光会使这一现象更加明显。利用这一特性对猫眼系统进行改进,会大大增加激光主动侦察系统区分形变猫眼目标和漫反射背景干扰的难度。     

基于猫眼腔镜损耗调节的激光横模演示系统

提出一种基于猫眼腔镜损耗调节的新型激光横模演示系统。采用半外腔He-Ne激光器,利用由分立的可进行五维微调的凸透镜和凹面镜组成的猫眼逆向器构成损耗可调激光谐振腔,通过调节猫眼逆向器改变激光谐振腔的损耗比，实现改变激光横模状态的作用。利用CCD进行图像采集，计算机实现图像存储，从而得到20多种结构清晰的高阶横模花样图片。     

Detection and jamming experiment of optical surveillance device in night equipment transportation北大核心CSCD

针对装备运输过程中可能遭遇侦拍的风险,结合运输安全需求,分析市面上常见的4类消费级侦拍装置(手机、卡片数码相机、单反相机和数码摄像机)的光电可探测性,并实现对各装置的有效干扰。通过搭建“猫眼”激光探测、激光干扰及回波信号接收系统,重点突破典型小口径侦拍装置的探测与识别,以及“猫眼”探测端与目标端的双向成像等理论和关键技术。在此基础上分析不同距离、干扰波长和孔径情况下可见光波段激光对“猫眼”目标的探测及成像干扰效果,并提出一种图像干扰效果评价标准及不同光学侦拍装置的有效干扰阈值。实验结果表明:典型光学侦拍装置在实验距离内具有良好的光电可探测性,并且可被有效干扰;在激光束完全覆盖镜头通光孔径时,目标与装置距离越近,激光束散角越小,波段越接近人眼敏感程度最大波段(555 nm),激光光束产生的非伤害性成像干扰效果越好。     

一种同时测量平行偏差、倾斜偏差的方法

提出了一种仅由接收物镜和CCD构成的接收器,通过物镜位置的调整,可以同时完成平行偏差（平偏）和倾斜偏差（角偏）这两个参量的测量.通过对系统像差的分析,提出了可显著降低物镜像差对测量结果影响的算法.理论和实验数据表明,对于平偏测量范围为±10 mm、角偏测量范围为±2°、接收物镜焦距为50 mm、CCD尺寸为1/1.6 inch的系统,平偏测量准确度可达0.02 mm,角偏测量准确度可达9.5″.     

An opto-electrical method for measuring the gap of LCD glass plates

We focus on the experimented system development for the measurement of the gap of LCD glass plates. The measurement system includes a laser light source, lens module, image capturing system and the algorithm for calculation of the position of light spots. We emphasize the structure of laser triangulation in an optical system. The software is focused on the algorithm for calculating the position of light point, including centroid calculation method (CCM) and Fourier phase shift (FPS).

Furthermore, to verify the feasibility of the algorithm, we use computer software to simulate experiments. We also discuss the contribution of the noise to the accuracy for the CCM and FPS. To complete the development of the opto-electrical measurement system and to verify the accuracy for the hardware architecture, we use a novel mechanism of multi-track and concentricity, laser light source, lens module, and image capturing system.     

Properties of cat-eye modulating retro-reflector and its application with piezoelectric transducer

Piezoelectric cat-eye modulating retro-reflector (MRR) is the core component of an acousto-optic retro-identification system. The influence of the optical parameters (link distance l, lens focal length f and the detector diameter r) to the cat-eye effect was analyzed theoretically and experimentally. A piezoelectric cat-eye retro-identification (PCERI) system was built, and an information transmission ratio of 2 kHz was achieved which can satisfy an access control system.     

微磨削斜面光纤透镜平面度试验研究

为了研究微磨削参数对斜面光纤透镜平面度的影响,减小微磨削方法加工斜面光纤透镜的平面度误差,采用正交试验法对直径Ф125 μm单模光纤的30°斜面光纤透镜的微磨削进行了试验。结合微磨削的磨削力模型和材料力学弹性梁变形理论, 分析微磨削过程中随着磨削用量的变化所导致的光纤透镜被磨削斜面的平面度的变化规律。理论分析和实验结果表明:光纤悬伸长度对斜面光纤透镜平面度的影响最大,增大光纤悬伸长度将导致较大的斜面光纤透镜平面度的轮廓误差,恰当的磨削用量组合能够获得较小的平面轮廓误差。通过试验磨削出了平面度误差为3 μm的30°斜面光纤透镜。     

Characterizing the divergence properties of the laser diode beams propagation through collimator and aperture ABCD optical system

The propagation properties of Gaussian laser beams through a complete optical path including free space and the optics of transmitter and receiver containing a collimator, an aperture and a lens is studied. Based on the Collins integral and using the second order moment method, analytical formulas for intensity distribution and Power In Bucket (PIB) along the propagation path are derived. The effects of initial beam divergence, collimator–source separation distance and beam width deviation on laser beams properties are investigated. Obtained results are confirmed and illustrated with numerical examples and resulted graphs.     

三同心球光学系统跟瞄误差分析

针对独有的跟踪方式,具体讨论了激光通信三同心球光学系统的跟瞄方案,并进行了具体规划。通过对通信跟踪光路和通信接收光路的视场和精度分析,给出了二者的相关参数,作为Matlab理论计算跟踪像面轨道的依据。利用Tracepro软件模拟了引入相关误差量后的通信跟踪和通信接收像面光斑质心偏移和光斑大小变化情况。仿真结果显示:随着角度的旋转,通信接收的质心偏差在±4μm范围内,通信跟踪的质心偏差在±50μm范围内;通信接收像面光斑直径小于80μm,通信跟踪像面光斑直径均在400μm以内。系统所引入的误差在允许范围之内,不影响相关跟踪通信功能。     

飞机风挡玻璃光学角偏差测量的研究

介绍一种新的测量飞机风挡玻璃光学角偏差的方法和全自动测量装置。与现行的角偏差自动测量方法相比,这种方法的物理意义清晰、样件被测量位置明确、测量结果准确度高。标靶采用针孔而不是十字叉丝或“L”形。采用钨灯和投射透镜产生准直白光,用CCD探测器作为光斑位置传感器在成像透镜的后焦面测量光斑位置的变化,从而可得光学角偏差。测量系统通过标准样品可溯源到国家角度基准。分析表明：测量系统的测量不确定度达到7.3″(k=2)。     

Double-distance propagation of Gaussian beams passing through a tilted cat-eye optical lens in a turbulent atmosphere

By using the extended Huygens-Fresnel diffraction integral and the method of expanding the aperture function into a finite sum of complex Gaussian functions, an approximate analytical formula of the double-distance propagation for Gaussian beam passing through a tilted cat-eye optical lens and going back along the entrance way in a turbulent atmosphere has been derived. Through numerical calculation, the effects of incidence angle, propagation distance, and structure constant on the propagation properties of a Gaussian beam in a turbulent atmosphere are studied. It is found that the incidence angle creates an unsymmetrical average intensity distribution pattern, while the propagation distance and the structure constant can each create a smooth and symmetrical average intensity distribution pattern. The average intensity peak gradually deviates from the centre, and the central average intensity value decreases quickly with the increase in incidence angle, while a larger structure constant can bring the average intensity peak back to the centre.     

大角度斜入射情况下的猫眼效应激光反射特性

基于角谱衍射理论,采用2维离散傅里叶变换和将双衍射孔径进行投影合并的方法,推导了斜入射情况下猫眼效应反射光的衍射传输过程,通过数值计算分析了入射角和衍射距离对衍射光场分布的影响规律,并实验验证了入射角的影响规律。结果表明,这种方法能够准确描述大角度入射时的反射光衍射光场分布,入射角对其衍射光场分布模式的影响相当于增大了衍射距离。依据入射角与衍射光场分布模式之间的对应关系,可对猫眼目标进行参数识别研究。     

Optical testing of star sensor (I): Defocus spot measuring technique for ground-based test

We developed a technique for measuring the intensity distribution of a point image in sub-pixel resolution even after assembly of a lens and an image sensor, which is especially suitable for defocus adjustment of a star sensor used to determine the attitude of a spacecraft. The star sensor optical system is usually aligned in a defocused position to calculate the luminance centroid of a star image in sub-pixel resolution. In the measurement technique, the point image is carefully scanned around a certain pixel on the image sensor, and the intensity change of the pixel is recorded during the scanning. We applied this technique to the alignment of our star sensor’s optical system, and we were able to suppress the spot size in a range between 1.2 and 2.2 pixels at 1/e² diameter at a certain defocus position, making it appropriate for luminance centroid calculation.     

Molecular lens of the nonresonant dipole force

A cylindrical molecular lens is formed by focusing a nanosecond IR laser pulse. Trajectories of a CS2 molecular beam deflected by the lens are traced using the velocity map imaging technique. The characteristic lens parameters including the focal length, minimum beam width, and distance to the minimum-width position are determined. The laser intensity dependence of the parameters is in good agreement with theoretical predictions. Exciting possibilities for molecular optics and a new type of optical chromatography are opened up.     

有限远共轭显微镜光镊设计和误差分析

光镊是研究单分子生物物理特性的独特工具, 因而光镊设备的研发是一个极为重要的课题. 本文根据矩阵光学, 对基于有限远共轭显微镜的光镊操控光路进行计算, 得出了阱位径向操控和轴向操控方程, 并分析了光束调控系统、 共焦系统后置透镜和耦合透镜安装位置误差及物镜轴向位置调整对光镊阱位径向及轴向操控精度的影响. 计算结果显示, 当物镜初级像面和耦合透镜像方焦面完全重合, 光束调控系统和耦合透镜的距离误差对阱位径向和轴向操控精度没有影响. 光镊系统元器件定位不准时, 基于无限远共轭显微镜光镊的阱位径向操控误差和轴向操控误差都小于基于有限远共轭显微镜光镊的阱位径向操控误差和轴向操控误差. 当光镊耦合透镜定位误差控制在小于10 mm时, 基于有限远共轭显微镜光镊的径向和轴向操控误差分别小于5.9%和11.4%, 有限远共轭显微镜仍然存在改造为光镊的价值.本文理论为基于有限远共轭显微镜的光镊设计、改造和操控提供理论和实验指导. 关键词： 光镊 光学设计 矩阵 误差     

Laser ray-tracing method for optical testing

We have developed a novel laser ray-tracing method to measure aberrations in optical systems. It consists of delivering narrow laser pencils (by a laser scanner), recording the spots that are formed on the image plane (with a CCD camera), and computing the position of each centroid. This approach could be considered an experimental (approximate) implementation of standard numerical ray tracing. Several tests and experiments, including a direct comparison with a Hartmann-Shack wave-front sensor, provided highly satisfactory results that confirmed the validity of the method and revealed potential advantages.     

飞行光学导光系统中的空气热透镜效应

研究了激光加工用大功率ＣＯ２激光束在飞行光学导光系统中传输所产生的空气热透镜效应。实验发现当飞行光学导光系统中的空气静止时将产生空气热透镜效应,而充以一定压力的压缩空气却可以消除空气热透镜效应,实验表明无热透镜效应时,光束遵循高斯光束传输规律,而秀热透镜效应时,光束偏离高斯光束的传输规律,并影响到激光束聚焦焦点的大小和位置。另外通过激光空气热透镜效应的非线性模型计算了热透镜效应所引起的光束传输相对