Degradation of organic wastewater by hydrodynamic cavitation combined with acoustic cavitation

In this paper, the decomposition of Rhodamine B (RhB) by hydrodynamic cavitation (HC), acoustic cavitation (AC) and the combination of these individual methods (HAC) have been investigated. The degradation of 20 L RhB aqueous solution was carried out in a self-designed HAC reactor, where hydrodynamic cavitation and acoustic cavitation could take place in the same space simultaneously. The effects of initial concentration, inlet pressure, solution temperature and ultrasonic power were studied and discussed. Obvious synergies were found in the HAC process. The combined method achieved the best conversion, and the synergistic effect in HAC was even up to 119% with the ultrasonic power of 220 W in a treatment time of 30 min. The time-independent synergistic factor based on rate constant was introduced and the maximum value reached 40% in the HAC system. Besides, the hybrid HAC method showed great superiority in energy efficiency at lower ultrasonic power (88–176 W). Therefore, HAC technology can be visualized as a promising method for wastewater treatment with good scale-up possibilities.     

A new development of dyestuffs degradation system using ultrasound

Dyestuffs are often present in industrial wastewaters and can consist of hazardous substances which have a serious impact on the environment and personal health. This report describes a system developed to degrade these substances using sonochemical reactions. Ultrasonic frequencies of 118, 224, 404 and 651 kHz and power input values of 11.4, 29.0 and 41.5 W were tested on Rhodamine B and Orange II dyestuff solutions in order to find the best degradation conditions. The ultrasonic irradiation of air-saturated solutions produces free radicals that combine and generates hydrogen peroxide, and compared to the production of hydrogen peroxide when irradiating water, a decrease was found during the irradiation to dyestuff solutions, indicating that some of the free radicals were consumed in the dyestuffs degradation process. The effects of the ultrasonic irradiation conditions on the pH, nitric and nitrous acid formations as well as the total organic carbon value (TOC) were also investigated. For the ultrasonic frequencies of 224, 404 and 651 kHz, the degradation rates were very similar, however, the 118 kHz system presented a degradation rate of about one-third that of the higher frequencies for both dyestuffs. The Rhodamine B solutions were decolorized within 2 h of ultrasonic irradiation for all systems with the exception of the 118 kHz one. For Orange II, except for the 118 kHz system, all solutions were decolorized within 4 h of ultrasonic irradiation. All reactions were carried out at 25 degrees C and the total ultrasonic irradiation time was 10 h.     

Power density modulated ultrasonic degradation of perfluoroalkyl substances with and without sparging Argon

The power density modulates the dynamics of the chemical reactions during the ultrasonic breakdown of organic compounds. We evaluated the ultrasonic degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) at various power densities (30 W/L–262 W/L) with and without sparging Argon. We observed pseudo-first-order degradation kinetics at an initial PFASs concentration of 100 nM over a range of power density. The rate kinetics of degradation shows a non-linear increase with an increase in power density. We proposed a four-parameter logistic regression (4PLR) equation that empirically fits the degradation rate kinetics with the power density. The 4PLR equation predicts that the maximum achievable half-life of PFOA and PFOS sonochemical degradation are 1 and 10 min under a given set of experimental conditions. The high bulk-water temperature (i.e., 30 °C) of the aqueous sample helps increase the degradation rate of PFOA and PFOS. The addition of oxidants such as iodate and chlorate help enhance PFOA degradation in an argon environment at an ultrasonic frequency of 575 kHz.     

Sonochemical and sonophotocatalytic degradation of malachite green: the effect of carbon tetrachloride on reaction rates

A comparative study between the sonolytic, photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic oxidation processes of aqueous solutions of malachite green was carried out in the presence of carbon tetrachloride, under a low power ultrasonic field (<15 W) and using titanium dioxide as a photocatalyst. The effect of a number of parameters such as ultrasonic intensity, TiO2 crystalline structure and the presence of CCl4 were studied using an inexpensive reactor. Enhanced rates of sonolytic degradation of malachite green in the presence of CCl4 were demonstrated. On the other hand, the simultaneous use of sonolysis and photocatalysis in the presence of CCl4 does not improve the degradation rate of malachite green in comparison with the one obtained using only sonolysis, but it makes possible a faster oxidative degradation of some reaction intermediaries. Finally, in air saturated solutions both processes, the sonolytic and the photocatalytic one, follow a first-order rate law.     

Sonolytic degradation of halogenated organic compounds in groundwater: mass transfer effects

Organic pollutants in liquid exposed to acoustic waves behave differently according to their physical and chemical properties. Laboratory batch experiments of sonication for the degradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) and ethylene dibromide (EDB) were carried out in groundwater at 20 kHz, and 12.5 and 35 W/cm(2). A theoretical model for the batch sonication system was derived to examine the mass transfer dependency of the ultrasonic degradation. Experimental results were supported with model predictions suggesting that both liquid phase diffusion coefficient and Henry's law constant are important parameters for the sonolytic degradation of the halogenated organic compounds in groundwater. When compared with the effect of the diffusion coefficient, Henry's constant exerts a greater influence on sonolytic degradation. When Henry's constant exceeds a value of 1 (volume/volume ratio), however, it no longer has much influence on the degradation process. The results also suggest that degradation is enhanced with an increase in ultrasonic power probably due to a greater bubble residence time and the formation of larger bubble at high-energy intensities.     

光助Fenton反应催化氧化降解罗丹明B表观动力学研究

Fenton反应作为处理难降解有机污染物有效的高级氧化技术之一,其氧化能力来自于在酸性条件下催化分解H₂O₂产生强氧化性(2.8 eV)的羟基自由基。而太阳光照下可促进羟基自由基的产生,从而提高Fenton反应氧化降解能力。文章在初始pH 3.5,太阳光直射的情况下研究了罗丹明B,Fe2+和H₂O₂等因素的初始浓度对光助Fenton反应降解罗丹明B速率的影响,采用求解拟合幂函数动力学方程获得了该反应体系的表观动力学方程。主要研究内容包括：罗丹明B溶液的紫外-可见光谱图;罗丹B溶液的浓度-吸光度工作曲线;不同初始罗丹明B浓度体系反应的分析;不同初始Fe2+浓度体系反应的分析;不同初始H₂O₂浓度体系反应的分析;表观动力学方程参数的计算。实验结果表明,该反应体系的动力学方程为：V=5×10-9P1.28F0.366E0.920,反应总级数为2.57。     

Green ultrasound-assisted extraction of chlorogenic acids from sweet potato peels and sonochemical hydrolysis of caffeoylquinic acids derivatives

Sweet potato peels are rich in chlorogenic acids. In this work, we applied ultrasound technology to extract the main compounds from sweet potato peel and used multivariate analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) to evaluate the effects of different extraction conditions on the extraction of chlorogenic acids. The extraction was studied varying ultrasonic power density (20, 35 and 50 W/L) and processing time (5, 10, 20 and 40 min) using an ultrasonic bath operating at 25 kHz. The chemical analysis was carried out by UPLC-qTOF-MS, and the results were evaluated by PCA and PLS-DA chemometric analysis. Results show that both ultrasonic power density and processing time influences in the extraction of different chlorogenic acid, and that different extraction conditions can be used to selectively extract specific caffeoylquinic acids and feruloylquinic acids in higher amounts. Ultrasound promoted the hydrolysis of tricaffeoylquinic acid when subjected to ultrasonic waves (20–50 W/L), and of 3,4-caffeyolquinic acid at high ultrasonic power density (50 W/L).     

B型超声诊断仪声场参数的测量与计算的一种简化方法

本文概述了B型超声诊断仪声场特性的基本测量和计算方法，提出了一系列典型声压波形的瞬时声压平方函数的时间积分解析表达式，可用来近似计算脉冲声强积分和各种脉冲声强参数．对三种典型超声诊断仪的输出声压波形函数，分别进行数值积分和解析计算，两者的计算结果偏离值均小于±7．0％，表明利用这些公式可使测量过程中的数据采集和计算程序大为简化，在实际应用中具有推广价值．     

Comparative study on the process behavior and reaction kinetics in sonocatalytic degradation of organic dyes by powder and nanotubes TiO2

Sonocatalytic degradation of various organic dyes (Congo Red, Reactive Blue 4, Methyl Orange, Rhodamine B and Methylene Blue) catalyzed by powder and nanotubes TiO₂ was studied. Both catalysts were characterized using transmission electron microscope (TEM), surface analyzer, Raman spectroscope and thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA). Sonocatalytic activity of powder and nanotubes TiO₂ was elucidated based on the degradation of various organic dyes. The former catalyst was favorable for treatment of anionic dyes, while the latter was more beneficial for cationic dyes. Sonocatalytic activity of TiO₂ nanotubes could be up to four times as compared to TiO₂ powder under an ultrasonic power of 100 W and a frequency of 42 kHz. This was associated with the higher surface area and the electrostatic attraction between dye molecules and TiO₂ nanotubes. Fourier transform-infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) was used to identify changes that occurred on the functional group in Rhodamine B molecules and TiO₂ nanotubes after the reaction. Sonocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B by TiO₂ nanotubes apparently followed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood adsorption kinetic model with surface reaction rate of 1.75 mg/L min. TiO₂ nanotubes were proven for their high potential to be applied in sonocatalytic degradation of organic dyes.     

Degradation of dichlorvos containing wastewaters using sonochemical reactors

The present work deals with application of sonochemical reactors for the degradation of dichlorvos containing wastewaters. The sonochemical reactor used in the work is a simple ultrasonic horn type operating at 20 kHz with a power rating of 270 W. The effect of different operating parameters such as operating pH, temperature and power density on the extent of degradation has been investigated initially followed by intensification studies using additives such as hydrogen peroxide, Fenton's reagent and CCl(4). It has been observed that low frequency sonochemical reactors can be effectively used for treatment of pesticide wastewaters and acidic conditions and optimum values of temperature and power dissipation favors the degradation of dichlorvos. The efficacy of sonochemical reactors can be further enhanced by using different additives at optimized loadings. Complete removal of the pesticide at the given loading has been obtained using an optimized combination of ultrasound and Fenton's chemistry. The controlling mechanism for the sonochemical degradation has been confirmed to be the free radical attack based on the studies involving radical scavengers. The novelty of the present work is clearly established as there have been no earlier studies dealing with degradation of dichlorvos pesticide using sonochemical reactors operating at low frequency which offers distinct advantage in terms of cost and the stability of the reactor.     

Influence of ultrasonic in low thermal expansion Fe-Ni electrodeposition process for micro-electroforming

The electrochemical mechanism of Fe-Ni electrodeposition under ultrasonic was investigated by electrochemistry methods. Linear scanning voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry were used to show that the deposition process changed from the diffusion control under static conditions to an electrochemical control under ultrasonic conditions. Chronoamperometry curves showed that the Fe-Ni deposit occurred by a mechanism that instantaneous nucleation is followed by three-dimensional growth under charge transfer control. Chronopotentiogram indicated that because of the intensity of the ultrasound stripping effect, high ultrasonic power is unsuitable for electroforming Fe-Ni alloy, and a high current density is also not appropriate. Thus, the optimum parameters for Fe-Ni electrodeposition under ultrasonic conditions are ultrasonic power between 80 and 100 W (power density 0.28–0.35 W/cm²), and a current density lower than 10 mA/cm² with temperature 323 K and pH 3. Experiments were performed to verify that the Fe-Ni masks prepared by ultrasonic-assisted electroforming had a good surface quality. The increase in ultrasonic power can obtain a larger grain size, thus got a low thermal expansion coefficient and a high hardness. Therefore, ultrasonic-assisted electrodeposition technology provides an effective and practically feasible manufacturing method for OLED Fe-Ni mask preparation.     

A systematic study of the degradation of dimethyl phthalate using a high-frequency ultrasonic process

A comprehensive study of the sonochemical degradation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) was carried out using high-frequency ultrasonic processes. The effects of various operating parameters were investigated, including ultrasonic frequency, power density, initial DMP concentration, solution pH and the presence of hydrogen peroxide. In general, a frequency of 400 kHz was the optimum for achieving the highest DMP degradation rate. The degradation rate was directly proportional to the power density and inversely related to the initial DMP concentration. It was interesting to find that faster removal rate was observed under weakly acidic condition, while hydrolysis effect dominated in extreme-basic condition. The addition of hydrogen peroxide can increase the radical generation to some extent. Furthermore, both hydroxylation of the aromatic ring and oxidation of the aliphatic chain appear to be the major mechanism of DMP degradation by sonolysis based on LC/ESI-MS analysis. Among the principle reaction intermediates identified, tri- and tetra-hydroxylated derivatives of DMP, as well as hydroxylated monomethyl phthalates and hydroxylated phthalic acid were reported for the first time in this study. Reaction pathways for DMP sonolysis are proposed based on the detected intermediates.     

Evaluation of different cavitational reactors for size reduction of DADPS

The present study deals with the size reduction based on the recrystallization (antisolvent approach using water) of 3,3′-Diamino Diphenyl Sulfone (DADPS) using different types of cavitational reactors as an alternative to the conventional process of mechanical size reduction, which is an energy intensive approach. Ultrasound was applied for fixed time specific to the reactors namely ultrasonic probes at different power dissipation levels and also ultrasonic bath. A High Speed Homogenizer was also used at varying speeds of rotation to establishing the efficacy for size reduction. The processed sample was analysed for particle size and morphology using particle size analyser and optical microscopy respectively. The final yield of recrystallization was also determined. The power density in W/L and power intensity in W/m² calculated for each equipment has been used to establish efficacy for size reduction since all devices had dissimilar configurations. Based on the studies of varying power intensity of the different US equipment, it was established that larger the power intensity and power density, smaller was the resultant final particle size after treatment for same time. Among the various ultrasonic devices used, Sonics VCX750 probe yielded the best size reduction of 85.47% when operated at 40% amplitude for 60 min for a volume of 200 ml. A High Speed Homogenizer used at 7000 rpm gave 92.35% of size reduction in 15 min operation and also demonstrated the best energy efficiency. The work has elucidated the comparison of different cavitational devices for size reduction for the first time and presented the best reactors and conditions for the desired size reduction.     

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted ultrafiltration process for removing bacterial endotoxin from diammonium glycyrrhizinate using response surface methodology

Ultrasonic-assisted ultrafiltration (UAU) removing bacterial endotoxin from diammonium glycyrrhizinate, was firstly applied to surfactant separation. Separation efficiency was related with four variables, including ultrafiltration molecular weight cut off (MWCO), ultrasonic power, concentration and pH. The SCQ-9200E ultrasonic system was provided for the study with adjustable ultrasonic power 80 W to 800 W, and the ultrasonic frequency was 40 KHz. On the basis of response surface methodology (RSM), the optimal separation conditions were determined to be the ultrafiltration MWCO as 10 kDa, the ultrasonic power as 570 W, diammonium glycyrrhizinate concentration as 150.00 μg/mL and the pH as 4.70. The experimental rejection of bacterial endotoxin was 94.08%, meanwhile the transmittance of diammonium glycyrrhizinate was 93.65%. Based on the ultrasonic power, solution volume, and ultrasonic container size, the experiments with UAU at different power intensities showed that ultrasonic at a power intensity of 57 W/L and the power density of 0.32 W/cm² could solve the separation contradiction between diammonium glycyrrhizinate and bacterial endotoxin. This study indicated that UAU could be an innovation in ultrasonic separation fields, and had a vast range of prospects for making use in pharmaceutical preparation area.     

Ultrasound promoted reaction of Rhodamine B with sodium hypochlorite using sonochemical and dental ultrasonic instruments

The sonochemical acceleration of bleaching of Rhodamine B by sodium hypochlorite has been studied using ultrasound intensities in the range 0-7 W cm(-2). Using a 20 kHz ultrasonic horn, it was shown that ultrasound could significantly shorten the treatment time and/or the concentration of hypochlorite required for the reaction. A number of intermediate species formed during the reaction have been identified. It was demonstrated that the same sonochemical reactions occur during the use of dental ultrasound instruments of the type used in endodontics where hypochlorite solutions act as disinfectants. Results showed pseudo-first order degradation kinetics for the degradation of Rhodamine B for both types of source. Both the distribution of cavitation and the resulting bleaching reactions were dependent on the design of the tips. The bleaching reaction can therefore be used to characterise the behaviour of dental instruments and aid in the optimisation of their performance.     

半导体激光无线传能中光伏电池转换效率

为选择合适的激光参量与光伏电池参量,以提高激光无线能量传输(LWPT)系统的能量转换效率,通过实验研究了LWPT系统中能量接收单元,也即光伏电池在半导体激光照射下的输出特性。通过波长为808 nm和915 nm的激光辐照GaAs和Si光伏电池,研究了不同激光功率密度、光伏电池温度、电池类型以及激光入射角度对光伏电池输出特性与能量转换效率的影响。实验中,在波长为808 nm的激光功率密度从0.06 W/cm²上升至0.37 W/cm²的过程中,Si电池的最大输出功率从0.12 W上升至0.32 W,能量转换效率从50.9%下降至21.2%;GaAs电池的最大输出功率从0.40 W上升到1.07 W,能量转换效率从57.9%下降至23.8%。随着激光功率密度的增加,光伏电池的输出功率先增加而后趋于饱和,但是高功率密度激光引起的电池温升会导致其光电转换效率的下降,所以激光功率密度的选择与光伏电池温度的控制是提高LWPT系统能量转换效率的关键因素。     

Degradation of m-xylene solution using ultrasonic irradiation

This study is to apply ultrasound to remove m-xylene, a volatile compound from aqueous solutions which causes environmental damage. High frequency ultrasound was used to investigate the effect of different operational parameters, such as m-xylene initial concentration, ultrasonic frequency and ultrasonic power. The degradation rate of m-xylene was increased with decreasing initial concentration of m-xylene and increasing frequency and power. Optimal conditions include 26.07 mg/L, 806.3 kHz and 70±1 W, in which MnO(2), Cu(2+), Fe(2+), and H(2)O(2) had little or no effect on the degradation. Moreover, the effect of radical scavengers such as Na(2)CO(3) and t-butyl was not obvious, which indicates that direct pyrolysis inside the collapsing bubbles has an important role in m-xylene ultrasonic removal. In addition, the degradation of m-xylene was observed to behave under pseudo-first-order kinetics with different experimental conditions tested in the present work.     

基于激光毛化技术的5052铝合金粘接试验研究

为了提高5052铝合金的粘接性能,利用脉冲光纤激光的短脉冲和高峰值功率的特性,对铝合金试件进行了激光毛化试验研究。通过正交实验法,研究了平均功率、扫描速度、脉冲频率和脉冲宽度等工艺参数对激光毛化质量的影响,以及各工艺参数的影响权重,并求得最佳工艺参数,最佳工艺参数为平均功率90 W、扫描速度10 mm/s、脉冲频率1000 kHz、脉冲宽度200 ns。根据优化后的工艺参数,加工获得了粗糙度2.35 μm,然后对激光毛化后的铝合金试件进行单搭接拉伸试验,研究发现粘接强度随着粗糙度的增大而增大,当粗糙度到达一定程度时,粘接强度反而会随着粗糙度的增大而减小。另外,粘接强度还跟铝合金表面的微织构的类型及疏密程度都有很大关系。     

Miscibility of Solution Blends of Unsaturated Polyester Resin with Polystyrene and Polycarbonate

Miscibility studies of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) blends with two different thermoplastics—polystyrene (PS) and polycarbonate (PC), in a common solvent, chloroform, were carried out by viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, density, and refractive index methods. Two interaction parameters, μ and α were calculated using viscosity data for these blends. The positive interaction parameter values (μ and α > 0) obtained for the UPR/PS blend and the negative interaction parameter values (μ and α < 0) obtained for the UPR/PC blend indicate that the former is a miscible blend and the latter is an immiscible blend. These results were further confirmed by the ultrasonic velocity, density, and refractive index measurements.     

Experimental design approach to the optimization of ultrasonic degradation of alachlor and enhancement of treated water biodegradability

This work presents the application of experimental design for the ultrasonic degradation of alachlor which is pesticide classified as priority substance by the European Commission within the scope of the Water Framework Directive. The effect of electrical power (20-80W), pH (3-10) and substrate concentration (10-50mgL(-1)) was evaluated. For a confidential level of 90%, pH showed a low effect on the initial degradation rate of alachlor; whereas electrical power, pollutant concentration and the interaction of these two parameters were significant. A reduced model taking into account the significant variables and interactions between variables has shown a good correlation with the experimental results. Additional experiments conducted in natural and deionised water indicated that the alachlor degradation by ultrasound is practically unaffected by the presence of potential *OH radical scavengers: bicarbonate, sulphate, chloride and oxalic acid. In both cases, alachlor was readily eliminated ( approximately 75min). However, after 4h of treatment only 20% of the initial TOC was removed, showing that alachlor by-products are recalcitrant to the ultrasonic action. Biodegradability test (BOD5/COD) carried out during the course of the treatment indicated that the ultrasonic system noticeably increases the biodegradability of the initial solution.