利用稳定性65Cu稀释技术测定长期施用有机肥土壤中不同pH条件下铜的E-值及L-值

准确评价铜的有效性对预测长期施用有机肥土壤中铜的生态风险及其环境质量标准的修订具有十分重要意义.根据稳定性65Cu稀释原理,利用黑麦草和蚯蚓为供试生物,对长期施用有机肥土壤中铜的同位素可交换性(E-值)、生物有效性(L-值)及pH变化对E-值、L-值的影响进行了研究.试验结果表明,以黑麦草测定的铜的L-值与铜的E-值基...     

橡胶的老化机理及老化行为的研究进展

橡胶制品在使用过程中会受到热、氧、热氧、光、辐照及机械应力等因素影响,会产生降解、交联等老化行为.不同种类橡胶因其使用环境和要求不同,其老化机理也各不相同.本文介绍了橡胶老化的化学机理、研究方法及预测方法和模型,综述了近年来不同品种的橡胶及橡胶/橡胶并用体系的老化行为研究进展.通过对橡胶老化行为和机理的综述,有助于系统...     

二维相关红外光谱法及标准线性固态模型对天然橡胶热氧老化机理的研究

对天然橡胶复合材料进行了不同时间下的热氧加速老化实验并分析其老化机理.采用红外测试研究天然橡胶在热氧老化过程中可能的基团变化规律,同时对不同老化时间下的红外结果进行二维相关分析,发现老化产物的生成速率依次为酯过氧化物醚;核磁交联密度测试表明总交联密度(XLD)与网链分子量(Mc)及横向弛豫时间(T2)有很好的对应关系,XLD随着老化时间的增加而增加,即天然橡胶热氧老化过程中交联反应占主导地位;示差扫描量热(DSC)测试发现,随着老化时间的增加,玻璃化转变温度(Tg)升高,玻璃化转变区变宽,表明交联反应占主导地位,与核磁交联密度测试结果一致.通过对天然橡胶进行压缩应力松弛实验,采用修正的标准线性固态模型(SLS模型)进行拟合分析,发现在短时热氧老化过程中,老化以氧化和交联反应为主,与核磁交联密度及DSC实验结果一致.     

弹道明胶老化初级阶段的模型

用流变震荡模式研究了10 wt%浓度的弹道明胶在冷却和等温下的老化行为.对明胶从sol-gel点冷却到某个目标温度的过程,通过不同冷却速率的实验,建了一个弹性模量与温度的线性关系.不同温度下明胶的等温老化实验表明,弹性模量-时间曲线具有相似的形状.依据Normand提出的二级反应动力学模型,引入一个表征明胶老化行为的速率常数,构建了一个预测弹道明胶在老化初级阶段的弹性模量演化的模型.该模型中模量-温度关系在初始和无穷大时是直线,其他模量-温度线是近似直线,并交于sol-gel点.老化速率常数和过冷度之间符合Flory-Weaver方程.对弹性模量和老化时间进行归一化处理,可将不同温度下的老化曲线叠加成一条主曲线.     

离子交换动力学及其应用（下）

由离子交换的相间传质过程可知,离子交换过程包括膜扩散与粒扩散两种顺序的步骤,其中较慢的一个步骤便决定了整个离子交换过程的速率。在离子交换过程中,速率的控制步骤究竟是膜扩散还是粒扩散,可用Helfferich准数(He)作为判据,即由两种机理模型所得半交换期之比作表征:     

水相分光光度法测定土壤中有效铜

开发了一种铜试剂(二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠,DDTC)水相分光光度法测定土壤有效铜的方法。利用阿拉伯树胶做增溶剂,柠檬酸-EDTA溶液做干扰掩蔽剂,DDTC能够与铜离子形成稳定的黄色络合物,可直接在水溶液中进行分光光度法测定。络合物的最大吸收波长为454 nm,摩尔吸光系数为1.02×104L·mol-1·cm-1,铜含量在0~4μg/mL范围内符合比尔定律,线性相关系数r=0.9996,方法检出限为0.031μg/mL,平均回收率104.8%,RSD为3.2%。本法对红壤加铜培养实验的测定结果表明,土壤有效铜含量与土壤加铜水平呈线性相关,与电感耦合等离子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)相比,有效铜含量和相对标准差均无显著差异。     

分子在纯硅β分子筛内扩散的随机行走模型

建立了一个β分子筛上分子扩散的模型. 该模型中, 分子在β分子筛中运动是在不同吸附点位上作无规行走. β孔道的拓扑结构和在两种孔道吸附位上不同的跃迁几率导致分子沿两个主轴方向扩散, 扩散系数存在一个关联关系; 分子动力学对不同温度下苯分子在β分子筛上扩散模拟证实了这一关联关系. 氩原子在不同作用半径下的动力学模拟表明, 分子作用半径大小是满足随机行走假设的重要条件, 即该模型要求扩散分子作用半径足够大, 与分子筛孔径相近.     

氮化硼对模拟放射性废水中Mn~(2+)的吸附特征

以氮化硼为吸附剂,考察其对模拟放射性废水中锰的吸附平衡、吸附动力学及热力学特征。表征结果显示,氮化硼为纤维状材料,直径在1~2μm,长度在10~20μm,表面多孔,并且包含羟基、氨基等基团。实验结果表明,当废水中Mn2+浓度为11mg/L,氮化硼投加量为0.5g/L时,5min即可达到吸附平衡,平衡时吸附量为10.93mg/g。氮化硼对Mn2+的吸附符合Freundlich、Langmuir及D-R吸附等温模型,吸附机理主要为离子交换。吸附过程可用拟二级动力学模型描述,该过程分为两个阶段,第1阶段中颗粒内扩散为吸附的主要限速步骤,第2阶段主要受液膜扩散作用控制。该过程是自发进行的吸热反应,升高温度有利于反应的发生。     

半晶聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯中的受限非晶相

当半晶聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯 (PET)的结晶度 (Xwc)处于一定范围内时 ,其物理老化后在差示扫描量热(DSC)曲线上的玻璃化转变区有吸热双峰出现 .通过对此吸热双峰分别与完全非晶试样和具有相当高Xwc 的半晶试样物理老化后在DSC曲线上出现的吸热单峰的比较 ,表明半晶PET中存在两种性质极为不同的非晶区 ,即自由非晶区和受限非晶区 .动态力学热分析 (DMTA)曲线上显示的损耗正切 (tanδ)双峰进一步证实了这两种不同非晶区的存在 .这两种不同非晶区的产生是由于试样中晶粒对非晶相中高分子链段活动性的不同限制作用所致 .研究发现 ,对于由冷结晶得到的半晶试样来说 ,出现两种不同非晶区所需的Xwc 上下限都随结晶温度 (Tc)的升高而增高 .还发现 ,在物理老化过程中 ,虽然非晶相的总量基本保持不变 ,但部分自由非晶区却逐渐转变为受限非晶区 .上述实验结果很好地符合Struik的“扩展玻璃化转变”模型 .     

CuCl2硅溶胶和水溶液中铜的电化学行为研究

采用循环伏安法和计时安培法研究了CuCl2硅溶胶和水溶液中铜在玻碳电极上的电沉积和电结晶行为.结果表明在两种CuCl2电解质中,铜的电沉积分两个步骤完成,Cu2+还原为Cu+在硅溶胶中较水溶液中容易;采用吸附-成核模型解析电流-时间暂态曲线,并确定铜的电结晶机理为扩散控制下的连续成核三维生长(3DP),Cu2+在水溶液中的扩散系数较硅溶胶中的大,但相同电位下在硅溶胶中的饱和成核数密度高于水溶液中.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。