全谱拟合定量分析方法及其影响因素的研究

为研究全谱拟合定量分析方法,将此定量分析方法与内标法、K值法、绝热法进行对比分析,主要讨论了图谱的收集方式、拟合过程中所用的峰形函数,以及温度因子对全谱拟合定量分析结果的影响。结果表明,相对其他定量方法,全谱拟合定量分析只需知物相的结构信息,无需标样,具有较高的准确性。另外,衍射角的收集范围通常与被测试样材料有关,一般扫描范围包括待测试样的主要衍射峰区域即可;步长越小,每步扫描时间越长,衍射强度高,拟合因子越小,计算图谱与实测图谱吻合程度越好;基本参数法通过已知实验仪器的几何参数计算出仪器的仪器峰形,可简化精修过程,减少人为误差;选用结构数据库中的结构信息进行的拟合定量,得到的拟合因子最小,拟合结果最好;拟合过程中修正阳离子的温度因子比修正氧离子的温度因子得到的拟合因子小,拟合定量结果较好一些。     

氧化镧对水泥窰用方镁石-复合尖晶石砖结构与性能的影响

为了研究水泥窑无铬化和在使用替代燃料等新环境下水泥熟料对砖的侵蚀机制,本实验以高纯镁砂、铁铝尖晶石、高铁镁砂为原料制备出了方镁石-复合尖晶石砖,研究了氧化镧对复合尖晶石砖结构与性能的影响。随着氧化镧含量增加,试样的体积密度、耐压强度、抗折强度、粘结强度、荷重软化温度、高温抗折强度均增加;氧化镧与Si O2反应生成硅酸镧,硅酸镧为高熔点矿物相,使材料由硅酸盐结合转变为由硅酸镧直接结合,增加了材料的抗侵蚀性和抗渗透性;水泥熟料中的主要矿物相为C2S,加入氧化镧能稳定水泥熟料中的C2S,防止窑皮的脱落,提高了耐火材料的挂窑皮性。     

全谱拟合定量分析石灰石

本文用Jade7.0和FullProf软件对3个石灰石样品进行了Rietveld全谱拟合定量分析,以石灰石的热重-差热(TG-DTA)分析结果为基准,将全谱拟合结果和化学分析结果分别与基准进行了对比。结果表明:1#～3#石灰石样品FullProf软件拟合结果比化学分析结果更接近热分析结果。     

高频炉燃烧-红外吸收光谱法测定水泥中三氧化硫含量

水泥是国民经济建设的重要基础原材料。水泥中的三氧化硫含量是评定水泥品质的重要指标,也是产品质量检验的必检项目,三氧化硫含量对水泥产品的性能和质量的影响较大。水泥中的三氧化硫主要来源于调节凝结时间的石膏、高温煅烧熟料加入的矿化剂或原燃材料。适量的三氧化硫能调节水泥的凝结时间、改善水泥性能,但三氧化硫含量过高,会在水泥硬化后继续与水和铝酸三钙反应形成     

CaO·Al_2O_3、CaO·2Al_2O_3和CaO·6Al_2O_3水化活性的SCC-DV-X_α方法研究

用量子化学的SCC－DV－Xα方法分别对铝酸盐水泥熟料矿物CaO·Al2O3、CaO·2Al2O3和CaO·6Al2O3的价键结构与水化活性的关系进行了研究．从Ca—O键级、最低空分子轨道与最高占据分子轨道能级差及总能量状态密度等方面解释了以上三种水泥矿物的水化活性依序降低的理论原因．     

游离氧化钙,氧化镁连续测定的电导法研究

研究了乙二醇对氧化钙，氧化镁的提取条件，利用乙二醇提取氧化钙后在催化剂存在下继续提取氧化镁，建立了电导法连续测定ＣａＯ，ＭｇＯ分析方法，可用于水泥熟料中游离氧化钙，氧化镁的测定。     

ICP-AES法测定水泥及熟料中三氧化硫

在水泥硬化过程中水泥中硫酸盐与固态水化铝酸钙形成水化硫铝酸钙 ,使体积膨胀 ,造成水泥的安定性不良 ,甚至崩裂。所以水泥及制备水泥的熟料中三氧化硫的测定对于水泥质量具有十分重要的意义。国家标准中规定三氧化硫的测试必须使用化学法 [1,2 ]目前化学测试方法多采用硫酸钡重量法 ,其操作复杂 ,分析周期长。本文采用 GB1 76- 87中的试样分解方法 ,研究了用 ICP- AES法直接测试硫的含量 ,然后换算成三氧化硫。本法简单、快速、结果准确 ,适用于硅酸盐水泥、普通硅酸盐水泥、矿渣硅酸盐水泥、火山灰硅酸盐水泥、粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥以及…     

氯氧镁水泥水化相定量测定的重叠峰—K值法

用Ｘ射线衍射定量分析的重叠峰－Ｋ值法，测定了氯氧镁水泥水化相含量，回收实验的相对误差小于８％，水化相含量与氯氧镁水泥的抗压强度密切相关。     

氯氧镁水泥水化相定量测定的重叠峰─K值法

用Ｘ射线衍射定量分析的重叠峰──Ｋ值法，测定了氯氧镁水泥水化相含量，回收实验的相对误差小于８％，水化相含量与氯氧镁水泥的抗压强度密切相关。     

利用SERS检测盐酸哌替啶和盐酸吗啡注射液

利用表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术检测了盐酸哌替啶和盐酸吗啡注射液,并分别对其进行半定量分析。对盐酸哌替啶和盐酸吗啡的拉曼特征峰进行了归属和指认。研究了使用不同促凝剂对样品的增强效果,并确定以KI和Na Br溶液分别作为检测盐酸哌替啶和盐酸吗啡的促凝剂。测定不同浓度盐酸哌替啶和盐酸吗啡水溶液的SERS光谱,并分别确定其检出限。建立了盐酸哌替啶和盐酸吗啡SERS特征峰强度与水溶液浓度的函数关系,通过线性拟合,分别得到了曲线方程和相关系数,为半定量分析打下了良好的基础。     

半结晶聚酯的两相分离及其可靠性分析

联用Rietveld方法、Fourier过滤技术和径向分布函数(RDF)研究了半结晶聚酯(PET)粉末样的结晶相和非晶相两相分离及结构分析问题，得到合理的结晶相和非晶相的结构参数，表明这种方法对分析半结晶高聚物的两相结构是可行的.文中提出，判断半结晶高聚物二相分离和结构分析是否可靠，除需考虑分辩结晶相结构参数是否正确的三个判据之外，还需加上二个物理判据.还指出 ,若要获得合理的两相分离结果，提供纯非晶试样的散射曲线作为拟合时本底强度初始值是必要的.     

Rietveld法在半结晶聚酯二相共存结构分析中的应用

用Rietveld法对试样的BaF2的实测X射线衍射全谱图(XDWP)数据进行精修，获得正确的结晶相结构参数，重点讨论了如何正确选择衍射峰型函数和评价精修结构参数的可靠性；特别指出，当把Rietveld法和Fourier过滤技术及径向分布函数(radial distribution function，RDF)联用来研究半结晶聚酯(PET)的两相结构参数时，除需用R因子判断结晶相之精修结构参数的可靠性外，还要判断由非品相散射强度数据计算的RDF是否合理；如果忽视后一判据，则有可能导致错误的计算结果。     

Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Compound SnDy2O4

In recent years, the research on rare earth became a focus, and a lot of rare earth complex compounds with AB2O4 stoichiometry were prepared1-3. The compound SnDy2O4 is expected to spinel-type phase while it exhibits a new structure type. SnDy2O4 was prepared by the thermal decomposition of the oxalate precursor that was prepared by rheological phase reaction method. SnO(AR), Dy2O3(99.9%) and H2C2O4·2H2O are ground in molar ratio 1:1:4.1, and placed into the reaction apparatus. …     

Two-dimensional Rietveld analysis of celluloses from higher plants

The Rietveld method is a versatile tool to parameterize the fine structure of crystallites analyzed by diffraction. The method relies on a crystallographic model representing what is known a priori, and free coefficients determined from fits to experimental data. This article provides an introduction to Rietveld analysis of celluloses from higher plants that are adequately described by the cellulose Iβ crystal structure. Possibilities of Rietveld analysis have been recently enhanced by a tailored crystallographic model and computational algorithm, named Cellulose Rietveld Analysis for Fine Structure (CRAFS). From each two-dimensional diffraction pattern, CRAFS automated analysis outputs unit cell parameters, crystallite sizes, peak profile functions, integrated crystalline intensity (proportional to cellulose degree of crystallinity), and crystallite orientation distribution function. Two of the major hurdles for analysis of plant cellulose—overlapping of diffraction peaks and preferred crystallite orientation—are consistently treated by the two-dimensional Rietveld analysis. Hence, the method is a unique tool to explore cellulose fine structural variability, with differences arising from specimen conditioning, processing, and biological origins.     

Quantitative analysis of phase transition of heated Portland cement paste

This paper studies Portland cement paste heated up to different temperatures ranging from 105 to 1,000 °C by X-ray diffraction. The heated cement paste samples are kept isothermal in furnace for 6 h and cooled down to 100 °C. Then the samples are picked out and grinded into fine powders. 10 % Corundum is blended with cement paste powders as an internal standard. Quantitative phase analysis of cement paste samples is performed by Rietveld method. With the addition of a crystalline standard, the mass fractions of all crystalline phases as well as amorphous calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) are determined. The Rietveld analysis results are compared with independent measurements of the same material by thermal analysis (TG/DSC). The phase transition of Portland cement paste is discussed. An empirical relationship between the dehydration degree of C–S–H and the crystallization degree of C–S–H is derived.     

Probing local and long-range structure simultaneously: an in situ study of the high-temperature phase transition of alpha-AlF3

We show in this Communication that the combination of Rietveld and pair distribution function (PDF) analyses allows unique insight into the nature and driving force of the phase transition of alpha-AlF3, which was not available from conventional structural analysis methods alone. The use of image plate technology allows structural changes to be followed in "real time" and reduces the time required to collect high-resolution PDF data from hours (with a conventional solid state detector) to seconds. This methodology produces raw data that can simultaneously be analyzed by both Rietveld and PDF analysis.     

Subsolidus Phase Relations in the ZnO-BaO-V2O5 System

The subsolidus phase relations of the ZnO-BaO-V2O5 ternary systems were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction analysis. There are three ternary compounds, nine binary compounds and sixteen 3-phase regions found in this system. The crystal structure of the ternary compound Ba2ZnV2O8 was refined by Rietveld profile fitting method and the powder diffraction pattern is given. A new ternary compound Ba3.4Zn0.8V4O14.2 has been found by the powder diffraction pattern.     

Synthesis of PbTiO3 ceramics using mechanical alloying and solid state sintering

The pressure-less sintering behavior of PbTiO₃ powders synthesized by mechanical alloying TiO₂ and PbO was investigated using dilatometry and Rietveld refinements of X-ray diffraction patterns. As-synthesized, the powders are nanocrystalline with a mean particle size of 20 nm. Pressure-less sintering in the range 500-1050°C gives single phase ceramics with densities of 85-90% and crystallite sizes in the range 80-400 nm. Cracking due to the paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transition was not observed in samples sintered below 700°C due to the small crystallite size whereas macroscopic cracks formed in samples sintered above 700°C. Rietveld analysis indicates the formation of Pb vacancies in samples sintered and held for 24 h at intermediate temperatures (600-1000°C) which gives some insight into the mechanism of Pb loss and second phase formation in this system.     

Multivariate calibration by partial least squares for the quantitative phase analysis using Rietveld method

The present work used multivariate calibration by Partial Least Squares (PLS) to produce a Net Analyte Signal as a way of establishing the independent influence of each phase in the Quantitative Phase Analysis with the Rietveld method for three sources of potential error: preferred orientation, linear absorption and counting statistics. Ternary mixtures of Al₂O₃, MgO and NiO were employed and organized in three groups with different degrees of variation in the weight fractions of the three constituents. An analysis of variance indicated that the partial selectivity of the least variation group differed significantly from the other groups. As for the phases, MgO partial selectivity was significantly different. This is due to a strong correlation between the linear absorption and counting statistics in the region of the (2 0 0) reflection of the MgO phase that is strongly affected by preferred orientation and also corresponds to the strongest reflection for MgO as well as for NiO. On the whole, by using matrices of similarity, a great similarity was observed between the nominal weight fractions of the phases and the weight fractions observed by means of the Rietveld method. However, such similarity diminishes as the weight fractions of the phases of the mixture become closer to each other and, in the group of mixtures with least variation of weight fractions, the method is unable to quantify the small differences between the phases, even if these errors may be considered small relative to the weight fractions themselves. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Crystal structure and the paraelectric-to-ferroelectric phase transition of nanoscale BaTiO3

We have investigated the paraelectric-to-ferroelectric phase transition of various sizes of nanocrystalline barium titanate (BaTiO3) by using temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Synchrotron X-ray scattering has been used to elucidate the room temperature structures of particles of different sizes by using both Rietveld refinement and pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. We observe the ferroelectric tetragonal phase even for the smallest particles at 26 nm. By using temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy and XRD, we find that the phase transition is diffuse in temperature for the smaller particles, in contrast to the sharp transition that is found for the bulk sample. However, the actual transition temperature is almost unchanged. Rietveld and PDF analyses suggest increased distortions with decreasing particle size, albeit in conjunction with a tendency to a cubic average structure. These results suggest that although structural distortions are robust to changes in particle size, what is affected is the coherency of the distortions, which is decreased in the smaller particles.