液—液两相旋流分离的研究

1前言在两相分离中，液一液两相的分离是最困难的。主要是两相密度差较小且物性较为接近，在多相流体手册山等理论参考书中尚没涉及到液一液分离这个领域，随着近海及海上油田的开发生产及环保的要求，人们对油水二次分离提出了更高要求，工业上油水分离多采用浮选和重力沉降的方法，不适于近海及海上油水分离的情况，旋流分离技术具有体积小，重量轻，处理时间短，任意取向，不受振动影响等优点，因而开展低密度差液一液两相旋流分离的研究具有学术意义和工程应用背景。ZI质流程及试验方法工质流程为油水两相均匀的混合物由水箱用泵抽出，…     

微重力下液封对液桥内热毛细对流影响的研究

本文建立了具有液封的液桥（不相溶混的双层同轴液柱）内热毛细对流的物理模型和数学模型。采用涡量－流函数法对微重力条件下具有液封的液桥内热毛细对流进行了数值模拟，得到了双层液柱主流区的温度场和流场，证实了液封能够削弱液桥内热毛细对流，从而提高浮区晶体生长质量，并得到液封厚度对液桥内热毛细对流的影响规律。     

水平管道段塞流特征参数的压差波动分析

分析了压力波动信号互相关求液塞速度存在的不足，引入了压差波动分析法；明确了液塞到达和离开上、下游测压点的时刻与压差波动信号起峰点与落峰点位置的关系；指出了压差信弓脉冲宽度为液塞义到达上游测压点和液塞尾离开下游测压点的时间间隔，脉冲宽度与液塞速度的乘积为液塞长度与差压传感器间距之和．把空气－水、柴油和机械油的试验结果与文献中经验关系式进行了对比，验证了该测量方法的正确性．     

液液传质的全息测量

本文介绍了摄制液液传质界面现象全息图的方法以及影响全息图记录质量的因素，为深入研究液液传质界面现象开辟了新途径。     

倾斜下降管气液两相分层流截面含气率的计算与液层高度的预测

分层流是气液两相流中常见的流动型式，分层流中液层高度是计算的基本数据，由于界面波的存在，对液层的测量和预测都很困难．Ｖｌａｃｈｏｓ提出了预测气液两相分层流液层厚度的关系式，但这一关系式并不适用于倾斜下降管气液两相流．本文提出了计算倾斜下降管气液两相分层流截面含气率的理论模型，在这种模型下得到的截面含气率和实验结果符合良好．在大量实验的基础上，考虑了倾角、管径、气液各相折算速度的影响，根据实验数据提出了预测液层厚度的关系式。     

松香脂液的超声波清洗

本文介绍在松香加工工艺中，应用超声地脂液进行处理，使时脂液和悬浮在脂液中的细微杂质粒子得以充分洗涤和更快分离，从而达到提高松香质量的目的。     

液-液界面上折射声束位移的实验验证

对折射波束在液-液界面上的现象进行了数值和实验研究，结果表明：当声束从声阻抗大的介质入射到液-液界面上时，折射声束会存在反向位移现象。     

电流变液的研究进展及应用前景

电场致流变液体（电流变液）是一些高介电小颗粒和低介电油液的混合体，它在高电场作用下呈现液体与固体间的变换，变换时间为几毫秒，而且变换可逆。阐明了电流变液的原理，综述了电流变液在机制、材料及应用等方面的研究现状，并介绍了电流变液在技术和工业上广泛的应用前景。     

关于气液连续相变

在气液连续相变的过程中系统必定要经过某一相变点，所有的连续相变点的集合即为连续相变曲线，只有在连续相变曲线上才会发生气液连续相变．     

电流变液微波反射可调控性

研究了纳米二氧化钛包覆高岭土和钇掺杂钛酸钡两种电流变液的微波反射行为.实验发现，在垂直于微波传播方向电场作用下，两种电流变液微波反射系数均随电场强度的增大而增大；钇掺杂钛酸钡电流变液微波反射系数变化幅度比二氧化钛包覆高岭土电流变液宽，并且电场调节的能力随浓度的增加有减弱的趋势.对钇掺杂钛酸钡电流变液存在一个临界浓度，低于这个浓度，电场的调控能力随电场强度的增加而增大，高于这个浓度，电场的调控能力随电场的增加先增大后减小.另外，二氧化钛包覆高岭土电流变液反射回波相位随电场强度的增大出现最大值后逐渐减小趋于平 关键词： 电流变液 微波反射 相位     

Mid-infrared absorption measurements of liquid hydrocarbon fuels near

Quantitative absorption spectra for several hydrocarbon fuels in the liquid phase at are presented. Measurements of toluene, n-dodecane, n-decane, and three samples of gasoline were made over the spectral region 2700–3200 to support the development of mid-infrared laser-absorption diagnostics for measurements of fuel vapor in the presence of liquid films and aerosols. A procedure for quantitative Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption measurements of strongly absorbing liquids is described and the resulting absorption spectra are compared with previously measured absorption spectra in the vapor phase. The measured absorption spectra for liquid gasoline are shown to scale with the volume percent of olefin, alkane, and aromatic hydrocarbons in each sample. Finally, the observed frequency shift of in the spectra of vapor and liquid hydrocarbons is discussed, including the potential for measurements of fuel vapor in the presence of liquid films.     

EAST 装置离子回旋加热液态阻抗匹配系统的研究

介绍了EAST 装置离子回旋加热系统中的两种实现阻抗匹配的方式, 用三支节液态调配器取代传统的滑竿式三支节调配器和用液态相移器与单支节液态调配器相结合组成液态阻抗匹配系统。通过对液态阻抗匹配系统的分析, 表明这两种方式都能够较好地实现阻抗匹配。     

Planar nematic anchoring on SiO-coated substrates

Summary The nematic planar anchoring is usually explained by using simple elastic models: the surface easy axis corresponds to the surface direction that minimizes the excess of nematic elastic energy. When anisotropic rough substrates are used to align nematic liquid crystals, due to the complex surface morphology, usual elastic models are not directly applicable. This paper presents quantitative topographical data of rough substrates, obtained with oblique SiO evaporation under vacuum for nematic planar anchoring. Experimental data are obtained by means of Atomic Force Microscopy and they are used to demonstrate the self-affine nature of these substrates and to relate the nematic anchoring with the anisotropy of the local fractal properties of the substrate itself. Paper presented at the I International Conference on Scaling Concepts and Complex Fluids, Copanello, Italy, July 4–8, 1994.     

One- and two-dimensional deformations in nematic liquid crystals: Influence of the flexoelectric polarization

Summary The elastic deformations in nematic liquid crystals are analysed in one and two dimensions. The influence of the flexoelectric polarization on the elastic properties of the medium is studied. It is shown that for one-dimensional deformations, the presence of the flexoelectric polarization introduces a renormalization of the elastic constants. On the contrary in the bidimensional case, the effect of the flexoelectricity is not a simple renormalization of the elastic constants. The profiles of the electric potential and of the tilt angle are evaluated for the cases in which the substrate is an insulating or conducting material. The validity of the calculations is discussed by considering the value of Debye's screening length of the nematic liquid crystal.     

Forbidden periodic Fréedericksz transition: An example

Summary A single domain nematic liquid crystal undergoes first- or second-order transitions when placed in an external field (Fréedericksz transition). A new type of transition, giving rise to a periodic distortion of the mean molecular direction, within particular ranges of the elastic-constant ratio, has been recently studied. In this paper we show that, in a particular situation involving an electric and a magnetic field, both perpendicular to the director, and nonsymmetric boundary conditions, the periodic Fréedericksz transition is forbidden for any value of the elastic-constant ratio.

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Riassunto Un cristallo liquido nematico orientato in modo uniforme subisce una transizione orientazionale del primo o del secondo ordine quando è sottoposto ad un campo esterno (transizione di Fréedericksz). Recentemente è stato studiato un nuovo tipo di transizione che, per particolari valori del rapporto delle costanti elastiche, consiste in una distorsione periodica della direzione molecolare media. In questo lavoro si mostra che quando sono presenti due campi, elettrico e magnetico, incrociati e perpendicolari all’orientazione indisturbata del nematico, e le condizioni al contorno non sono simmetriche (ancoraggio forte/debole), non si ha piú transizione periodica di Freédericksz, per qualunque valore del rapporto tra le costanti elastiche.

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Резюме Однодоменный нематический жидкий кристалл претерпевает переходы первого или второго порядка во внешнем поле (переход Фрпдерикса). Недавно был исследован новый тип перехода, вызывающий периодическую дисторсию среднего молекулярного направления в некоторых областях отношения упругих постоянных. В этой системе мы показываем, что для определен электрических и магнитных полей, перпендикулярных директоры, и несимметричных граничных условий периодический переход Фридерикса оказывается запрещенным для любых значений отношения упругих постоянных.

     

The structure investigations of fog phase (BPIII) of liquid crystals

Summary The current understanding of the problems concerning the fog phase structure organization based upon experimental results of our group is presented. The correspondence between theoretical models and experimental results is discussed. Work presented at the second USSR-Italy Bilateral Meeting on Liquid Crystals held in Moscow, September 15–21, 1988.     

Langmuir-blodgett films of immunoglobulins as sensing elements

Summary Langmuir-Blodgett films of a number of native proteins have been prepared and their activities confirmed. The possibility of exploiting these layers in immunosensing structures is also reported. Work presented at the second USSR-Italy Bilateral Meeting on Liquid Crystals held in Moscow, September 15–21, 1988.     

The structure of the distortion free-energy density in nematics: Second-order elasticity and surface terms

Summary By means of a phenomenological approach, we demonstrate that the mixed splay-bend elastic constantK ₁₃ in the free energy density of nematic liquid crystals must be considered zero, unless the bulk contributions of the squares of the distortion second-order derivatives are taken into account, together with the squares of the first-order derivatives times the second-order derivatives, and with the fourth powers of the first-order derivatives. Such contributions just reduce to one in the presence of—and close to—a threshold. Furthermore, the saddle-splayK ₂₄-term instead is shown always to play an essential role, as the bulk first-order elasticity, in determining the distortion free energy of nematics with weak anchoring subjected to spatial deformations. Finally, the new surfacelike elastic constants are shown to have a nilpotent character: thus they behave as well asK ₂₄ from the point of view of the variational calculus. Work presented at the second USSR-Italy Bilateral Meeting on Liquid Crystals held in Moscow, September 15–21, 1988.     

Azelaic acid in model membranes: A thermodynamical and structural study

Summary We report a thermodynamical and structural investigation on the effect of a dicarboxylic acid, the azelaic acid, on a synthetic phosophatidylcholine in excess water condition. The results indicate that the drug interacts with the lipid headgroup region, near to the hydrocarbon chains: in particular, at higher concentrations investigated, an interdigitated ?gel phase?, with rigid chains, stiff and perpendicular to the lamellar planes, is induced. The experimental electron density profiles, obtained for samples containing low and high quantity of azelaic acid, support the proposed interaction. Moreover, step electron density models, used to confirm the selected sign combination of the observed structure factors, show the best agreement with the experimental data when the chain terminal methyl groups are frozen in fixed position. Work presented at the second USSR-Italy Bilateral Meeting on Liquid Crystals held in Moscow, September 15–21, 1988.     

Elestic constants in the interfacial layer at the nematic-liquid-crystal-vapour interface

Summary Close to the interface between a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) and another medium, the elastic constants become functions of distancez from the interface and of angle θ between the directorn and the unit vectork orthogonal to the interface. Furthermore, due to the breaking of the translation symmetry at the interface, a lot of new subsurface elastic contributions can appear. In a previous paper we investigated these subsurface anomalies by using a simple molecular model based on induced-dipole-induced-dipole interactions and by making numerical calculations in the special case of a planar director distortion. In this way, only the numerical values of some effective subsurface elastic constants that characterise planar director distortions could be obtained. In this paper we make a more complete analytical calculation of all the subsurface elastic constants by using a microscopic model and a more general theoretical procedure. The microscopic interaction energy is written in a general form that allows us to investigate different kinds of intermolecular interactions (induced diple-induced dipole, quadrupole-quadrupole and so on). Both thez-dependence and the θ-dependence of the subsurface elastic constants are obtained in a closed analytical form. In the special case of induced-dipole-induced-dipole interactions and for planar director distortions, our analytical results are shown to agree with the previous numerical results. The important macroscopic effect of these elastic subsurface anomalies is discussed.