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1.
Synthetic methods have been developed for the preparation of new 2,3-dihalothieno[3,4-b]pyrazines, from which a variety of new 2,3-difunctionalized thieno[3,4-b]pyrazines have been produced as precursors to conjugated materials. Structural, electronic, and optical characterization of these new analogues illustrate the extent to which the electronic nature of the functional groups can be used to tune the electronic properties of the thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine unit. 相似文献
2.
Thieno[3,4‐b]pyrazines and Its Extended Analogs: Important Buildings Blocks for Conjugated Materials
Seth C. Rasmussen Michael E. Mulholland Ryan L. Schwiderski Cole A. Larsen 《Journal of heterocyclic chemistry》2012,49(3):479-493
This review describes the synthesis and characterization of thieno[3,4‐b]pyrazines and its extended fused‐ring analogs as important building blocks for the production of low‐band gap conjugated materials. 相似文献
3.
The preparation of a new conjugated polymer with a low band gap of approximately 0.5 eV has been accomplished via the electropolymerization of acenaphto[1,2-b]thieno[3,4-e]pyrazine. 相似文献
4.
Nietfeld JP Schwiderski RL Gonnella TP Rasmussen SC 《The Journal of organic chemistry》2011,76(15):6383-6388
The synthesis and characterization of the extended thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine analogues acenaphtho[1,2-b]thieno[3,4-e]pyrazine (3a), 3,4-dibromoacenaphtho[1,2-b]thieno[3,4-e]pyrazine (3b), 3-octylacenaphtho[1,2-b]thieno[3,4-e]pyrazine (3c), dibenzo[f,h]thieno[3,4-b]quinoxaline (4), and thieno[3',4':5,6]pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline (5) are reported. Comparison of structural, electrochemical, and photophysical properties to those of simple thieno[3,4-b]pyrazines are provided in order to provide structure-function relationships within this series of compounds. 相似文献
5.
Thieno[3,4-b]pyrazines: synthesis,structure, and reactivity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kenning DD Mitchell KA Calhoun TR Funfar MR Sattler DJ Rasmussen SC 《The Journal of organic chemistry》2002,67(25):9073-9076
A general synthetic route has been developed for the efficient preparation of 2,3-disubstituted thieno[3,4-b]pyrazines. These methods eliminate problems in the preparation of the precursor 3,4-diaminothiophene and utilize alpha-diones prepared through the reaction of the appropriate organocuprates with oxalyl chloride. This combination allows the convenient preparation of thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine and its 2,3-disubstituted analogues (where substituent = methyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl, and phenyl) in high yield. Characterization of the structure and reactivity of this class of compounds is also described, including the results of structural, electrochemical, and pK(a) studies. 相似文献
6.
Various thieno[3,4-b]indolizine derivatives having an acylmethylthio or (3-ethoxycarbonyl-2-propenyl)thio group at the 3-position which could not be obtained by a conventional method were prepared by a new procedure using cyanoethyl group as a protecting group and their intramolecular arene-pi interactions were investigated. In the (1)H-NMR spectra of these thieno[3,4-b]indolizines, the low-field shifts (delta 0.10-0.33 ppm) for the 5-protons were observed in comparison with those of 3-(methylthio)thieno[3,4-b]indolizines as a standard. The UV spectra also exhibited a characteristic absorption band at 425-445 nm attributable to the arene-pi interaction but their intensities were generally lower than those of 3-(arylmethylthio)thieno[3,4-b]indolizines. In their X-ray analyses, the anti conformation for 3-(acylmethylthio)thieno[3,4-b]indolizines and the gauche one for the 3-(3-ethoxycarbonyl-2-propenyl)thio derivatives were exhibited. 相似文献
7.
Kakehi A Suga H Kako T Fujii T Tanaka N Kobayashi T 《Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin》2003,51(11):1246-1252
Some thieno[3,4-b]indolizine derivatives having a 1-naphthylmethylthio, 2-methyl-1-naphthylmethylthio, 2-naphthylmethylthio, or 9-anthrylmethylthio group at the 3-position were prepared and their intramolecular arene-arene interactions were investigated. In comparison with 3-(methylthio)thieno[3,4-b]indolizines which have no such interactions, the (1)H-NMR spectra of title compounds showed large high-field shifts (delta 0.06-0.89 ppm) for the protons of the pyridine ring in the thieno[3,4-b]indolizine, and these values were considerably larger than those (delta <0.3 ppm) in 3-(benzylthio)thieno[3,4-b]indolizines. The UV spectra also exhibited a characteristic absorption band near 425 nm attributable to the arene-arene interaction. In the X-ray analyses of some compounds, however, the presence of both the gauche and the anti conformers at the sulfide spacer were confirmed. 相似文献
8.
Kakehi A Ito S Suga H Miwa T Mori T Fujii T Tanaka N Kobayashi T 《Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin》2003,51(1):75-84
Various ethyl 1-arylcarbonyl-3-[(un)substituted methylthio]thieno[3,4-b]indolizine-9-carboxylates were synthesized in good yields by a novel methodology in which the S-alkylation of 5-arylcarbonyl-4-ethoxycarbonylmethyl-3-(1-pyridinio)thiophene-2-thiolates with alkyl or benzyl halides, the 1,5-dipolar cyclization of the resulting pyridinium salts in the presence of a base, and the aromatization were performed. In the X-ray analyses of some 3-(benzylthio)thieno[3,4-b]indolizine-9-carboxylates, a gauche and two anti conformers in relation to the exocyclic sulfide linkage were found. Interestingly, all of the 3-(benzylthio)thieno[3,4-b]indolizine derivatives showed significant high-field shifts (delta up to 0.3 ppm) for the 5- and 6-proton signals compared with those of the 3-methylthio derivatives in the (1)H-NMR spectra and exhibited a definite absorption band near 425 nm in their UV spectra, indicating an intramolecular arene-arene interaction between the thieno[3,4-b]indolizine and the phenyl ring. 相似文献
9.
A planar benzodithiophene with lower HOMO was copolymerized with the thieno[3,4-b]thiophene unit to obtain a new low band gap polymer of PBDPTT-C, which exhibited a higher open-circuit voltage (V(oc)) of 0.8 V and a promising efficiency of 5.2%. 相似文献
10.
Chen GY Cheng YH Chou YJ Su MS Chen CM Wei KH 《Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)》2011,47(17):5064-5066
A new conjugated polymer, PDTTTPD, comprising 2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene and thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione units, exhibits high crystallinity and excellent thermal stability. A device incorporating PDTTTPD and [6,6]-phenyl-C(71)-butyric acid methyl ester (1:1, w/w) exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 5.1%. 相似文献
11.
本文将3,4-次乙烯二氧噻吩(VDOT)与噻吩并[3,4-b]吡嗪(TP),呋喃并[3,4-b]吡嗪(FP)和6H-吡咯并[3,4-b]吡嗪(PP)组合,获得了一系列3,4-次乙烯二氧噻吩衍生物.采用密度泛函理论(DFT)在B3LYP/6-31G*理论水平下对其单体、低聚物和聚合物的结构和电子性质进行了深入的理论研究.通过分析键长的变化、中心键性质,Wiberg键级(WBI)以及核独立化学位移,发现随着聚合度的增加物质的共轭性也随之增加.为了了解不同的VDOT与TP、FP、PP比例对电子性质的影响,对V-P比例为1:1、1:2和2:1时的计算结果进行了对比分析,结果表明,V-P比例为1:2化合物共轭性最好,而2:1的共轭性最差.由于1:2的二聚物具有较大的电子迁移速率,其相应的聚合物可能是潜在的电子传输材料.同时,聚合物的能带结构显示V-P比例为1:1的聚合物(包括(VDOT-TP)n,(VDOT-FP)n和(VDOT-TP)n)具有相对低的带隙和很宽的带宽,可以做为潜在的导电材料.另外,(VDOT-BTP)n和(VDOT-BFP)n有着非常低的带隙(分别为0.73和0.87eV),且拥有合适的带宽,也是良好的本征导电材料. 相似文献
12.
Tanmoy Dey 《Tetrahedron letters》2010,51(16):2089-6662
We describe a new route for the synthesis of thieno[3,4-b]thiophene, alkyl derivatives thereof, seleno[3,4-b]thiophene, and thieno[3,4-b]furan made from inexpensive starting materials, such as thiophene-2-carboxylic acid and furan-2-carboxylic acid. Such fused heterocycles are of great interest for low band gap organic semiconductors and applications including OLEDs, organic photovoltaic cells, and electrochromics. 相似文献
13.
We report on the interaction of Lewis acids with narrow band gap conjugated copolymers containing donor and acceptor units. Examination of the widely used poly[(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)cyclopenta-[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene)-2,6-(diyl-alt-benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazole)-4,7-diyl] (1) shows weaker binding with B(C(6)F(5))(3) when compared with a small molecule that contains a cyclopenta-[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene (CDT) unit flanked by two benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazole (BT) fragments. Studies on model compounds representative of 1, together with a comparison between B(C(6)F(5))(3) and BBr(3), indicate that the propensity for Lewis acid coordination is decreased because of steric encumbrance surrounding the BT nitrogen sites. These observations led to the design of chromophores that incorporate an acceptor unit with a more basic nitrogen site, namely pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole (PT). That this strategy leads to a stronger B-N interaction was demonstrated through the examination of the reaction of B(C(6)F(5))(3) with two small molecules bis(4,4-bis(hexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b']dithiophene)-4,7-pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole (8) and bis{2-thienyl-(4,4-bis(hexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b']dithiophene)}-4,7-pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole (9) and two polymer systems (poly[(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)cyclopenta-[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene)-2,6-diyl-alt-([1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-c]pyridine)-4,7-diyl] (10) and poly[(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)cyclopenta-[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene)-2,6-diyl-alt-(4',7'-bis(2-thienyl)-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-c]pyridine)-5,5-diyl] (11). From a materials perspective, it is worth pointing out that through the binding of B(C(6)F(5))(3), new NIR-absorbing polymers can be generated with band gaps from 1.31 to 0.89 eV. A combination of studies involving ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy and density functional theory shows that the narrowing of the band gap upon borane coordination to the pyridal nitrogen on PT is a result of lowering the energies of both the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the optically relevant fragments; however, the LUMO is decreased to a greater extent, thereby giving rise to the narrowing of the gap. 相似文献
14.
Yangjun Xia Junfeng Tong Bin Li Chenglong Wang Hongzhong Liu 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2011,49(13):2969-2979
Alternating narrow band gap (NBG) conjugated polymers derived from 6,6′,12,12′‐tetraoctylindeno[1,2‐b]fluorene (IF) and 2,3‐dimethyl‐5,7‐dithien‐2‐yl‐thieno[3,4‐b]pyrazine (DTTP), 2,3‐diphenyl‐5,7‐dithien‐2‐yl‐thieno[3,4‐b]pyrazine (DPTP) or 2,3‐dioctyl‐5,7‐dithien‐2‐yl‐thieno[3,4‐b]pyrazine (DOTP), named as PIF‐DTTP, PIF‐DPTP, and PIF‐DOTP, respectively, were synthesized by Suzuki coupling reaction and characterized. The photochemical stabilities of the copolymers and copolymer derived from IF and 5,7‐dithien‐2‐yl‐thieno[3,4‐b]pyrazine (DTP) were investigated by the UV absorptions, PL spectra, FT‐IR spectra, and photovoltaic properties of the copolymers as a function of UV irradiation time. The studies revealed that the degradation of thieno[3,4‐b]pyrazine (TP) ring under UV irradiation can be retarded or eliminated by introducing phenyl group into the 2,3‐positions of TP ring, and indicated that 2,3‐diphenylthieno[3,4‐b]pyrazine could be used as durable electron deficient moiety to achieve donor–acceptor NBG‐conjugated polymers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011 相似文献
15.
V. G. Andrianov I. B. Starchenkov A. F. Mishnev 《Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds》1997,33(8):977-981
The corresponding 7-substituted furazano[3,4-b]tetrazolo[1,2-d]pyrazines were obtained by nucleophilic substitution of the azido group in 7-azidofurazano[3,4-b]tetrazolo[1,2-d]pyrazine. It was shown that these compounds exist in the tetrazole form in the crystalline state; in solutions, a tautomeric equilibrium is observed between the azide and tetrazole forms. Further reaction with nucleophiles leads to the production of 5,6-disubstituted furazano[3,4-b]pyrazines.For Communication 1, see [2].Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 8, pp. 1120–1124, August, 1997. 相似文献
16.
Tugba Celiker Recep İsci Kerem Kaya Turan Ozturk Yusuf Yagci 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2020,58(17):2327-2334
We herein report photoinduced step-growth polymerization of highly conjugated 2,5-dithiophenyl (thieno[3,4-b] thiophene) (TTs) derivatives possessing 4-cyanophenyl or 4-methoxyphenyl or 3-(4-fluorophenyl) groups substituted at the terminal position. Upon irradiation at 350 nm, the excited state of these molecules forms exciplex with diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (DPI) that undergoes electron transfer reaction forming radical cations. Successive proton release and radical coupling reactions yield corresponding oligothienothiophenes with overall yields varying between 19–74%. Structural and molecular weight characteristics of the oligomers thus formed were investigated by Ultraviolet, fluorescence, NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) and infrared (IR) spectroscopic methods, and GPC (Gel Permeation Chromatography), respectively. The effect of substitution and dithiophene side groups on the reactivity of the monomer and band gap of the oligomers formed was evaluated by using cyclic voltammetry. 相似文献
17.
[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4‐g]quinoxaline acceptor‐based donor–acceptor–donor‐type polymers: Effect of strength and size of donors on the band gap
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Gurcan Gokce Baris Karabay Atilla Cihaner Merve Icli Ozkut 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2017,55(20):3483-3493
Electrochromic polymers based on [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4‐g]quinoxaline acceptor and thiophene, 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene and 3,3‐didecyl‐3,4‐proylenedioxythiophene donors, namely poly(6,7‐diphenyl‐4,9‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4‐g]quinoxaline) ( P1 ), poly(4‐(2,3‐dihydrothieno[3,4‐b][1,4]dioxin‐5‐yl)‐9‐(2,3‐dihydrothieno[3,4‐b][1,4]dioxin‐7‐yl)‐6,7‐diphenyl‐[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4‐g]quinoxaline) ( P2 ), and poly(4‐(3,3‐didecyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐thieno[3,4‐b][1,4]dioxepin‐6‐yl)‐9‐(3,3‐didecyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐thieno[3,4‐b][1,4]dioxepin‐8‐yl)‐6,7‐diphenyl‐[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4‐g]quinoxaline) ( P3 ), respectively, were electrochemically and/or chemically synthesized and characterized. Electrochemical and optical properties of the polymers were then investigated. The results, which were obtained electrochemically and optically, indicate that the polymers bearing the same acceptor and different donor units have a band gap range of 0.59–1.24 eV depending on the strength and size of the donor units and band gap determination method. A significant finding in this study was the phenomenon that when the acceptor is physically huge, the general rule that a weak donor would have a high band gap whereas a strong donor would have low band gap can be broken due to the torsional angles/steric hindrances involved with physically large donor molecules. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017 , 55, 3483–3493 相似文献
18.
Noble V. Thomas Vidya Sathi Ani Deepthi Sruthi Sudheendran Leena Sidharth Chopra 《Journal of heterocyclic chemistry》2021,58(1):48-55
A simple and efficient method, proceeding through a new mechanistic pathway, for the synthesis of spiro[indoline-3,4-thiopyrano[2.3-b]indole derivatives have been developed by exploiting the reaction of thieno[2,3-b]indole-2,3-dione with N-substituted isatilidenes. The compounds synthesized have been screened for antibacterial activity. The generality of the reaction and mechanistic rationale are presented. 相似文献
19.
Yanling Wang Qiang Peng Qiufei Hou Kun Zhao Ying Liang Benlin Li 《Theoretical chemistry accounts》2011,129(2):257-270
Five fluorene-based conjugated copolymers were studied to explore the effect of acceptor on the electronic and optical properties.
Their ground-state, excited-state electronic structures and the tunable optical properties were theoretically investigated
using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) methods. The acceptors including
quinoxaline (Q), 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BT), thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine (TP), 2,1,3-benzooxadiazole (BO), and pyridopyrazine (PP) can significantly influence the copolymers’ electronic structures, molecular orbitals, geometric conformations, and optical
properties. Calculations were made on systems containing one, two, three, and four oligomers in the neutral, cationic, and
anionic structures, which can be extrapolated to infinite chain length polymers. The result indicated that the sequence of
the band gap was on the reverse trend of emission wavelength. The strong electron-withdrawing strength of TP unit and coplanar backbone in poly[2,7-(9,9′-dihexylfluorene)-alt-2,3-dimethyl-5,7-dithien-2-yl-thieno[3,4-b] pyrazine] resulted in the enhanced degree of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT)
and lowest band gap. The contribution of acceptors to IP was also found to follow the sequence of TP < Q < PP < BT < BO. The absorption and emission spectra exhibited red-shift with increasing the conjugation lengths. The present study suggested
that the electronic and optical properties of donor–acceptor conjugated copolymers were affected by the acceptor structure. 相似文献
20.
Two novel thieno-[3,4-b]-pyrazine-based molecules,TP-E and TP-O,were designed and synthesized for potential application as red fluorescent emitters.The bulky tetraphenylethylene groups were attached at the periphery of the thieno-[3,4-b]-pyrazine core to form the non-planar molecules,as efficient solidstate emitting materials.The peripheral groups were grafted to the emissive core through either a conjugated acetylene bond,or a non-conjugated ether bond.These molecules exhibit strong red fluorescence in both dilute solutions and in thin films with large Stokes shifts of over 100 nm.The cyclic voltammetry measurements showed the reversible oxidation and reduction behavior for both compounds.All these properties indicate the two compounds are possible functional materials for use in optoelectronic devices. 相似文献