离子对内电子转移型染料阴离子-鎓盐阳离子光敏体系中的溶剂效应和结构效应

本文研究了溶剂效应和结构效应对染料碘(钅翁)盐光物理,光化学性质的影响.观察到在溶剂中离子对可以各种形式存在,如紧密离子对、溶剂分隔离子对或溶剂化的自由离子.溶剂的极性不仅影响各种存在形式的光谱性质,而且影响它们之间的平衡关系,进而影响离子对体系的物理化学性质.染料母核和碘(钅翁)阳离子的结构均对离子对体系的性质有影响.光诱导电子转移反应的热力学驱动力越大,反应速度越快.用分子模拟技术(Molecular Modeling)对离子对体系的立体结构进行了研究,为理解离子对体系的各种物理化学行为提供了重要的参考.     

H2O-C2H5OH-MX(NaCl等)体系中离子缔合和活度

用桥式电路测定了H_2O-C_2H_5OH-NaCl体系的摩尔电导, 并用Lee-Wheaton模型回归出H_2O-C_2H_5OH-NaCl(KCl、CsCl、KBr)体系的离子缔合常数、极限摩尔电导和距离参数, 并求出缔合反应标准自由焓。结果表明离子缔合能力的顺序为Cs~+>K~+>Na~+, Cl~->Br~-, 此四种盐在乙醇中都形成溶剂分开型离子对。并用液上空间气相色谱法测定了水-乙醇-(NaCl、KCl、KBr)体系中溶剂的活度, 用改进的Pitzer-Li公式计算了此体系的活度系数, 计算时考虑了盐在低介电常数溶剂中的离子缔合, 结果表明这种处理是合适的。还表明离子缔合程度随着乙醇浓度上升而加大, 以及盐的存在对水呈盐溶效应而对乙醇呈盐析效应。     

LiNO3在DMF中的离子溶剂化和离子缔合的红外光谱

LiNO3在DMF中的离子溶剂化和离子缔合的红外光谱;硝酸锂;N;N-二甲基甲酰胺;离子溶剂化;离子缔合;红外光谱法     

离子对内电子转移型染料阴离子-翁盐阳离子光敏体系中的溶剂效应和结构效应

本文研究了溶剂效应和结构效应对染料碘翁盐光物理, 光化学性质的影响。观察到在溶剂中离子对可以各种形式存在, 如紧密离子对、溶剂分隔离子对或溶剂化的自由离子, 溶剂的极性不仅影响各种存在形式的光谱性质, 而且影响它们之间的平衡关系, 进而影响离子对体系的物理化学性质。染料母核和碘翁阳离子的结构均对离子对体系的性质有影响。光诱导电子转移反应的热力学驱动力越大, 反应速度越快。用分子模拟技术(Molecular Modeling)对离子对体系的立体结构进行了研究, 为理解离子对体系的各种物理化学行为提供了重要的参考。     

离子对内电子转移型染料阴离子-翁盐阳离子光敏体系中的溶剂效应和结构效应

本文研究了溶剂效应和结构效应对染料碘翁盐光物理, 光化学性质的影响。观察到在溶剂中离子对可以各种形式存在, 如紧密离子对、溶剂分隔离子对或溶剂化的自由离子, 溶剂的极性不仅影响各种存在形式的光谱性质, 而且影响它们之间的平衡关系, 进而影响离子对体系的物理化学性质。染料母核和碘翁阳离子的结构均对离子对体系的性质有影响。光诱导电子转移反应的热力学驱动力越大, 反应速度越快。用分子模拟技术(Molecular Modeling)对离子对体系的立体结构进行了研究, 为理解离子对体系的各种物理化学行为提供了重要的参考。     

NaNO3和NaClO4在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中的离子溶剂化

利用红外光谱研究了NaNO₃和NaClO₄在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)溶剂中发生离子-溶剂和离子-离子的相互作用, 分析结果表明, DMF的OC-N谱带发生了明显的变化. 定量计算了在Na⁺浓度为0.22~1.24 mol/kg范围内的溶剂化数为1~4. 对谱图中酰胺基上C-N和CO的特征峰强度随Na⁺浓度变化的对比, 推测离子溶剂化作用导致DMF的酰胺基内部形成共轭键. 利用量子化学方法进行优化及热力学性质计算, 得到C-N键伸缩振动频率及红外光谱强度变化规律. 优化结构与实验结论相符合. 由NaNO₃的ν₂谱带及NaClO₄的ν₁谱带的解析得到溶液中阴离子缔合效应的一般规律, 并通过阴离子缔合特征峰与酰胺基上的N-C-N面外振动峰(865 cm^-1)的变化情况, 讨论了溶液中的离子溶剂化作用.     

溶剂浮选-间接光度法测定抗坏血酸

于pH 7.0的磷酸盐缓冲介质中,CTMAB＋及I3-离子间借静电引力形成离子缔合物,可将其浮选入5.0 mL苯中,此缔合物在溶剂中,于365 nm处有吸收峰,较简单的I3^-离子在相同条件下的吸收峰（350 nm）红移了15 nm。在此溶液体系中存在抗坏血酸时使离子缔合物产生褪色反应,且在抗坏血酸浓度在25μg/50 mL以内时与吸光度的降低值（ΔA）间呈线性关系。在抗坏血酸浓度为6.0μg/50 mL时连续测定6次,所得结果的RSD为1.2%,回收率在96%-101%之间。     

高氯酸锂甲醇溶液中离子溶剂化和离子缔合现象

通过红外光谱技术探讨了高氯酸锂甲醇溶液中离子与溶剂、离子与离子之间的相互作用。红外光谱分析结果表明:锂离子与溶剂发生了相互作用导致甲醇分子的O-H伸缩振动区蓝移,ClO4-的特征谱带的变化表明了溶液中存在离子缔合。根据密度泛函理论,对不同溶剂化数的配合物结构和两种离子对形式进行优化及热力学性质的计算。     

^35Cl的核磁共振法研究高氯酸钙的离子缔合和离子溶剂化

本文研究了在10种溶剂中0.5mol/L的Ca(ClO4)2中^35Cl的峰宽和6种溶剂中^35Cl峰宽随盐浓度的变化，讨论了离子缔合与溶剂性质及离子性质的关系；以乙晴或乙醇作溶剂，在Ca(ClO4)2浓度固定时，观察^35Cl峰宽随第2溶剂组分B（此处B为H2O或DMF）的加入量（以[B]/[Ca^2 ]表示）的变化，讨论了变化规律、原因及钙离子被水或DMF的溶剂化数；还结合电导数据，讨论了Ca^2 离子与ClO4^-离子的相互作用和缔合形式。     

溶剂化热力学的理论研究(Ⅴ)——含水混合溶剂中AgCl、AgBrO3溶度积的理论计算

本文以AgCl、AgBrO₃在一系列浓度的MeOH-H₂O、EtOH-H₂O、PrOH-H₂O、Me₂CO-H₂O及DMSO-H₂O混合溶剂中的离解平衡为研究对象,从离子溶剂化能的角度计算了这些难溶盐的溶度积,计算结果与文献值吻合较好.     

A case against large cluster-induced nonequilibrium solvent effects in supercritical water

Using a partially compressible continuum solvation model, we have shown that solvent compression in just the first two solvation shells (or thereabouts) is all that is required to gain the bulk of the compression-induced enhancement to the solvation energy of ions in supercritical water. This result is found to hold even when the direct, equilibrium solvent-solute cluster involves well over a hundred solvent molecules. We argue that, for charge variation reactions in supercritical water, the observed short-range behavior of the compression-induced solvation free energy precludes the existence of any anomalously large nonequilibrium solvent effects which might be expected on the basis of the very large size of the equilibrium clusters. Received: 8 January 1997 / Accepted: 17 January 1997     

Thermodynamics for nonequilibrium solvation and numerical evaluation of solvent reorganization energy

This work presents a thermodynamic method for treating nonequilibrium solvation. By imposing an extra electric field onto the nonequilibrium solvation system, a virtual constrained equilibrium state is prepared. In this way, the free energy difference between the real nonequilibrium state and the con-strained equilibrium one is simply the potential energy of the nonequilibrium polarization in the extra electronic field, according to thermodynamics. Further, new expressions of nonequilibrium solvation energy and solvent reorganization energy have been formulated. Analysis shows that the present formulations will give a value of reorganization energy about one half of the traditional Marcus theory in polar solvents, thus the explanation on why the traditional theory tends to overestimate this quantity has been found out. For the purpose of numerical determination of solvent reorganization energy, we have modified Gamess program on the basis of dielectric polarizable continuum model. Applying the procedure to the well-investigated intramolecular electron transfer in biphenyl-androstane-naphthyl and biphenyl-androstane-phenanthryl systems, the numerical results of solvent reorganization energy have been found to be in good agreement with the experimental fittings.     

Theory and computation of electron transfer reorganization energies with continuum and molecular solvent models

Contemporary continuum-based models of solvation in polar media are surveyed and assessed, with special focus on non-equilibrium solvation. A new hybrid approach combining molecular-level treatment of inertial solvent response, and inclusion of inertialess solvent response at the continuum level, is presented and illustrated in terms of calculated equilibrium solvation free energies for small molecular ions and reorganization free energies for model dumbbell systems.     

Microcalorimetric study of thermal unfolding of lysozyme in water/glycerol mixtures: an analysis by solvent exchange model

Folded protein stabilization or destabilization induced by cosolvent in mixed aqueous solutions has been studied by differential scanning microcalorimetry and related to difference in preferential solvation of native and denatured states. In particular, the thermal denaturation of a model system formed by lysozyme dissolved in water in the presence of the stabilizing cosolvent glycerol has been considered. Transition temperatures and enthalpies, heat capacity, and standard free energy changes have been determined when applying a two-state denaturation model to microcalorimetric data. Thermodynamic parameters show an unexpected, not linear, trend as a function of solvent composition; in particular, the lysozyme thermodynamic stability shows a maximum centered at water molar fraction of about 0.6. Using a thermodynamic hydration model based on the exchange equilibrium between glycerol and water molecules from the protein solvation layer to the bulk, the contribution of protein-solvent interactions to the unfolding free energy and the changes of this contribution with solvent composition have been derived. The preferential solvation data indicate that lysozyme unfolding involves an increase in the solvation surface, with a small reduction of the protein-preferential hydration. Moreover, the derived changes in the excess solvation numbers at denaturation show that only few solvent molecules are responsible for the variation of lysozyme stability in relation to the solvent composition.     

Theory of solvation in polar nematics

We develop a linear response theory of solvation of ionic and dipolar solutes in anisotropic, axially symmetric polar solvents. The theory is applied to solvation in polar nematic liquid crystals. The formal theory constructs the solvation response function from projections of the solvent dipolar susceptibility on rotational invariants. These projections are obtained from Monte Carlo simulations of a fluid of dipolar spherocylinders which can exist both in the isotropic and nematic phases. Based on the properties of the solvent susceptibility from simulations and the formal solution, we have obtained a formula for the solvation free energy which incorporates the experimentally available properties of nematics and the length of correlation between the dipoles in the liquid crystal. The theory provides a quantitative framework for analyzing the steady-state and time-resolved optical spectra and makes several experimentally testable predictions. The equilibrium free energy of solvation, anisotropic in the nematic phase, is given by a quadratic function of cosine of the angle between the solute dipole and the solvent nematic director. The sign of solvation anisotropy is determined by the sign of dielectric anisotropy of the solvent: solvation anisotropy is negative in solvents with positive dielectric anisotropy and vice versa. The solvation free energy is discontinuous at the point of isotropic-nematic phase transition. The amplitude of this discontinuity is strongly affected by the size of the solute becoming less pronounced for larger solutes. The discontinuity itself and the magnitude of the splitting of the solvation free energy in the nematic phase are mostly affected by microscopic dipolar correlations in the nematic solvent. Illustrative calculations are presented for the equilibrium Stokes shift and the Stokes shift time correlation function of coumarin-153 in 4-n-pentyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl and 4,4-n-heptyl-cyanopiphenyl solvents as a function of temperature in both the nematic and isotropic phases.     

Solvation dynamics in acetonitrile: a study incorporating solute electronic response and nuclear relaxation

The solvent reorganization process after electronic excitation of a polar solute in a polar solvent such as acetonitrile is related mainly to the time evolution of the solute-solvent electrostatic interaction. Modern laser-based techniques have sufficient time resolution to follow this decay in real time, providing information to be confirmed and interpreted by theories and models. We present here a study aimed at the investigation of the different steps involved in the process taking place after a vertical S(0) --> S(1) excitation of a large size chromophore, coumarin 153 (C153), in acetonitrile, from both the solute and the solvent points of view. To do this, we use accurate quantum mechanical calculations for the solute properties within the polarizable continuum model (PCM) and classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, both equilibrium and nonequilibrium, for C153 in the presence of the solvent. The geometry of the solute is allowed to change in order to study the role of internal motions in the time-dependent solvation process. The solvent response function has been obtained from the simulation data and compared to experiment, while the comparison between equilibrium and nonequilibrium MD results for the solvation response confirms the validity of the linear response approximation in the C153-acetonitrile system. The MD trajectories have also been used to monitor the structure of the solvation shell and to determine its change in response to the change in the solute partial charges.     

Solubility and preferential solvation of some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in methanol + water mixtures at 298.15 K

The equilibrium solubilities of naproxen (NAP), ketoprofen (KTP), and ibuprofen (IBP) in methanol + water binary mixtures at 298.15 K were determined and the preferential solvation parameters were derived by means of the inverse Kirkwood–Buff integrals (IKBI) method. These drugs are very sensitive to specific solvation effects. The preferential solvation parameters by methanol δx_1,3 are negative in water-rich mixtures but positive in compositions from 0.32 in mole fraction of methanol to pure methanol. It is conjecturable that in the former case the hydrophobic hydration around aromatic rings and/or methyl groups plays a relevant role in the solvation. The higher solvation by methanol in mixtures of similar co-solvent compositions and in methanol-rich mixtures could be explained in terms of the higher basic behaviour of this co-solvent interacting with the hydroxyl group of the drugs. Moreover, drug solubilities were correlated by using the modified nearly ideal binary solvent/Redlich–Kister model obtaining average percentage deviations (APDs) lower than 9.0%.     

在酰胺-盐溶剂体系中对苯二甲酰氯与对苯二胺的缩聚反应

本文研究了在酰胺-盐溶剂体系中对苯二胺与对苯二甲酰氯的缩聚反应,溶剂对缩聚反应的影响以及溶剂体系与对苯二甲酰氯的副反应。由NMR实验结果表明,聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺分子中酰胺基团的氢质子由于溶剂化作用向低场方向位移,位移的大小与溶剂的种类及盐的浓度有关。DMAc与NMP两种溶剂体系在缩聚反应过程中皆与对苯二甲酰氟有竞争反应。在该溶剂体系中可得到适于加工成纤的高分子量聚合物。