An investigation of the efficacy of organotin compounds for the control of the cotton stainer,Dysdercus cingulatus,the mosquito,Anophelese stephensi,and the common house fly,Musca domestica

A series of commercial organotin compounds was screened for efficacy against the three insect species Dysdercus cingulatus (cotton stainer), Anophelese stephensi (mosquito) and Musca domestica (house fly). Tributyltin species in the general order Bu₃SnCl>(Bu₃Sn)₂O>Bu₃Sn(linoleate) were more effective than two triphenyltin compounds. Tricyclohexyltin hydroxide, dimethyltin chloride, phenyltin trichloride and a diethyltin dichloridephenanthroline adduct were less effective.     

Enthalpies of Formation of the Tellurites of the Rare Earths Gd, Tb, Dy, Tm and Yb

By using a DSK of the French firm Seteram, the standard enthalpies of formation of 5 tellurites and 5 tetratellurites of the rare earths Gd, Tb, Dy, Tm and Yb were determined for the first time. Three parallel determinations for each sample were compared. The results are very similar, which is an indication of the great reliability of the method used and the correctness of the data obtained. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Assessment of the polluting effects of the Iponri-Alaka Canal,Lagos State,Nigeria

ABSTRACT

The polluting effects of Iponri-Alaka Canal in Surulere area of Lagos State on the environment have been studied using six sampling points. The study aimed at assessing the effects of exposure to pollutants on humans and other life forms. The quality of air, wastewater and sediments was assessed between March and August 2017. The concentrations of SO₂ and H₂S were measured using MSA Altair 5X. Temperature, pH and DO were measured in-situ using Thermometer, pH meter and Winkler method, respectively. TSS, TDS, TS, TA, TH, BOD, chloride Cl^?, PO₄^3-, SO₄^2- and NO₃^? were determined using appropriate standard methods in the laboratory. EC and some heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Mn, Cd and Ni) concentrations were determined using conductivity meter and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, respectively. The results showed that pH, TS, DO and TH were well within the WHO and FEPA maximum limits. EC, SO₄^2- and TDS were observed to be higher than guideline values only at one sampling point. The TSS, BOD, TA, NO₃^? and PO₄^3- were higher than WHO and FEPA guideline limits at all sampling points. Cr was seen to be within, while Pb and Mn were higher than WHO and FEPA guideline values. Cd was higher than guideline values only at two sampling points. Ni was below detection concentration at all the sampling points.

The concentration of SO₂ was seen to be higher than WHO and NESREA guideline values at two sampling points, while H₂S concentration was higher than WHO limit at all the six sampling points.     

Synthesis and study of the properties of tetrazoles,azides, triazenes,and azo compounds of the thiadiazole series

Azo compounds and bistriazenes were obtained by diazo coupling of diazotized 5-amino-2-R-1,3,4-thiadiazoles; tetrazolo[4,5-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, to which azido-tetrazole tautomerism is peculiar, were obtained by replacement of the diazo group by an azido group. The structures of the products were confirmed by their IR and UV spectra.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 7, pp. 933–936, July, 1980.     

Determination of the Uncertainty of the Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer for Copper,Cobalt, Cadmium,and Nickel

Abstract

The sources of uncertainty in the determination of copper, cobalt, cadmium, and nickel, originating from the flame atomic absorption spectrometer, were studied. They were identified and divided in three main groups according to their origin—from the flame, from the light source (hollow-cathode lamp), and from the optics. The combined uncertainty of the flame atomic absorption determination was experimentally determined.     

Ensembles of the gallium,indium, and scandium complexes with the macrocycles

Specific features of coordination chemistry of three-charge cations were considered for the formation of ensembles of crown ether 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxocyclooctadecane (18C6) or its complexes M[18C6]⁺ (M = Na, K) with the gallium, indium, and scandium chloride and thiocyanate complexes. These features were geometric isomerism, disproportionation of molecular forms to ionic ones, and the influence of solvate molecules on the structural features of the supramolecular ensembles. The conditions for the recognition and stabilization of the complexes and the formation of heterometallic polymers were revealed.     

ICP-AES法同时测定玻璃组份中的Ca、Mg、Ti、Fe、Pb、Cd、Al、Si、B、Zn、Cu元素

建立了一种用电感耦合等离子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定玻璃成份的简便、快速、准确、精密度好的方法．研究了样品的处理、标准样品的配制、谱线干扰等问题,并采用和基体匹配的方法消除基体的影响,进行了标准样品的分析、对照、精密度等试验,均取得了满意的结果．     

New Atom/Functional Group Volume Additivity Data Bases for the Calculation of the Crystal Densities of C-, H-, N-, O-, F-, S-, P-, Cl-, and Br-Containing Compounds

The solid-state density of an energetic material is one of the most important parameters related to performance. With crystal structure data from the Cambridge Structural Database, four new additivity data bases have been determined to provide atom and functional group volumes or densities for the calculation of solid-state densities of organic compounds with the elements C, H, N, O, F, P, S, Cl, and Br. Volumes and densities for 96 atoms/groups were determined from approximately 26,000 crystal structure data. Sets of linear volumes (from observed unit cell volume per molecule data) and nonlinear volumes and linear densities (from observed crystal densities) were determined. The concept of an atom code was also introduced to allow the atoms and their connections to define the types of atoms present in a molecule. This approach lead to 1601 atom codes. With more than 2000 crystal structure data that were not used in the initial parameterizations, average percentage differences between the observed volumes/densities and calculated values ranged from 1.8–2.3%.     

Synthesis of the Naphthalenone,Dihydroquinoline, and Dihydrofuran Derivatives

The reactions of enaminones with dimethyl diazomalonate were investigated in the presence of copper(II) acetylacetonate. From the reaction of (E)‐3‐[methyl(phenyl)amino]‐1‐phenylprop‐2‐en‐1‐one ( 6c ), dimethyl 2‐[methyl(phenyl)amino]‐4‐oxonaphthalene‐1,1‐(4H)‐dicarboxylate, was unexpectedly obtained as the major product. Quinoline derivatives were formed as the major products in the case of N‐methyl‐p‐anisidino and N‐methyl‐p‐toluidino enaminones. The reactions of acetyl enaminones were also realized, and quinoline derivatives were isolated as the major products. 3H‐ and 5H‐dihydrofurans were also formed as side products in these reactions. These results differ from those reported earlier on the reactions of tertiary enaminones with carbenes/metal carbenes.     

Behaviors of chemical elements in the atmosphere,Kawasaki, Japan

A total of 19 elements in the samples of atmospheric deposition collected in Kawasaki, Japan, were determined by neutron activation analysis, ICPAES and flame photometry. The amounts of soil dust depositions were larger in springs and those of Sb and Zn depositions were larger in summers than in the other seasons. The values of the enrichment factors were higher for Sb and Zn than for the other elements determined throughout the sampling period. A factor analysis showed that the two elements were characterized as industrial components. Rubber products like tires that contain noncombustibles and rubber accelerators were a possible origin of high concentrations of Sb and Zn in the present samples.     

Synthesis,properties, and examples of the use of carbon nanomaterials

The results of a series of works on the synthesis and investigation of various carbon nanostructures and elaboration of functional materials of their basis are generalized and reviewed. Fullerenes and single-, double-, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes were prepared by the electric arc evaporation of graphite and metal—graphite rods. Diverse types of carbon nanofibers and nanotubes were grown by the catalytic pyrolysis of ethylene and methane. Graphene structures were synthesized by the chemical reduction of graphite oxide. Methods for isolation, purification, and functionalization of carbon nanostructures were elaborated. Chemical transformations in the fullerene—metal phase—hydrogen system were studied. Methods for metal cluster application on carbon nanostuctures and formation of metal hydride—carbon composites were developed. The possibilities were elucidated of using carbon nanostructures for the development of hydrogen accumulating and hydrogen generating composites, for forming carbon—polymer and carbon—ceramic composites, for preparing hardening additives to polymers and glue compositions, and for producing high-performance catalysts for hydrogenation and redox processes in fuel cells.     

Synthesis of triazenes of the benzothiazole,benzimidazole, and pyridine series,and investigation of the kinetics of their photochemical decomposition

Disubstituted alkyl(aryl)heteryltriazenes were synthesized by the reaction of the azides of benzothiazole, benzimidazole, and pyridine with Grignard reagents. The kinetics of their cleavage by UV irradiation were investigated.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 201–204, February, 1971.     

A theoretical (DFT, GIAO-NMR, NICS) study of the carbocations and oxidation dications from azulenes, homoazulene, benzazulenes, benzohomoazulenes, and the isomeric azulenoazulenes

Protonation of parent azulene (1), homoazulene (8), representative isomeric benzazulenes (9, 9A, and 9B), and benzohomoazulenes (10, 10A, and 10B) as well as the mono- and diprotonation of isomeric azulenoazulenes (11-16) were studied by DFT at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. The most likely carbocations were identified based on relative protonation energies. For comparison, complete experimental 13C NMR data were obtained for parent azulenium ion 1H+ and guaiazulenium ion 2H+ in TFA. The oxidation dications derived from benzazulenes (9, 9A, and 9B), benzohomoazulenes (10, 10A, and 10B) and azulenoazulenes (11, 16) were also investigated. For azulenoazulene dications the singlet and triplet states are both minima, but except for 11(2+) and 13(2+), the triplet states are higher in energy. Structural/geometrical changes in the carbocations were examined. GIAO-NMR, NPA charges (and changes in charges), and NICS (and delta NICS) were employed to compute the NMR chemical shifts (delta delta 13C values) in order to derive charge delocalization maps and to gauge relative aromaticitylantiaromaticity in the energetically most favored carbocations and oxidation dications. The emerging trends are discussed and compared. Creation of tropylium or homotropylium entities in the carbocations (monoprotonated) and carbodications (diprotonated) is identified as an important driving force governing the protonation outcomes. Consideration of the AM1-derived delta delta Hf values (and the DFT-derived delta delta G values) suggests that the two-electron oxidation of azulenoazulenes should be experimentally feasible. Given their antiaromatic (paratropic) character, azulenoazulene dications represent interesting targets for NMR study. GIAO-derived charge delocalization mapping allows the most likely sites for nucleophilic attack on the dications to be identified.     

Liquid chromatographic determination of 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide, the active component of the infertility agent nicarbazin, in chicken, duck, goose, and snake eggs

4,4'-Dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) was extracted from chicken, duck, goose, and snake eggs and isolated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. DNC was detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 347 nm and quantitated by comparison with a calibration standard. Recoveries of DNC from fortified control chicken, duck, goose, and snake egg samples were determined for DNC levels of 0.16, 10, and 16 microg/g. The mean recoveries from chicken, duck, goose, and snake eggs were 92 +/- 4, 88 +/- 9, 87 +/- 7, and 95 +/- 6%, respectively. The method limits of detection for DNC in chicken, duck, goose, and snake eggs ranged from 0.015 to 0.035 microg/g. The reported method is much simpler than and equally efficient as previous methods developed for the determination of DNC residues in egg contents.     

INAA application in the age dynamics assessment of Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P and Sr in the cortical bone of human femoral neck

The effect of age and sex on eight elements in cortical bone of femoral neck of 78 relatively healthy 15-55 years old women (n = 33) and men (n = 45) was studied. Mass fraction of Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, and Sr in intact bone samples were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis using short-lived radionuclides. The obtained results were in good agreement with the literature data with the exception of Mn and Sr. The mean value of Mn mass fraction was an order of magnitude lower and Sr mean mass fraction was in 1.5-5 times higher than the reference values. No age- and sex-related differences in bone composition were detected. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

血清铁、锌、钙、镁、磷与妊娠的关系探讨

为探讨血清铁、锌、钙、镁、磷在孕妇体内的水平，做好围产期孕妇的保健工作，提高孕产妇的健康水平和新生儿健康素质，抽取125例孕中期妇女空腹静脉血，采用透射比浊法测定了其血清铁、锌、钙、镁、磷的含量。结果表明，铁、锌、钙、镁、磷的异常在孕妇中有一定的发生率，其中尤以钙与锌的缺乏最为多见。提示应定期检测孕妇血清铁、锌、钙、镁、磷水平，并采取相府的防治措施．以提高孕产妇及新生儿的健康水平。     

Temperature and Concentration Dependence of the Electrical Conductance,Diffusion, and Kinetics Parameters of the Ions in Aqueous Solutions of Sulfuric Acid,Selenic Acid,and Potassium Tellurate

The temperature and concentration dependences of the electrical conductance of aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid, selenic acid, and potassium tellurate were studied. The coefficients of the corresponding empirical equations were determined, and the values of equivalent conductances of the anions were evaluated at infinite dilution at the experimental temperatures. The values of the coefficients in the Fuoss and Onsager equation were evaluated for the three electrolytes at 298 K. The values of the molecular and ionic coefficients of self-diffusion at infinite dilution were calculated in the temperature range 288–318 K. The change of the translational energy Δ E∘_tr. of water molecules in the ionic hydration sphere was determined. The number of water molecules participating in the ionic hydration sphere at 298 K and the changes of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of activation of ionic conductance were calculated. The results obtained were interpreted according to the Samoylov’s theory of positive and negative hydration of ions. The differences observed in the temperature dependences of the mentioned parameters were explained in terms of the different radii and hydration numbers of the ions.     

Tertiary Acetylenic Alcohols,Ethers, and Esters on the Basis of Isocamphanone,Camphor, Fenchone,Isofenchone, and Adamanthanone

Acetylenic lithium alcoholates were synthesized by reactions of 1-hexyne, 1-octyne, and phenylacetylene with butyllithium with subsequent reaction of the resulting acetylides with isocamphanone, (±)-camphor, (+)-fenchone, isofenchone, and adamanthanone. The latter reaction is controlled by steric factors. Lithium alcoholates were used to synthesize the corresponding alcohols, ethers, and esters. Configurational assessment of the products was performed on the basis of quantum-chemical calculations and X-ray diffraction analysis.     

Intermetallic compounds of the heaviest elements and their homologs: the electronic structure and bonding of MM', where M=Ge, Sn, Pb, and element 114, and M'=Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Sn, Pb, and element 114

Fully relativistic (four-component) density-functional theory calculations were performed for intermetallic dimers MM', where M=Ge, Sn, Pb, and element 114, and MM'=group 10 elements (Ni, Pd, and Pt) and group 11 elements (Cu, Ag, and Au). PbM and 114M, where M are group 14 elements, were also considered. The results have shown that trends in spectroscopic properties-atomization energies D(e), vibrational frequencies omega(e), and bond lengths R(e), as a function of MM', are similar for compounds of Ge, Sn, Pb, and element 114, except for D(e) of PbNi and 114Ni. They were shown to be determined by trends in the energies and space distribution of the valence ns(MM')atomic orbitals (AOs). According to the results, element 114 should form the weakest bonding with Ni and Ag, while the strongest with Pt due to the largest involvement of the 5d(Pt) AOs. In turn, trends in the spectroscopic properties of MM' as a function of M were shown to be determined by the behavior of the np(1/2)(M) AOs. Overall, D(e) of the element 114 dimers are about 1 eV smaller and R(e) are about 0.2 a.u. larger than those of the corresponding Pb compounds. Such a decrease in bonding of the element 114 dimers is caused by the large SO splitting of the 7p orbitals and a decreasing contribution of the relativistically stabilized 7p(1/2)(114) AO. On the basis of the calculated D(e) for the dimers, adsorption enthalpies of element 114 on the corresponding metal surfaces were estimated: They were shown to be about 100-150 kJ/mol smaller than those of Pb.     

Quantum Chemical Investigations on the Structures,Stabilities, Decompositions of Trinitrobenzenes,Their Chloro Derivatives

he molecular geometries, heats of formation, electronic structures of three trinitrobenzenes(1,2,3-TNB, 1,2,4-TNB, 1,3,5-TNB), their chloro derivatives were studied by using the quantum chemical MO AM1 method at the RHF level, ab initio method at the HF/3-21G level. The decompositions of the title compounds were investigated by using the AM1 method at the UHF level. The decomposition activation energies were obtained, the order of the relative stabilities of the title compounds is found. The substituent effects on the structures, properties, on the decompositions of the title compounds are discussed in the present paper.