Hypergeometric Solution of <Emphasis Type="Italic">q</Emphasis>-Schlesinger System of Rank Two

A hypergeometric solution of a q-Schlesinger system of rank two is constructed. This solution is written in the terms of q-analog of Lauricella’s hypergeometric series. Mathematics Subject Classifications (2000): 33D67, 33E17, 34M55, 39A12     

The fifth dimension: Theodor Kaluza's ground‐breaking idea

Theodor Kaluza (1885–1954) attracted the attention of the physical community since 1921 with his unified field theory of gravitation and electromagnetism in five dimensions. Despite Einstein's great interest in Kaluza's theory, 50 years elapsed before it contributed toward a paradigm shift in modern theoretical physics. The biography of this still unknown scientist is briefly presented along with an outline of his work in physics. A short history of the theories of unification and the dimensionality of space‐time is followed by a discussion of the significance of Kaluza's five‐dimensional unified theory in modern physics from the point of view of superstring and M‐theory.     

Cover Picture: Contrib. Plasma Phys. 6/2013

Bird's eye view on the coilset found with ONSET. Figure 8 of the paper by M. Drevlak et al. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Die Strahlungs-Temperatur bewegter Körper

The Radiation Temperature of Moving Bodies The comparison of the temperatures of two bodies which are in a relative motion is possible by the black-body-radiation of these bodies, unambiguously. Then, Planck's transformation law for the temperature is resulting by Einstein's theory of the transversal Doppler-effect and the aberration and by the laws of heat radiation without additional hypotheses. - Our argument is based on the transformation formulas of the specific radiation intensities which are proved by M. v. Laue (1943) in his relativistic deduction of Wien's law.     

Localization estimation and global vs. local information measures

The maximum entropy principle is one of the great ideas of the last 50 years, with a multitude of applications in many areas of science. Its main ingredient is an information measure. We show that global and local information measures provide different types of physical information, which requires handling them with some care. The concomitant differences are illustrated with reference to the problem of localization in phase space, placing emphasis on some details of the smoothing of Wigner functions, as described in [G. Manfredi, M.R. Feix, Phys. Rev. E 62 (2000) 4665]. Our discussion is made in terms of a special version of Fisher's information measure, called the shift-invariant one.     

关于Birkhoff逆问题中Santilli方法的研究

研究构造Birkhoff动力学函数的Santilli方法.首先,基于Cauchy-Kovalevskaya型方程解的存在性定理,采用反证法证明自治系统总有自治Birkhoff表示;其次,给出更简洁的方法证明Santilli第二方法可以被简化;找到Santilli第三方法中所隐含的一种等量关系,提出改进的Santilli第三方法,并研究该方法的MATLAB程序化计算;最后,总结全文并对结果进行讨论.     

Single-oscillator model and determination of optical constants of spray pyrolyzed amorphous SnO<Subscript>2</Subscript> thin films

It has recently been shown that growth of a multilayer structure with one or more delta-layers at high temperature leads to spreading and asymmetrization of the dopant distribution [see, for example, E.F.J. Schubert, Vac. Sci. Technol. A. 8, 2980 (1990), A.M. Nazmul, S. Sugahara, M. Tanaka, J. Crystal Growth 251, 303 (2003); R.C. Newman, M.J. Ashwin, M.R. Fahy, L. Hart, S.N. Holmes, C. Roberts, X. Zhang, Phys. Rev. B 54, 8769 (1996); E.F. Schubert, J.M. Kuo, R.F. Kopf, H.S. Luftman, L.C. Hopkins, N.J. Sauer, J. Appl. Phys. 67, 1969 (1990); P.M. Zagwijn, J.F. van der Veen, E. Vlieg, A.H. Reader, D.J. Gravesteijn, J. Appl. Phys. 78, 4933 (1995); W.S. Hobson, S.J. Pearton, E.F. Schubert, G. Cabaniss, Appl. Phys. Lett. 55, 1546 (1989); Delta Doping of Semiconductors, edited by E.F. Schubert (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996); Yu.N. Drozdov, N.B. Baidus', B.N. Zvonkov, M.N. Drozdov, O.I. Khrykin, V.I. Shashkin, Semiconductors 37, 194 (2003); E. Skuras, A.R. Long, B. Vogele, M.C. Holland, C.R. Stanley, E.A. Johnson, M. van der Burgt, H. Yaguchi, J. Singleton, Phys. Rev. B 59, 10712 (1999); G. Li, C. Jagadish, Solid-State Electronics 41, 1207 (1997)]. In this work analytical and numerical analysis of dopant dynamics in a delta-doped area of a multilayer structure has been accomplished using Fick's second law. Some reasons for asymmetrization of a delta-dopant distribution are illustrated. The spreading of a delta-layer has been estimated using example materials of a multilayer structure, a delta-layer and an overlayer.     

G(E(p))/G(M(p)) ratio by polarization transfer in e-->p --> ep-->

The ratio of the proton's elastic electromagnetic form factors, G(E(p))/G(M(p)), was obtained by measuring P(t) and P(l), the transverse and the longitudinal recoil proton polarization, respectively. For elastic e-->p-->ep-->, G(E(p))/G(M(p)) is proportional to P(t)/P(l). Simultaneous measurement of P(t) and P(l) in a polarimeter provides good control of the systematic uncertainty. The results for the ratio G(E(p))/G(M(p)) show a systematic decrease as Q2 increases from 0.5 to 3.5 GeV2, indicating for the first time a definite difference in the spatial distribution of charge and magnetization currents in the proton.     

Application of the P.E.M. theory to solid electrolyte pressed powder pellets: Electrically isotropic solid electrolyte particles

The a.c. electrical response of an electrically isotropic solid electrolyte pressed powder pellet, has been calculated using the Percolation Effective Medium Theory (P.E.M.T.) approximation. The pressed powder pellet is represented by a mixture of a conducting phase (solid electrolyte) and an isolation one (air). The physical meaning of the derived results is discussed in reference to a real solid electrolyte pellet response. The pellet response calculated by the P.E.M.T. equation should correspond to the usual ‘bulk’ one. The influence of the microstructure on the pellet response, derived from the model, can be used to improve the ‘bulk’ ionic conductivity, in pressed powder pellets of solid electrolytes with isotropic conductivity, and to obtain its real electrical characteristics.     

Determination of the strange form factors of the Nucleon from nup, nup, and parity-violating e-->p elastic scattering

A new method of obtaining the strange form factors of the nucleon is presented, in which forward-angle parity-violating e-->p elastic scattering data are combined with nup and nu;p elastic scattering data to extract all three strange form factors: electric, magnetic, and axial (G(s)(E), G(s)(M), and G(s)(A)). In this Letter, nup and nu;p data from the Brookhaven E734 experiment are combined with the Jefferson Laboratory HAPPEX e-->p data to obtain two distinct solutions for the strange form factors at Q(2)=0.5 GeV2. More generally, combining the neutrino elastic scattering data from E734 with the existing and upcoming e-->p data will yield the strange form factors of the nucleon for Q2 of 0.45-1.05 GeV2. Measurement of G(s)(A) is crucial to the determination of the strange quark contribution to the nucleon spin Deltas.     

Confinement effects on chemical reactions—Toward an integrated rational catalyst design

Most chemical reactions of practical interest are carried out in nano-structured materials, which can enhance reactions due to their large specific surface area, their interactions with the reacting mixture and confinement effects. An experimental investigation of the role of each possible catalytic effect is challenging, since experimental measurements reflect an integration over multiple effects. In this work, we present a review of our most recent research on some of the factors that can influence a chemical reaction in confinement through the study of several model systems. We first consider the influence of steric hindrance on the equilibrium and kinetics for the rotational isomerizations of several small hydrocarbons [E.E. Santiso, M. Buongiorno Nardelli, K.E. Gubbins, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., (2007), in press]. These examples illustrate how reaction rates can vary doubly exponentially with the dimensions of the confining material (the ‘shape-catalytic’ effect). As a second example, we consider the unimolecular decomposition of formaldehyde on graphitic carbon pores of various sizes [E.E. Santiso, A.M. George, K.E. Gubbins, M. Buongiorno Nardelli, J. Chem. Phys. 125 (2006) 084711]. These results illustrate the influence of electrostatic interactions with the supporting material on the reaction mechanism and equilibrium yield for reactions involving a charge transfer. As a final example, we consider the interaction of a water molecule with a defective carbon substrate as an example of a chemical interaction that can be enhanced through a shape-catalytic effect. We first show using ab initio calculations how a vacancy site on a graphene surface can induce the thermal splitting of water at relatively low temperatures [M.K. Kostov, E.E. Santiso, A.M. George, K.E. Gubbins, M. Buongiorno Nardelli, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005) 136105]. We then examine the dissociation on a vacancy site on a nanotube surface, which shows the shape-catalytic effect of the surface curvature. These results are a first step toward the design of catalytic materials that take advantage of different enhancing effects simultaneously.     

Nuclei from the region 52<Z,N<80 as susceptible to the gamma-deformations

The applicability of the Wilets-Jean Hamiltonian including also a term giving small prolate-oblate asymmetry to transitional Xe, Ba, Ce isotopes is investigated. Energy levels and reduced probabilities of E2 and E0 transitions are calculated. The model reproduces fairly well the experimental data when using parameters far from those calculated microscopically. The results indicate that the wave functions have to beγ-localizated more strongly than those given by the model.     

On the theory of pseudocontact N.M.R. shifts due to lanthanide complexes

The pseudocontact N.M.R. shifts due to complexes of lanthanide ions are considered in a crystal field theoretical framework including all the states J, M of an L-S manifold and an arbitrary set of crystal field parameters. Deviations from Bleaney's earlier theory are shown to be of the order of 20 per cent when the higher crystal field parameters are added.     

Compatibilization of Poly(Trimethylene Terephthalate)/Polycarbonate Blends by Epoxy. Part 2. Melting Behavior and Spherulite Morphology

The melting behaviors of poly(trimethylene terephthalate)/polycarbonate (PTT/PC) blends, compatibilized by epoxy, and PTT spherulite morphology in the blends were investigated. When epoxy was present during blending, the melting behaviors of PTT/PC blends changed substantially; glass transition temperatures (T_g's) and cold crystallization temperature (T_cc's) of the PTT‐rich phase shifted to higher temperatures, while T_m's shifted slightly to lower temperatures, indicating that epoxy suppressed considerably all processes of dynamic movements pertinent to molecular (or segmental) movements. The cold crystallization process responded sensitively to thermal history. Changes of T_cc's with composition suggested that the epoxy's compatibilization effect was pronounced when PTT and PC were in near equal content.

Recrystallization or reorganization exotherms appeared before melting for isothermally crystallized PTT/PC and PTT/PC epoxy (E) blends. A wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) analysis showed that, although the perfection of PTT crystallites was influenced either by PC content and the presence of compatibilizer or by the crystallization temperature and crystallization time, PTT's crystal structure was independent of these variables.

The polarized light microscopy (PLM) observations showed that PTT spherulite morphology was very sensitive to blend composition. Epoxy addition interfered severely with the growth of PTT spherulites, causing them to be much less developed. When the spherulites grew under a condition of varied composition, they would exhibit diversified spherulite morphology, though in one spherulite.     

Force chain splitting in granular materials: A mechanism for large-scale pseudo-elastic behaviour

We investigate both numerically and analytically the effect of strong disorder on the large-scale properties of the hyperbolic equations for stresses proposed in J.-P. Bouchaud, M.E. Cates, P. Claudin, J. Phys. I 5, 639 (1995), and J.P. Wittmer, P. Claudin, M.E. Cates, J.-P. Bouchaud, Nature 382, 336 (1996); J.P. Wittmer, P. Claudin, M.E. Cates, J. Phys. I 7, 39 (1997). The physical mechanism that we model is the local splitting of the force chains (the characteristics of the hyperbolic equation) by packing defects. In analogy with the theory of light diffusion in a turbid medium, we propose a Boltzmann-like equation to describe these processes. We show that, for isotropic packings, the resulting large-scale effective equations for the stresses have exactly the same structure as those of an elastic body, despite the fact that no displacement field needs to be introduced at all. Correspondingly, the response function evolves from a two-peak structure at short scales to a broad hump at large scales. We find, however, that the Poisson ratio is anomalously large and incompatible with classical elasticity theory that requires the reference state to be thermodynamically stable. Received 13 November 2000 and Received in final form 3 January 2001     

In memoriam: Prof. Dr. dr.h.c. Rolf Hosemann

Dr. h.c. Rolf Hosemann, the “father of the ideal paracrystal,” passed away in Berlin on September 28, 1994, in his 83rd year. Rolf Hosemann was born in 1912 at Rostock on the Baltic Sea. He studied physics at Marburg and Freiburg, in Germany. In 1939 he obtained qualifications as a university teacher upon a “Habilitationsschrift” about the small-angle x-ray scattering of cellulose. In 1950 he laid the foundation to his theory of ideal paracrystals making wide use of convolution integrals as introduced into x-ray crystallography by P. P. Ewald. M. V. Laue was so much impressed by Hosemann's papers that he asked him to join the Fritz-Haber-Institut at Berlin-Dahlem as a staff member. It was there that Hosemann compiled his extensive work of more than 370 papers. Hosemann taught a large number of students. More than ten among them became university professors.     

Applications of Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Materials Research

Abstract

This review article deals with the applications of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to materials. The authors have attempted to perform a thorough review of the current literature. The articles examined span the period mainly from January 1989 to June 1993. The authors used CAS on-line and Science Citation Index on CD-ROM as their main sources of references using numerous key words for the searches. The authors also assume a basic knowledge on the part of the reader of NMR and h4R.I. For the novice reader or someone who would like more background on NMR theory, the authors suggest, T. C. Farrar's book Pulse h'MR (Farragut Press) and E. D. Becker's book High Resolution M R (Academic Press). For information regarding MRI and microscopy, the reader is referred to a book by F. W. Wehrli entitled Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (VCH) and a book by B. Blumich and W. Kuhn entitled Magnetic Resonance Microscopy (VCH). A book by Ernst, Bodenhausen, and Wokaun called Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in One- and Two-Dimensions is another valuable resource.     

Newtons „Principia Mathematica Philosophia”︁ und Plancks Elementarkonstanten

Newton's “Principia Mathematica Philosophia” and Planck's Elementary Constants Together with Planck's elementary constants Newton's principles prove a guaranteed basis of physics and “exact” sciences of all directions. The conceptions in physics are competent at all physical problems as well as technology too. Classical physics was founded in such a way to reach far beyond the physics of macroscopic bodies.