含有吸收材料对称结构一维三元光子晶体的透射谱

利用传输矩阵法理论,研究含吸收材料对称结构一维三元光子晶体的光传输特性。结果表明:当各层介质无吸收时,在较宽的禁带范围内出现一条透射率为100%的透射峰;当介质的折射率为带有正虚部的复数,即介质存在吸收时,禁带中的透射峰出现明显的透射衰减,且随着复折射率虚实比β的增大透射率出现单调衰减规律;当单个介质存在吸收时,随着各介质折射率虚实比的增大,透射率的衰减速度存在各异,其中以C介质的折射率虚实比βc对透射峰透射率的影响较大,其次为B,A的影响相对较小;当所有介质同时存在吸收时,透射衰减最为明显。这些特性为光学衰减器的设计提供理论指导意义。     

Applications of the expanded basis method to study the properties of photonic crystals with frequency-dependent dielectric functions and dielectric losses

Band structures of two-dimensional photonic crystals (PCs) made of polar material with frequency-dependent dielectric constant are calculated by using an expanded basis method. The effect of the polariton gap (PG) of polar material on the photonic band gaps (PBGs) is explored. It is found that the PBGs are significantly modified near the PG, where the abrupt change of the dielectric constant appears. The feature of electromagnetic (EM) field is revealed when the frequency is located in the flat band. We display the equifrequency-surface configuration of the localized field and the spacial distributions of field. We observe the existence of several equi-ω curves for a specified frequency and the localized field distribution exhibiting various different patterns, dependent of the mode index. We also study the influence of the dielectric losses of the polar material on dispersion and find that the change of the real part of the Bloch wave vector is crucially related to the real part of the dielectric constant and the attenuated length is determined by its imaginary part.     

异质双周期结构光子晶体光学特性

利用传输矩阵法研究了异质双周期结构一维光子晶体的带隙结构和光学传输特性。此光子晶体能形成512~960 nm的含5个极窄透射峰的光子带隙。重点研究了一种材料为复折射率时的光学传输特性,以及当结构发生轴向应变时的"介观压光效应"。结果表明:当复折射率虚部为负时,透射峰随虚部绝对值的增大先增大后减小,甚至出现衰减;虚部为正时,发生吸收现象。当光子晶体发生轴向应变时,透射峰随应变量的增加呈现近似L形变化,应变量很小时透射率几乎线性减小,波长越大透射峰变化越缓慢。     

Optical diagnostics of nanoscale dielectric layers on interference films by polarization-dependent differential reflectivity

The small change in the reflectance (differential reflectance) of s- or p-polarized light from an interference film as a result of the deposition of a nanoscale insulating layer on it is investigated theoretically. Analytical relations describing the contribution of nanoscale layers to the reflectance from an interference film as function of film thickness are obtained in the long-wavelength approximation. It is shown that the utilization of interference films in reflection diagnostics through differential measurements allows a significant enhancement of the sensitivity of these techniques and also opens up new possibilities for resolving the inverse problem of determining simultaneously the optical constant and thickness of nanoscale dielectric layers.     

Rotations of eigenvibration direction in anisotropic crystals

The electric field of incident light induces dipoles in anisotropic media, vibrating in two perpendicular directions of the principal axes. Because of the tensor property of the dielectric constant, an induced dipole is subject to a torque, tending to rotate it about the axis parallel to the propagation direction. The directions of eigenvibration of the ordinary (o-ray) and extraordinary (e-ray) waves are no longer perpendicular in this sense. We propose here the relationships to describe the rotation of the induced dipole in the perpendicular electric fields. The rotation angles are found to increase with increasing dielectric constants and electric field strength of the incident light, exhibiting large values near the resonance frequencies in the infrared range at the azimuth angle /4 of the polarized incident light. Piezoelectric and ferroelectric crystals have a large value of the dielectric constant in the infrared frequency range. Rotations of the vibration direction of the o-ray and the e-ray waves are shown in the infrared transmission spectra recorded by incidence of the polarized light and transmission through piezoelectric and ferroelectric crystals (-quartz, LiNbO₃, and LiTaO₃). Interference of the o-ray and the e-ray waves transmitted through the crystals confirms the rotations of the vibration directions, a self-modulation effect of light in piezoelectric and ferroelectric crystals induced by the electric field of the propagating light.     

Large forbidden band in one-dimensional multi-layered structure containing exponentially graded materials

In the present communication, we have presented band spectra and reflectance properties of one-dimensional multi-layered structure containing dielectric exponentially graded and simple dielectric layers. This study has been performed theoretically by using transfer matrix method. In this paper we have taken the multi-layered structure where refractive index of odd layers is varying continuously along the direction perpendicular to the surface of the layer in exponential form. The effect of the graded profiles are studied and compared with the conventional multi-layered structure of suitable contrast of refractive indices in detail. In this study the materials are considered as non-magnetic and layers other than the graded are taken to be homogeneous and isotropic dielectric medium of constant refractive index. It has been found that the introduction of graded layers enhanced the forbidden band gaps and affects the reflectance of electromagnetic wave spectra significantly. By changing the grading profiles and the contrast, we obtained the forbidden band gaps and the reflectance of such structural change accordingly. Therefore, introducing a graded exponential layer of dielectric in the one-dimensional multi-layered structure provides possible mechanism for enhancing the reflectance as well as the forbidden gap in the optical region. Such multi-layered structure may be useful in the design of a broadband filter.     

High Sensitivity Transmission-Type SPR Sensor by Using Metallic--Dielectric Mixed Gratings

We theoretically investigate transmission-type SPR sensors with novel metallic-dielectric mixed gratings by rig- orous coupled-wave analysis （RCWA）, compared to the conventional dielectric gratings based structure. It is found that the transmittance efficiency and the full width at half-maximum （FWHM） of the transmission curve can be modulated by increasing or decreasing the metallic part. Therefore, appropriate proportion of metal part will induce enhancement factor of sensor merit. Furthermore, this novel structure will also bring enhancement of resonant angle shift, which can be explained by plasmonie interpretation based on a surface limited increase of interaction area and excitation of localized surface plasmons （LSPs）. The proposed configuration has a wide range of potential applications not only as sensor but also other optical devices.     

Self-modulation of infrared waves in rutile

Electromagnetic waves carry angular and linear momentums and exert torques on anisotropic dielectrics, arising from the fact of the tensor property of the dielectric constant, that is, the direction of electric displacement is not parallel to the electric field vector of the incident light. The torque per unit volume exerted on a wave plate is given by P×E$\mathit{P}\times \mathit{E}$, where P is the polarization and E is the electric field, which induces the rotations of eigenvibration direction in the crystals. The rotation angles increase with the intensity of the incident light and the dielectric constant of the crystals. Because of the large dielectric constants, self-modulation of the incident light in the infrared frequency region was clearly demonstrated in the infrared transmission spectra of ferroelectric and piezoelectric crystals. Rutile (TiO₂) is a non-ferroelectric and non-piezoelectric crystal, but it also has the large dielectric constants. Rotations of the vibration direction of the ordinary (o-ray) and the extraordinary (e-ray) waves were shown in the infrared transmission spectra recorded by incidence of the plane-polarized light and transmission through a rutile plate. Interference of the o-ray and the e-ray waves transmitted through the crystals confirms the rotations of eigenvibration direction, a self-modulation effect of light in the crystal of large dielectric constants and large birefringence in the infrared range.     

应变对纤锌矿结构GaN电子结构及光学性质的影响

使用第一性原理密度泛函理论（DFT）框架下的广义梯度近似（GGA+U）方法计算单轴应变对纤锌矿结构GaN的键长、差分电荷密度、电子结构以及光学性质的影响.结果表明：带隙随应变的增加而减小,压应变在（-1%~-3%）范围内变化时带隙变化不明显,压应变超过3%时带隙随应变的增大显著减小.光学性质研究表明,应变对介电函数虚部峰的位置和大小都产生影响,静态介电常数随应变的增大而增大;应变使GaN的吸收系数减小.     

Property of Image-Object Using TE/TM-polarized Wave in the Near-Field Optics with CCGM-FFT

Discretization of the Lippmann-Schwinger integral equation with complex conjugate gradient method and fast Fourier transform （CCGM-FFT） is solved, which can reduce the memory storage and the CPU time compared with the traditional method, MOM. Thus objects with large size and multiple scattering objects could be simulated with CCGM-FFT. The total intensity and the distribution of each field component of the dielectric and metallic objects under the excitation of the TE//TM-polarized wave are calculated with photon scanning tunnelling microscopy （PSTM） at the constant height. The simulating results are analysed and explained reasonably. The results show that the polarization plays an important role for imaging of PSTM.     

Measurement of electrodynamic parameters of superconducting films in the far-infrared and submillimeter frequency ranges

Possibilities of determing the complex conductivity of thin super-conducting films using far-infrared and submillimeter reflectivity and transmissivity techniques are discussed. It is shown that within the framework of standard approaches a satisfactory accuracy is available only for the imaginary part of the conductivity (dielectric permittivity). Different resonator methods are suggested for measuring the real part of the conductivity. Data for superconducting NbN films at frequencies 3 – 25 cm^–1 are presented.     

分数Poynting-Thomson模型对E7复介电常数的应用

基于分数阶微积分理论和介电分数单元,建立了分数Poynting-Thomson模型,给出了复介电常数的表达式.利用遗传算法结合共轭梯度法,分别求得复介电常数实部和虚部的最优参数,并对E7（主要是氰基联苯化合物）复介电常数实部和虚部的实验数据进行拟合.结果表明能对E7的复介电常数给出很好的描述.另外,由于该法对研究聚合物的复介电常数有广泛的适用性,故该法对研究与E7性质相差很大的聚合物同样适用.     

分数Poynting-Thomson模型对E7复介电常数的应用

基于分数阶微积分理论和介电分数单元,建立了分数Poynting-Thomson模型,给出了复介电常数的表达式.利用遗传算法结合共轭梯度法,分别求得复介电常数实部和虚部的最优参数,并对E7（主要是氰基联苯化合物）复介电常数实部和虚部的实验数据进行拟合.结果表明能对E7的复介电常数给出很好的描述.另外,由于该法对研究聚合物的复介电常数有广泛的适用性,故该法对研究与E7性质相差很大的聚合物同样适用.     

Dispersion relations as a criterion for the imaginary part of a spectral function

With the help of the dispersion relation inequalities are derived as criteria for determining the imaginary part of the spectral function (scattering amplitude, dielectric constant, ...) in the finite interval with a chosen upper limit, on the assumption that the real part of the analytic function at a single point is known.The applicability for measurements of the elastic processes of strong interactions is discussed and with the help of criteria calculations for the imaginary part of the dielectric constant of lead selenide in an experimentally inaccessible region are carried out.     

含复介电常量一维光子晶体量子阱结构研究

利用传输矩阵法研究了实介电常量和含复介电常量时一维光子晶体的透射谱.结果表明：两种情况下均构成光量子阱结构,并且光量子阱结构的透射能带谱位置和结构相同,但在含复介电常量负虚部情况下共振透射峰出现很强的增益现象,而在含复介电常量正虚部情况下共振透射峰则呈现明显的衰减现象.     

Method of frustrated total reflection in spectroscopy of surface polaritons in almost perfectly conducting metals

The standard technique for surface polaritons excitation by a prism coupling in Otto configuration is applied for investigation of almost perfectly conducting (pec) metals like tantalum irradiated by a collimated He-Ne laser radiation (λ ₀ = 632.8 nm). In pec metals the imaginary part of the relative dielectric permittivity (ɛ″) is quite larger than the modulus of the real part of the same quantity (ɛ′ < 0, ɛ″ ≫ | ɛ′ |). Under this condition the single Lorentz dip of the reflectivity coefficient is proven to exist and is given in an analytical form, which follows from simplification of the usual multilayer Fresnel formula. In the case of a deterministically curved metal surface an approximate solution to the reduced Rayleigh integral equation appropriate for the Otto configuration is also given. These two theoretical deductions are compared with experimental data that have been produced by us for the reflectivity into the prism region from a bulk tantalum sample.     

A planar waveguide concave grating employing dielectric mirrors

Dielectric mirrors, which yield high-reflectances on grating facets, are proposed for the design of a planar waveguide concave grating. The transfer-matrix method is used to derive an expression for the reflectance of a series of air slots and high-index stacks. The FullWAVE software, a finite difference time-domain EM solver from R-Soft, is used to evaluate the loss of the resulting 2D waveguide grating. The simulation results show that the polarization-dependent loss (PDL) is below 0.25 dB when the proposed dielectric mirror is used. The influence of the width variation of the dielectric stack is also taken into account.     

Effect of conductivity on the dielectric characteristics of cyano-ethyl ester of poly(vinyl alcohol)

Frequency dependences of the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric permittivity of films prepared from cyano-ethyl ester of poly(vinyl alcohol) have been studied within a frequency range of 25 Hz to 1 MHz at temperatures from 266 to 323 K. The frequency dependence of the total conductivity of the polymer dielectric has been calculated. At T < T _g , it has been established to follow a power law course with an exponent close to unity, which evidences hopping pattern of the conductivity. The anomalous increase of the dielectric losses and dielectric permittivity in the low-frequency range at T ≥ T _g is attributed to formation of double electric layers at the electrode-polymer boundary.     

Abrupt change of reflectivity from the strongly anisotropic metamaterial

The wave reflection from a non-magnetic anisotropic metamaterial, whose principal elements of the permittivity tensor have different signs, is investigated in this paper. It is found that, if the orientation of the optical axis is properly chosen, an extremely small change of the transverse wave number will lead to a dramatically change of the reflectivity at the glancing incidence. The physical insight for this abrupt change of reflectivity is also given by the analysis of the imaginary part of the k-surface. Since the metamaterial discussed here have been experimental realized from GHz to optical frequencies, the proposed abrupt change property of reflectivity may find some potential applications in various calibration devices, because of its extremely sensitivity to the transverse wave number.     

非线性光学晶体硼酸镧钠(Na_3La_9B_8O_(27))的光谱研究

测量了Na3La9B8O27晶体在紫外-可见光-红外波段的透射光谱和反射光谱,分析得到其在上述波段的吸收光谱。在波长400nm~2000nm范围内,透射比超过80%,禁带宽度为3.93eV,没有明显的缺陷和杂质吸收。测量了该晶体在太赫兹波段的时域光谱,分析得到其在上述波段的吸收光谱、折射光谱,且通过光学常数之间的关系,得到其介电常数ε曲线。在0.3~1.5THz内吸收小于10cm-1。在0.3~2.4THz内,介电常熟实部ε1成近似线性递增趋势,介电常熟虚部ε2小于0.03。