The scattering cross section of a resonator in a multimode waveguide

The scattering of sound by a single monopole-dipole resonator in a multimode pipe is investigated. The resonator has the form of a Helmholtz resonator connected through a small bar to the pipe wall. In fact, this resonator is a combination of a monopole resonator and a dipole one positioned at the same point. The scattered fields of these resonators are orthogonal to each other. The scattering cross sections of the monopole and dipole resonators in a multimode pipe are calculated. The scattering cross section of the monopole-dipole resonator is determined as the sum of the scattering cross sections of the monopole and the dipole resonators. The friction in a resonator (the monopole or dipole resonator) reduces its scattering cross section by a factor of (1 + β)², where β is the ratio between the friction resistance and the radiation resistance of this resonator.     

Sound absorption by an active resonator array near an impedance surface

Absorption of sound waves incident on a plane surface with arbitrary impedance by a planar active resonator array consisting of monopole or dipole resonators and positioned near the surface is considered. Appropriate tuning of active resonators ensures complete absorption of sound waves incident at a fixed angle in a broad frequency band. The effect of tuning errors on the efficiency of sound absorption by the systems under study is investigated. It is shown that, for rigid surfaces, a monopole resonator array yields a higher absorption efficiency, whereas for soft surfaces, a dipole resonator array is the more efficient one.     

Scattering of a Rayleigh wave by monopole-dipole resonators

The problem of scattering of a Rayleigh wave by a chain of identical closely spaced monopole-dipole resonators with friction is considered. The values of resonator parameters that provide the rejection of the Rayleigh wave are found. The conditions under which the Rayleigh wave is much more efficiently reflected by the dipole resonators than by the monopole ones are determined.     

A monopole-dipole resonance absorber in a narrow waveguide

A sound absorber in a narrow waveguide is considered. The absorber consists of one monopole and one dipole resonator placed in a narrow pipe. The optimum parameters of the resonators that provide for the maximum absorption of acoustic power are determined. Results of an experimental study of a two-resonator absorbing system are presented. A 95% absorption is achieved.     

Evidence for spatial representation of object shape by echolocating bats (Eptesicus fuscus)

Big brown bats were trained in a two-choice task to locate a two-cylinder dipole object with a constant 5 cm spacing in the presence of either a one-cylinder monopole or another two-cylinder dipole with a shorter spacing. For the dipole versus monopole task, the objects were either stationary or in motion during each trial. The dipole and monopole objects varied from trial to trial in the left-right position while also roving in range (10-40 cm), cross range separation (15-40 cm), and dipole aspect angle (0 degrees -90 degrees ). These manipulations prevented any single feature of the acoustic stimuli from being a stable indicator of which object was the correct choice. After accounting for effects of masking between echoes from pairs of cylinders at similar distances, the bats discriminated the 5 cm dipole from both the monopole and dipole alternatives with performance independent of aspect angle, implying a distal, spatial object representation rather than a proximal, acoustic object representation.     

电磁学与电动力学中的磁单极-Ⅱ

本系列文章一共4篇,在电磁学和电动力学框架内用尽量科普的方式分别介绍磁单极的若干奇特性质.本篇文章主要介绍狄拉克磁单极是如何展示矢量势的规范变换的.我们首先简要介绍规范变换与规范对称性及狄拉克磁单极与狄拉克弦,然后讨论狄拉克磁单极与规范变换的联系.我们显式演示狄拉克弦摆动产生的规范变换,弦摆动区域对场点所张的立体角正比于规范变换的变换函数.磁偶极子则可以由两个无穷靠近的正反狄拉克磁单极构成.相应两条狄拉克弦位置的变化都对应磁偶极子矢量势的规范变换,特别当两条弦重合时弦效应相互抵消,只剩下纯的磁偶极子.传统的由磁偶极子产生的矢量势的规范变换则可以图像化为组成磁偶极子的正反狄拉克磁单极的狄拉克弦的摆动.我们显式地计算了位于坐标原点弦为直线的狄拉克磁单极,并进一步构造了没有奇异的吴大峻-杨振宁磁单极.     

The added masses of a monopole and a dipole in a narrow pipe

The added masses of a monopole and a dipole placed in a narrow pipe are studied experimentally. It is shown that, when a monopole passes from a free space into a narrow pipe, its added mass decreases, whereas the added mass of a dipole in a similar situation increases. Inside the pipe, for both monopole and dipole radiators, the value of the added mass depends on the radiator position with respect to the pipe wall. If the radiator is at the pipe axis, its added mass is at a minimum; when the radiator moves toward the wall, the added mass increases. This dependence is qualitatively explained using a simple example.     

The interaction of transverse domain walls

The interaction between transverse domain walls is calculated analytically using a multipole expansion up to third order. Starting from an analytical expression for the magnetization in the wall, the monopole, dipole, and quadrupole moments are derived and their impact on the interaction is investigated using the surface and volume charges. The surface charges are important for the dipole moment while the volume charges constitute the monopole and quadrupole moments. For domain walls that are situated in different wires it is found that there is a strong deviation from the interaction of two monopoles. This deviation is caused by the interaction of the monopole of the wall in the first wire with the dipole of the wall in the second wire and vice versa. The dipole-dipole and the quadrupole-monopole interactions are found to be also of considerable size and non-negligible. A comparison with micromagnetic simulations shows a good agreement.     

Perturbative QCD analysis of B to π and B to ρ transitions

We calculate the form factors and of and V, , and of transition matrix elements by using the factorization formalism of perturbative QCD in the region . In the limit of , , and , the results show that and are of monopole type, V, and of dipole type, and of a combination of monopole and dipole types with dipole type dominating. Received: 20 April 1998 / Published online: 5 October 1998     

Excitation of oscillations in a hemispherical dielectric resonator by a radial magnetic dipole

Forced oscillations excited by a radial magnetic dipole in a dielectric hemisphere (resonator) placed on a perfectly conducting plane are studied. It is shown that the dipole excites H modes. When the dipole radiation frequency equals the eigenfrequency of the resonator, an amplitude resonance is observed in the spectrum. The excitation efficiency is high when the magnetic dipole is placed at the maximum of the radial field component of the resonator’s eigenmode.     

多分量方位远探测声波测井的理论与应用

基于线性拟合的利用岩石动态模量预测静态模量方法存在经验性强且精度不准的问题,利用实验测量的岩石纵波速度、孔隙度和体密度作为输入参数,基于多基因遗传规划方法,不断进化模型得到静态模量关于三个参数的解析表达式,对储层砂岩的静态模量进行了预测。结果表明,多基因遗传规划方法得到的模量表达式更为精确,此外,由于多基因遗传规划方法中横波速度不必要作为计算过程中的输入参数,因此避免了横波速度测量不准确或缺失而带来的静态模量计算误差。     

超晶格中电场单极畴与偶极畴的形成和输运

采用分立漂移模型,数值模拟和分析直流偏压下超晶格中单极电场畴和偶极电场畴的形成和输运.随着超晶格两端接触层掺杂浓度和阱中掺杂浓度的不同,可以得到单极畴、偶极畴以及单极畴与偶极畴共存 关键词： 超晶格 单极畴 偶极畴 电流自激振荡     

Vortex sound due to a flexible boundary backed by a cavity in a low mach number mean flow

Low frequency sound radiated due to the unsteady motion of an inviscid vortex in the proximity of a flexible membrane backed by an airtight cavity on an otherwise rigid plane is investigated theoretically. Results show that both monopole and dipole are created but the latter is important only when the vortex is traversing over the membrane. The monopole results from the membrane vibration and the dipole from the transverse motion of the vortex. It is also found that these sound fields tend to counteract each other. The increase in the mean flow speed in general results in a stronger acoustic power radiation, but sound attenuation may be possible if the membrane-cavity system is weak compared with the mean flow momentum.     

Enhancement of spontaneous emission from the resonant modes of a photonic crystal slab single-defect cavity

Modification of the spontaneous-emission lifetime in photonic crystal single-defect resonant modes is studied with the finite-difference time domain method. We investigate spontaneous-emission enhancement from the monopole and the dipole modes of a hexagonal lattice cavity, considering the effects of the finite emitter linewidth and spectral detuning. Large spontaneous-emission enhancement of > 50 is achieved numerically from the high-quality-factor monopole mode when the emitter linewidth is comparable with the resonant-mode linewidth. However, if broad-linewidth material is used and a detuning effect is included, the dipole mode with a low quality factor and a smaller mode volume could be more advantageous for spontaneous-emission enhancement.     

Acoustic radiation from a drop due to its nonlinear vibrations

It is shown that the intensity of acoustic radiation from a vibrating drop depends mainly on the monopole and dipole components appearing only in the second order of smallness in vibration amplitude. The intensity of the quadrupole acoustic radiation generated by the vibration fundamental mode in the first order of smallness in amplitude turns out to be much weaker. This is associated with the fact that, if the acoustic wavelength is much larger than the drop characteristic size, their ratio becomes a governing small parameter, being lesser than the ratio of the drop vibration amplitude to the drop linear size. Analytical estimates of the amplitudes of monopole, dipole, and quadrupole components of the velocity field associated with the acoustic field of the drop.     

Empirical transverse charge densities in the nucleon and the nucleon-to-delta transition

Using only the current empirical information on the nucleon electromagnetic form factors we map out the transverse charge density in proton and neutron as viewed from a light front moving towards a transversely polarized nucleon. These charge densities are characterized by a dipole pattern, in addition to the monopole field corresponding with the unpolarized density. Furthermore, we use the latest empirical information on the N-->Delta transition form factors to map out the transition charge density which induces the N-->Delta excitation. This transition charge density in a transversely polarized N and Delta contains both monopole, dipole and quadrupole patterns, the latter corresponding with a deformation of the N and Delta charge distribution.     

Power requirements for active noise control in ducts

Active attenuation of noise in a duct generally requires either one or two rings of cancelling loudspeakers located around the duct perimeter. Consideration is given to the acoustic loading on the loudspeakers and it is shown that the use of a horn is likely to create more problems that it solves. Direct radiator operation, with the drive units attached directly to the duct walls, is preferable. The single ring (monopole) system reflects the noise giving rise to upstream standing waves, meaning that the loudspeakers and amplifiers must be able to handle correspondingly larger signals. The double ring (dipole) system absorbs the noise and is more efficient than the monopole system. The dipole system can be made still more efficient over a narrow band of frequencies by tuning both the loudspeakers and the spacing between them.     

Isoscalar monopole and dipole transition matrix elements from inelastic alpha scattering

Using an implicit folding procedure, isoscalar monopole and dipole transition matrix elements are expressed in terms of deformation parameters and moments of the optical potential forα-scattering. Application to monopole states in light nuclei gives good agreement with data determined electromagnetically. For isoscalar dipole states, the method gives information on 〈r ³〉 matrix elements which cannot be obtained otherwise.     

Analytic solutions to Maxwell–London equations and levitation force for a general magnetic source in the presence of a long type-II superconducting cylinder

The interaction between a general magnetic source and a long type-II superconducting cylinder in the Meissner or mixed state is studied within the London theory. We first study the Meissner state and solve the Maxwell–London equations when the source is a magnetic monopole located at an arbitrary position. Then the field and supercurrent for a more complicated magnetic charge distribution can be obtained by superposition. A magnetic point dipole with arbitrary direction is studied in detail. It turns out that the levitation force on the dipole contains in general an angular as well as a radial component. By integration we obtain the field and supercurrent when the source is a two-dimensional monopole (a magnetically charged long thread along the axial direction), from which the results for a two-dimensional point dipole easily follow. In the latter case the levitation force points in the radial direction regardless of the orientation of the dipole. The case for a current carrying long straight wire parallel to the cylindrical axis is solved separately. The limit of ideal Meissner state is discussed in most cases. The case of mixed state is discussed briefly. It turns out that vortex lines along the axial direction and vortex rings concentric with the cylinder have no effect outside the cylinder and the levitation forces remain the same as in the case of the Meissner state.     

Effects of magnetic monopoles on nuclear wave functions and possible catalysis of nuclear beta decay and spontaneous fission

Mixing effects in nuclear wave functions by the strong magnetic field of a magnetic monopole are estimated. A monopole at a distance of 10 fm from a deuteron mixes the single and triplet spin levels with a strength comparable to the deuteron binding energy. Forbidden nuclear beta decay transitions can be enhanced bymixing nuclear wave functions with other states for which the beta decay transition is less inhibited. Particularly suitable candidates have nearby excited states connected by magnetic dipole transitions to the ground state. Magnetic mixing can also strongly enhance spontaneous fission.