铅球飞行轨迹方程的微分解及应用

本文根据运动学原理建立了铅球轨迹方程,考虑铅球落点位置,利用微积分和三角函数理论求出手角极值和最大飞进距离,得出了最佳出手角、最大飞进距离与出手点高度初速度之间简单表达式,并通过计算制成了最佳出手角、最大飞进距离表。     

铅球投掷中的数学模型

我们知道,铅球的投掷运动是运动员单手托住7.264kg(16磅)重的铅球,在直径为2.135m的投掷圆内,将铅球投掷在45°的有效扇形区域内,以铅球的落地点与投掷圆间的距离作为运动员的成绩.在铅球的训练和比赛中,铅球投掷距离是人们最关心的问题.而对于教练和运动员最为关心的问题是如何使铅球掷得更远影响铅球     

铅球投掷中的数学模型

我们知道,铅球的投掷运动是运动员单手托住7．264kg（16磅）重的铅球,在直径为2．135m的投掷圆内,将铅球投掷在45°的有效扇形区域内,以铅球的落地点与投掷圆间的距离作为运动员的成绩．     

推铅球的最佳抛射角应小于45°

推铅球运动起源于公元前的投掷石块比赛 ,后普及发展为最早的投掷项目之一 ,公元 1896年在雅典举行的第一届奥运会上 ,男子铅球列为正式的比赛项目 ,创造了 11.2 2米的纪录 .在 1984年伦敦举行的第 14届奥运会上 ,女子铅球也列为正式项目 ,创造了 13.75米的纪录 .推铅球的规则是 :运动员要在直径为 2 1.35米的圆形投掷场地进行投掷动作 ,从 1975年起规定铅球的质量为 7.2 6千克 .投掷方法也在不断改革 :古老的上步推球或垫步推球改为侧向滑步推球、背向滑步推球、旋转推球等 .近半个世纪以来 ,成绩有很大提高 ,男子铅球纪录提高了 4米 ,女子…     

用变分方法研究篮球投篮最佳出手角

运用变分方法对投篮最佳出手角的确定进行了研究,从抗角度偏差与抗速度误差及出手最省力三个方面,对出手角的优化进行了讨论,得到了较好的,并且符合实际的精确定量结果.     

基于中国地震的损失模型(英文)

对损失分布的估计一直是保险公司的重要问题. 有多种参数方法以及非参数方法拟合损失分布. 本文作者提出了结合参数和非参数的方法来解决损失分布拟合问题. 首先通过超额均值图确定大小损失之间的阈限,再利用广义Pareto分布拟合阈值以上损失, 转换后的核密度估计拟合阈值以下损失. 最后, 通过实证分析将该方法和其他方法进行了误差分析比较, 取得了理想的结果.     

基于趋势修正的灰预测模型优化研究

针对序列增长趋势不完全满足准指数规律时的灰色预测建模问题,提出基于GM(1,1)模型与序列增长趋势之间偏差修正的建模方法,将GM(1,1)模型还原式中的常数项作为灰变量处理,加入调整系数以缩小拟合值与实际值之间的增长趋势差异,利用灰色离散模型拟合调整系数的变化过程,将得到的调整系数拟合值带入原时间响应函数,进而得到趋势修正的原始序列拟合值;运用新的建模方法对南京市第三产业用电量进行拟合和预测,证明了方法有效提升了GM(1,1)建模精度,并且拟合序列和实际序列的灰色绝对关联度得到提高.     

Pareto分布中门槛值的确定及其在股票市场中的应用

本文根据Pareto分布与两参数指数分布之间的相互关系,利用两参数指数分布的拟合优度检验统计量给出了确定Pareto分布的门槛值的一种方法。利用道琼斯指数和上证综合指数的收益率序列说明所给方法,结果表明所给方法优于现有方法。     

线性数据拟合方法的误差分析及其改进应用

利用最小二乘法进行线性数据拟合在一定条件下存在着误差较大的缺陷,为使线性数据拟合方法在科学实验和工程实践中能够更加准确地求解量与量之间的关系表达式,本文通过对常用线性数据拟合方法———最小二乘法进行了误差分析,并在此基础上提出了最小距离平方和法以对最小二乘法作改进处理.最后,通过举例分析对两种线性数据拟合方法的优劣加以讨论并分别给出其较为合理的应用控制条件.     

标枪的投掷与构造的优化问题

<正> 本文借助于标枪运动的非线性微分方程组,建立标枪的投掷与构造的优化模型.采用复合型法对标枪的投掷角度、攻角及其构造参数进行优化,用电子计算机算出了初步结果.本文可以为训练标枪运动员与制造先进的标枪提供科学的数据.     

An Experimental and Numerical Study of Deformable Bodies Contact

This study deals with the impact of a rotating disc elastically striking a strip. We establish an experimental setup including a disc with a throwing machine controlled by a dSPACE-Autobox to generate the translational and rotational motions of the disc, a properly fixed strip and a high-speed digital camera system with an image processing package to capture kinematical data of the disc. The effects of strip flexibility and disc initial normal velocity before impact are investigated in detail. For interpreting the experimental results a hybrid impact model is developed which can provide not only generally good predictions compared with measurements but also some insight into the influences of strip flexibility and disc initial motions. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Approximate formula for the vertical asymptote of projectile motion in midair

The classic problem of the motion of a point mass (projectile) thrown at an angle to the horizon is reviewed. The air drag force is taken into account with the drag factor assumed to be constant. An analytical approach is used for the investigation. An approximate formula is obtained for one of the characteristics of the motion – the vertical asymptote. The value of an asymptote is determined directly by the initial conditions of throwing. Analytically derived values of asymptotes in comparison with numerical values obtained by integrating the equations of motion are given. The motion of a baseball is presented as an example.     

Transverse vibration of viscoelastic sandwich beam with time-dependent axial tension and axially varying moving velocity

Nonlinearly parametric resonances of axially accelerating moving viscoelastic sandwich beams with time-dependent tension are investigated in this paper. Based on the Kelvin differential constitutive equation, the controlling equation of the transverse vibration of a beam with large deflection is established. The system has been subjected to a time varying velocity and a harmonic axial tension. Here the governing equation of motion contains linear parametric terms and two frequencies, one is the frequency of axially moving velocity and the other one is the frequency of varying tension. The method of multiple scales is applied directly to the governing equation to obtain the complex eigenfunctions and natural frequencies of the system. The elimination of secular terms leads to the steady-state response and amplitude of vibrations. The influence of various parameters such as initial tension on natural frequencies and the amplitude of axial fluctuation, the phase angle between the two frequencies on response curves has been investigated for two different resonance conditions. With the help of numerical results, it has been shown that by using suitable initial tension, the amplitude of axial fluctuation, the phase angle, the vibration of the sandwich beam can be significantly controlled.     

Measure-valued solutions to nonlocal transport equations on networks

Aiming to describe traffic flow on road networks with long-range driver interactions, we study a nonlinear transport equation defined on an oriented network where the velocity field depends not only on the state variable but also on the distribution of the population. We prove existence, uniqueness and continuous dependence results of the solution intended in a suitable measure-theoretic sense. We also provide a representation formula in terms of the push-forward of the initial and boundary data along the network and discuss an explicit example of nonlocal velocity field fitting our framework.     

Uniqueness and growth of weak solutions to certain linear differential equations in Hilbert space

In this paper, we study, by means of a modification of the weighted energy method, the questions of uniqueness and growth of weak solutions to evolutionary equations of the form u_tt = Mu where M is a symmetric operator and u takes values in a Hilbert space. We show that if the initial energy is negative, then the kinetic and potential energies have exponential growth. This is also the case when the initial energy is nonnegative provided it is not too large and the cosine of the angle between the initial displacement and initial velocity is sufficiently close to one.We also derive a continuous dependence result.     

On the Evolution of an Angle in a Vortex Patch

Summary. The inviscid incompressible two-dimensional motion of some initially convex singular vortex patches is examined. The angle's evolution of a tangent-slope discontinuity on a singular contour is studied from a numerical and theoretical point of view. Different numerical examples show that the angle shrinks for initial angle less than 90^o , and the angle widens when the initial angle is greater than 90^o or is ``approximately' preserved for initial angle 90^o for small time evolution. An asymptotic expansion of the initial velocity field near a singularity for a class of singular vortex patches is performed to reinforce this result analytically. Some initially nonconvex singular patches in which the evolution does not follow this rule are shown.     

二个四参数增长曲线模型参数初始值的确定方法与模型应用

对非线性回归模型进行非线性最小二乘估计一般需要确定参数初始值.在非线性回归模型中,General Logistic模型和Von Bertalanffy模型是二个含有四参数的增长曲线模型,对数据的拟合有较强的适应性,应用较为广泛.本文给出这两个模型参数初始值的确定方法,并应用于实际拟合,得到很好的效果.     

Optimal penetration landing trajectories in the presence of windshear

This paper is concerned with optimal flight trajectories in the presence of windshear. The penetration landing problem is considered with reference to flight in a vertical plane, governed by either one control (the angle of attack, if the power setting is predetermined) or two controls (the angle of attack and the power setting). Inequality constraints are imposed on the angle of attack, the power setting, and their time derivatives.The performance index being minimized measures the deviation of the flight trajectory from a nominal trajectory. In turn, the nominal trajectory includes two parts: the approach part, in which the slope is constant; and the flare part, in which the slope is a linear function of the horizontal distance. In the optimization process, the time is free; the absolute path inclination at touchdown is specified; the touchdown velocity is subject to upper and lower bounds; and the touchdown distance is subject to upper and lower bounds.Three power setting schemes are investigated: (S1) maximum power setting; (S2) constant power setting; and (S3) control power setting. In Scheme (S1), it is assumed that, immediately after the windshear onset, the power setting is increased at a constant time rate until maximum power setting is reached; afterward, the power setting is held constant; in this scheme, the only control is the angle of attack. In Scheme (S2), it is assumed that the power setting is held at a constant value, equal to the prewindshear value; in this scheme, the only control is the angle of attack. In Scheme (S3), the power setting is regarded as a control, just as the angle of attack.Under the above conditions, the optimal control problem is solved by means of the primal sequential gradient-restoration algorithm (PSGRA). Numerical results are obtained for several combinations of windshear intensities and initial altitudes. The main conclusions are given below with reference to strong-to-severe windshears.In Scheme (S1), the touchdown requirements can be satisfied for relatively low initial altitudes, while they cannot be satisfied for relatively high initial altitudes; the major inconvenient is excess of velocity at touchdown. In Scheme (S2), the touchdown requirements cannot be satisfied, regardless of the initial altitude; the major inconvenient is defect of horizontal distance at touchdown.In Scheme (S3), the touchdown requirements can be satisfied, and the optimal trajectories exhibit the following characteristics: (i) the angle of attack has an initial decrease, which is followed by a gradual, sustained increase; the largest value of the angle of attack is attained near the end of the shear; in the aftershear region, the angle of attack decreases gradually; (ii) initially, the power setting increases rapidly until maximum power setting is reached; then, maximum power setting is maintained in the shear region; in the aftershear region, the power setting decreases gradually; (iii) the relative velocity decreases in the shear region and increases in the aftershear region; the point of minimum velocity occurs at the end of the shear; and (iv) depending on the windshear intensity and the initial altitude, the deviations of the flight trajectory from the nominal trajectory can be considerable in the shear region; however, these deviations become small in the aftershear region, and the optimal flight trajectory recovers the nominal trajectory.A comparison is shown between the optimal trajectories of Scheme (S3) and the trajectories arising from alternative guidance schemes, such as fixed controls (fixed angle of attack, coupled with fixed power setting) and autoland (angle of attack controlled via path inclination signals, coupled with power setting controlled via velocity signals). The superiority of the optimal trajectories of Scheme (S3) is shown in terms of the ability to meet the path inclination, velocity, and distance requirements at touchdown. Therefore, it is felt that guidance schemes based on the properties of the optimal trajectories of Scheme (S3) should prove to be superior to alternative guidance schemes, such as the fixed control guidance scheme and the autoland guidance scheme.Portions of this paper were presented at the AIAA 26th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, January 11–14, 1988 (Paper No. AIAA-88-0580).This research was supported by NASA-Langley Research Center, Grant No. NAG-1-516, by Boeing Commercial Airplane Company (BCAC), and by Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA).The authors are indebted to Dr. R. L. Bowles, NASA-Langley Research Center, and to Dr. G. R. Hennig, Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, for helpful discussions.     

Features of the linear stage of the development of 3D disturbances in the plane Poiseuille-Couette flow

Within the framework of the triple-deck theory, the linear stage of the development of three-dimensional disturbances in the Poiseuille-Couette flow was investigated. Numerical computations revealed “ripples” developing in the side direction in the initial phase of the linear stage. As in the case of two-dimensional disturbances, an increase in the relative velocity of the walls leads to the splitting of disturbances into two wave packets, of which the first grows faster and moves at a higher velocity. The disturbances propagate within a certain angle range.