含甲缩醛柴油喷雾和燃烧排放特性的试验研究

应用激光相位多普勒技术测量了含甲缩醛柴油喷雾的速度场和粒径场,在直喷式柴油机上研究了该含氧混合燃油的燃烧排放特性。结果表明,添加甲缩醛可改善柴油的雾化,增加喷雾轴线上的粒子速度,但减小喷雾锥角;同时以远大于其加入的比例降低柴油机排气烟度,但对氮氧化物的排放影响不大。柴油机采用甲缩醛作燃油添加剂时,需改造燃油系统。     

喷雾夹角对柴油机性能影响的数值模拟

为研究喷雾夹角对柴油机性能的影响,应用STAR-CD程序对不同喷雾夹角的燃烧过程进行三维数值模拟.计算结果表明喷雾夹角决定了油束在燃烧室的空间分布和燃油与壁面的碰撞参数,进而影响到燃油的雾化与燃烧.当碰撞距离增加,燃油雾化时间增加.当撞壁入射角度减小,燃油壁面涂布能力增强,促进燃油蒸发雾化.当油束将燃烧室有效容积等分时,油气混合均匀,具有良好的燃烧效果.     

带膨胀腔喷嘴制冷剂R134a闪蒸喷雾可视化研究

闪蒸喷雾由于存在特殊的气泡爆裂使得其在较小压力下即能够实现较好的雾化效果。为了探索制冷剂R134a的闪蒸喷雾机理,本文利用高速摄像机对直管石英玻璃喷嘴内部流型以及不同膨胀腔喷嘴的外部喷雾特性进行了可视化观察及量化比较。发现随喷雾压力增大,制冷剂R134a在直管喷嘴内部表现出对称空化、非对称空化和类弹状空化等不同的空化流型,其中对称空化流型对应的雾化锥角基本相同。膨胀腔型喷嘴达到较小喷雾锥角所对应的膨胀腔长径比为1:2~2:1,最佳外部喷雾锥角稳定在70°左右。     

R134a闪蒸喷雾液滴动力学特征实验研究

闪蒸喷雾是典型的气液两相流动,在能源、化工、航天、医疗生物和食品生产等领域中应用非常广泛,对闪蒸喷雾形成的气液两相流中液滴粒径与速度的分布规律进行研究具有重要意义。本文搭建了闪蒸喷雾实验台,以R134a制冷剂为闪蒸喷雾工质,通过特定喷嘴形成闪蒸喷雾气液两相流。应用PDPA对闪蒸喷雾液滴直径和速度沿喷雾轴向方向和径向方向进行系统测量,拟合出了液滴轴向和径向无量纲速度沿径向无量纲距离变化的经验关联式。     

旋流多级气动喷嘴设计和喷雾特性研究

本文针对可调加热器用燃烧室的需要，设计了两种新型旋流多级气动雾化喷嘴，并对雾化性能进行了实验研究，探讨了影响喷雾特性的主要因素，评价了喷雾场．研究了最佳喷嘴结构形式，在模拟工况下雾化性能良好，适合小流量燃烧室工作需要，ＳＭＤ接近 ２５ μｍ．     

R134制冷剂闪蒸瞬态喷雾和传热特性的实验研究

制冷剂闪蒸瞬态喷雾冷却是皮肤激光手术中的重要辅助手段,既能够提高激光能量改善治疗效果,又可以保护表皮正常组织不受激光热损伤.针对制冷剂闪蒸瞬态喷雾冷却过程中所涉及的喷雾动力学和复杂沸腾相变传热等学术难点问题,本文建立了制冷剂闪蒸喷雾冷却实验台,对R134a制冷剂闪蒸喷雾冷却的喷雾特性和表面传热特性进行实验研究,得到了制...     

基于OpenFOAM的异戊烷闪蒸喷雾动力学特性研究

石油、化工等过程工业中,由于压力容器或者管道破裂而容易引发高压危险化学品泄漏形成闪蒸喷雾.掌握这类闪蒸喷雾动力学特性对事故危害的风险评估具有重要意义.本文通过开源库OpenFOAM及网格局部加密技术对异戊烷闪蒸喷雾进行了数值仿真研究.不同喷雾初始压力和过热温度下模拟喷雾形态结果、以及液滴粒径与速度分布,均与高速摄像机拍...     

6110柴油机喷雾过程的多维瞬态数值模拟研究

将柴油机全体燃烧室部件(气缸盖-气缸套-活塞组)作为一个耦合体,在对耦合体进行传热数值模拟的基础上得到喷雾过程缸内计算的壁面边界条件.利用大型通用CFD软件STAR-CD及ES-ICE,在进气压缩过程多维瞬态数值模拟基础上,对6110柴油机喷雾过程进行多维瞬态数值模拟研究.通过计算,着重分析缸内两相流动,燃油喷射、雾化以及喷雾粒子的空间分布等.     

PODE3-5/柴油混合燃料高海拔喷雾特性研究

利用定容弹喷雾试验台,开展了柴油、PODE_3-5/柴油混合燃料(20%PODE_3-5+80%柴油)、PODE_3-5三种燃料喷雾特性试验,研究了不同海拔热力学边界条件下混合燃料喷雾浓度场分布,喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角以及喷雾体积、卷吸质量、轴向和径向当量比、索特平均直径的变化规律。结果表明：随着海拔的升高,混合燃料喷雾过程中韦伯数和奥内佐格数降低,抑制了燃料二次雾化破碎,环境压力对喷雾纵向发展影响较为明显,环境温度对喷雾横向发展更为明显。PODE_3-5燃料较低的蒸馏点和运动黏度促进了雾化发展,导致喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角同时降低,且降低幅度随PODE_3-5含量增加和海拔升高而增大。海拔5500m环境条件下,PODE_3-5/柴油混合燃料喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角比柴油分别减小9.2%和22.1%。     

喷雾参数对闪蒸冷却换热效果影响的数值研究

真空闪蒸冷却是利用液体工质在真空环境下迅速闪蒸吸热的特点来冷却加热表面的新型冷却方式,其充分利用工质潜热,散热能力强,在航天热控方面有广阔的应用前景。本文用数值研究了喷雾张角、喷雾高度、喷雾压力对水工质闪蒸冷却换热效果的影响。研究结果表明:喷雾压力越大、高度越小,发热表面温度越低,换热量越大,表面温度不均匀性越小;30°喷雾张角比60°换热效果好。本文的研究结果为闪蒸器的优化设计提供了理论基础。     

Effects of flash boiling injection on in-cylinder spray,mixing and combustion of a spark-ignition direct-injection engine

Higher engine efficiency and ever stringent pollutant emission regulations are considered as the most important challenges for today's automotive industry. Fast evaporation and combustion technique has caused unprecedented attention due to its potential to solve both of the above challenges. Flash boiling, which features a two-phase flow that constantly generates vapor bubbles inside the liquid spray is ideal to achieve fast evaporation and combustion inside direct-injection (DI) gasoline engines. In this study, three spray conditions, including liquid, transitional flash boiling and flare flash boiling spray were studied for comparison under cold start condition in a spark-ignition direct-injection (SIDI) optical gasoline engine. Optical access into the combustion chamber includes a quartz linear and a quartz insert on the piston. In separate experiments, we recorded the crank angle resolved spray morphology using laser scattering technique, and distribution of fuel before ignition employing laser induced fluorescence technology, as well as time-resolved color images of flame with high-speed camera. The spray morphology during the intake stroke shows stronger plume-plume and plume-air interaction under flash boiling condition, as well as smaller penetration. Then around the end of compression (before ignition), the fuel distribution is also shown to be more homogeneous with less cyclic variation under flash boiling. Finally, from the color images of the flame, it was found that with the increase of superheat degree, the diffusion rate of blue flame (generated by excited molecules) is higher, which is considered to be related with the larger fractal dimension of the flame front. Also, the combustion is more complete with less yellow flame under flash boiling.     

Effect of flash boiling injection on combustion and PN emissions of DISI optical engine fueled with butanol isomers/TPRF blends

Direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engines have been widely used in passenger cars due to their lower fuel consumption, better controllability, and high efficiency. However, DISI engines are suffering from wall wetting, imperfect mixture formation, excess soot emissions, and cyclic variations. Applying a new fuel atomization technique and using biofuels with their distinctive properties can potentially aid in improving DISI engines. In this research, the effects of isobutanol and 2-butanol and their blends with Toluene Primary Reference Fuel (TPRF) on spray characteristics, DISI engine combustion, and particle number (PN) emissions are investigated for conditions with and without flash boiling of the injected fuel. Spray characteristics are investigated using a constant volume chamber. Then, the combustion, flame propagation, and PN emissions are examined using an optical DISI engine. The fuel temperature is set to 298 K and 453 K for liquid injection and flash boiling injection, respectively. The tested blending ratio is 30 vol% butanol isomers and 70 vol% TPRF. The results of the spray test reveal that liquid fuel plumes are distinctly observed, and butanol blends show a slightly wider spray angle with lower penetration length compared to TPRF. However, under flash boiling injection, the sprays collapse towards the injector axis, forming a more extended single central vapor jet due to the plumes' interaction. Meanwhile, butanol blends yield a narrow spray angle with more extended penetration compared to TPRF. The flame visualization test shows that the flash boiling injection reduced yellow flames compared to liquid fuel injection, reflecting the improvements in mixture formation. Thus, improvements were noted in the heat release and PN emissions. Butanol addition reduced the PN emissions by 43% under regular liquid injection. Flash boiling injection provided an additional 25% reduction in PN emissions.     

Ultra-lean limit extension for gasoline direct injection engine application via high energy ignition and flash boiling atomization

Extensive efforts have been made in achieving leaner combustion for gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines to further improve the thermal efficiency and reduce harmful emissions. Among these techniques, increasing ignition energy has been proven to be an effective method to achieve lean combustion. Few targets the atomization process of the fuel in generating a more homogenous fuel-air mixture, which is believed to be able to extend the lean flammability limit of the engine. This investigation explores the use of flash boiling atomization, a technique to improve spray atomization via elevating the fuel temperature, in combination with high energy ignition technique for better GDI engine performance under lean-burn conditions. For such purposes, a single-cylinder, optical GDI engine was used with high-speed imaging techniques, along with other measurement instruments. The fuel was preheated by a heating element and high energy ignitions were generated by a customized ignition system. ignitions with various initial currents (transistor coil ignition (TCI), 250 mA, and 500 mA) under both sub-cooled and flash boiling conditions were examined using different excess air ratios. It was found that using flash boiling atomization has extended the lean limit from 1.95 to 2.10 under the 500 mA initial current ignition. Other critical parameters such as indicative mean effective pressure (IMEP), emissions such as CO, NO_x, THC were also analyzed to demonstrate the impacts of high energy ignition and flash boiling atomization.     

Characterization of the boiling width on metal quenching with spray cooling

A hot aluminum alloy AA6082 and nickel disc of 560°C and 850°C was cooled by water spray of various spray flux under different condition of experiment. Temperature history was recorded with use of an infrared camera. During the quenching process, it was observed that the area with no apparent boiling and the outer annular region with vigorous liquid boiling have formed the boiling region. The width of the boiling region is essential as the maximum heat flux point is within the boiling region. Boiling width increases with initial temperature but decreases with water subcooling, spray flux and salinity.     

Interpreting the influence of fuel spray impact on mixture preparation for HCCI combustion with port-fuel injection

This paper addresses the influence of fuel spray impact on fuel/air mixture for combustion in port-fuel injection engines. The experiments include time resolved measurements of surface temperature synchronized with PDA measurements of droplet dynamics at impact and were conducted to quantify the effects of interactions between successive injections on the mixture preparation for combustion in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines. Analysis shows that, during engine warm up, the heat transfer over the entire valve surface occurs within the vaporization-nucleate-boiling regime and the local instantaneous surface temperature correlates with the dynamics of droplets impacting at the same point. A functional relation is found for the heat transfer coefficient, which also describes other experiments reported in the literature. Similarity does not hold after the engine warms up because heat transfer and droplet vaporization at the surface are dominated by multiple interactions between droplets arisen from diverse heat transfer regimes. However, results evidence the existence of a critical surface temperature which sets a transition between overall heat transfer regimes dominated by local nucleate boiling at lower temperatures and by local intermittent transition regimes at higher temperatures. The heat transfer within the overall nucleate boiling regime is shown to be due to a thin film boiling mechanism leading to breakdown of the liquid-film at a nearly constant surface temperature, regardless of injection frequency or any other spray conditions. While at low frequencies this regime is not limited neither by the delivery of liquid to the surface, nor by the removal of vapour from the surface, at higher frequencies it is triggered by enhanced vaporization induced by piercing and mixing the liquid film. The results further evidence the important role of spray impingement for mixture preparation as required for HCCI.     

混合润湿性柱状纳米结构对铜板上纳米氩膜沸腾传热的影响

混合润湿性对固/液相互作用有显著影响,因此对提高相变过程中的传热速率有积极作用.采用分子动力学模拟方法研究了柱状纳米结构表面混合润湿性对池沸腾传热的影响.分析了混合润湿性和纳米结构柱高对液体起始沸腾时间和温度的影响及其机理.结果表明,疏水比例和柱高会影响爆沸的起始温度和时间.与纯亲水壁相比,增加疏水比改变了固液界面性质,可以降低沸腾温度,更容易突破势能壁垒,使液体起始沸腾时间提前,并且随着疏水比的增加,不同柱高下的沸腾温度降低;当疏水比相同时,增加柱高扩大了混合润湿性的影响,也能降低沸腾起始温度并使液体起始沸腾时间提前.这为设计微纳粗糙结构和混合润湿表面以强化沸腾传热提供了思路.     

喷雾冷却相变传热的建模与模拟计算

喷雾冷却是一种高效的热控技术,为了探索形成完善的喷雾冷却技术设计流程,文章开展了喷雾冷却传热过程的建模研究.针对喷雾冷却传热过程的模拟计算,基于喷雾冷却相变传热的4个传热机制:液膜对流传热、池沸腾传热、二次气泡沸腾传热、二次气泡高频化机制,利用Monte Carlo方法描述了不同粒径与速率分布的液滴撞击液膜并生成二次气...     

R1336mzz闪蒸喷雾冷却传热特性的实验研究

闪蒸喷雾冷却是高热流密度电子器件有效的散热技术之一.本研究采用新型工质R1336mzz,建立了一个闭式闪蒸喷雾冷却实验平台,研究了喷雾流量和入口温度等影响因素对其传热特性的影响.实验结果表明,闪蒸喷雾冷却的传热性能随流量的增加先增大后减小,在流量为1.4 L/min时,获得最佳的传热性能,临界热流密度最高可达349 W...     

溶有CO2燃油发动机NOx和碳烟排放的数值研究

本文在KIVA程序的基础上,建立了溶有CO2燃油低温着火模型、碳烟模型,修改了油滴的蒸发模型,并根据实测数据对溶有CO2燃油在缸内的喷射、蒸发、燃烧和燃烧排放物的生成过程进行了数值模拟,溶气燃油喷射时CO2析出过程产生的"微爆"作用促进了燃油的雾化,计算表明溶气燃油喷射形成的可燃混合气分布更均匀,从而改善了缸内局部高温和氧浓度分布不均的条件,减少了NOx和炭烟的生成.