用PowerPoint 2003轻松做课件

PowerPoint(PPT)是经常被用到的多媒体工具软件,新的PPT2003更新添了很多实用的功能。笔者结合自己制作课件的经历,分别从文稿输入、格式修改、动画制作、控件使用四个方面,介绍制作课件的技巧,与广大同行或有共同爱好者一起切磋讨论。     

有机化学实验教学对科研素养的培养——"思想实验"和基本科研能力的培养

我们借用了"思想实验"的概念,让学生结合已经学到的理论知识和基本操作技能,在动手进行实验前沙盘推演,想象完整的实验过程以及可能发生的现象和对应的处理操作,并把"思想实验"融入到ChemDraw软件使用、PPT制作、专业文献检索、归纳和阅读以及表达能力等基本科研能力的培养当中。本文详细介绍了我们在有机化学实验教学中利用"思想实验"培养学生科研素养方面的一些探索。     

PPT文件中的动画制作及在教学中的应用

介绍了利用PowerPoint软件的自定义动画中的"进入"、"强调"、"退出"、"动作路径"四类效果,制作教学中常用的化学结构式、图表、原理图、选择题等的动画制作的方法,以及常用图表的讲解、重点内容的强调、利用现有矢量性质剪帖画改制成自己所需图画的简易方法.PPT文件制作动画,操作简单,避免了超链接的麻烦,形成的文件小,便于拷贝,可制作出具有Flash效果的漂亮、生动的动画,丰富了教学内容、提升了教学效果.     

以“豆腐的制作”畅谈胶体知识与水凝胶的前沿应用

通过深入挖掘“豆腐的制作”工艺中渗透的科学知识,介绍了如何充分提取大豆蛋白质、如何将生豆浆转变为豆腐等内容,主要呈现了豆腐制作过程中体现的蛋白质性质、胶体的稳定性及凝固剂促使大豆蛋白聚沉原理等知识,并对豆腐产品的结构特点进行适当延伸,进而介绍水凝胶的发展与前沿应用。加深学生对所学知识的理解,拓展视野,培养学生热爱生活的态度及科研乐趣。     

初中化学“酸的性质复习”项目化教学——制作牙膏

以牙膏的制作为主线,通过认识口腔环境、选择牙膏材料、测定主材含量、动手制作牙膏等4个项目任务,复习酸的通性,拓展酸的个性。从元素观、转化观的视角认识物质转化规律,体现物质研究的一般思路,凸显科学探究的基本过程;构建验证无明显实验现象的反应发生的思路;建立混合物中定量测定某成分的方法;总结商品设计的思路及原则;深化物质组成决定性质、性质决定用途的学科观念。呈现一节利用已学化学知识解决真实问题的案例,有效培养学生的科学态度与社会责任,发展学生的质疑能力、批判能力、证据推理能力和创新意识。     

"高分子化学"网络课件的研制

本课件应用Photoshop8.0处理图片、制作按钮;用Front page2003编辑为静态网页;用Dream weaver MX2004建立链接所需的空白网页。教案采用Power point,其中化学反应方程式采用Chemical word,聚合反应机理采用3DWAX制成三维动画。在界面的设计方面,考虑到了整体布局和用户操作上的方便;在网页中图片使用、颜色搭配得当,版面设计合理,实现了形式与内容的统一。“高分子化学”课程具有化学反应方程式多且冗长、聚合反应机理抽象难以理解等特点。将该课程制成网络课件,以便提高教学质量,达到更好的教学效果。     

“课程思政”引领精细化工实验教学改革

分析了当下精细化工实验教学中存在的一些不足。鉴于此,首先利用“课程思政”帮助学生树立正确的人生观和专业观;其次,提供网络资源,让学生课前学习,抽出更多的上课时间做实验;最后,从实验内容、教学方法和考核形式三方面,对精细化工实验的教学方法进行了改革,取得了较为理想的效果。     

演示卤素物理性质的元素标本制作

为满足高中化学中卤素部分的教学需要,并针对学生在学习中对溴、碘在常见溶剂中所得溶液的颜色常常发生混淆的问题,有必要制作一个卤素标本教具.现介绍本人的制法与心得.     

初中化学“水的净化”的项目式教学——以“设计净水系统”为例

以“设计净水系统”为项目主题,介绍了项目教学主题选取、项目目标确定、项目规划、实施与评价策略。项目教学中,关注学生认知与思维发展,随着净水系统的设计、制作、测试和再设计项目学习活动的展开,引导学生综合运用化学、物理、数学等多学科知识方法分析解决问题,促进学生提炼真实情境下“物质分离与提纯”解决思路,发展化学学科核心素养,同时体验和感受完整的工程设计过程。     

PPT课件运行的窘境及解决方法

目前,PPT因为简单、便捷而成为制作课件的首选软件。但是纵观众多的PPT课件,笔者发现它与Flash动画、视频等整合得不是很好,在运行时会遇到以下的一些窘境。下面就分述PPT课件运行的窘境及解决方法。     

Investigation of the sorption of water vapor on cation-substituted vermiculite. 2. Thermodynamic description of sorption equilibria

The changes in the thermodynamic functions of the sorbents were calculated for the first time from measurements of the deformations of vermiculite during the sorption of water vapor and adsorption-calorimetric data.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Institute of Colloid Chemistry and the Chemistry of Water, Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, 252180 Kiev. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1270–1275, June, 1992.     

Thermodynamics of ionization of water over wide ranges of temperature and pressure

We have summarized results of many experimental investigations of the thermodynamics of ionization of H₂O(liq.) from 0–300°C and from 1.0 atm to nearly 8000 atm. Results of these investigations (equilibrium constants, enthalpies of ionization, heat capacities, partial molal volumes, and compressibilities) have been used for a number of thermodynamic calculations. It is particularly noteworthy that it is possible to use thermal data from 0–145°C with an equilibrium constant for 25°C in calculating reasonably accurate equilibrium constants for temperatures as high as 300°C. Similarly, it is possible to use volumetric data that refer to 1.0 atm in calculating useful equilibrium constants that apply for pressures as high as 2000 atm.Much of the work reported here was done while the author was on leave at the University of Lethbridge.     

Thermodynamics of lonization of aqueous lodic acid,an “almost-strong” electrolyte

We have made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of dilution of aqueous iodic acid and have used these results for evaluation of the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). We have also made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of addition of perchloric acid solution to aqueous solutions of KIO₃, KNO₃, NaIO₃, and NaNO₃ and have used these results to obtain further values for the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). On the basis of all these results, we have selected H^o=–660±125 cal-mole^–1 as the best available standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.) at 298.15°K, compared to the previously accepted –2400 cal-mole^–1. Using the best available K=0.157 for ionization, we also obtain G^o=1097 cal-mole^–1 and S^o=–5.9 cal-^oK^–1-mole^–1 for ionization of HIO₃(aq) at 298.15°K.On study leave from Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.On study leave from Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, N.S.W. 2500, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.     

Thermochemical study of aliphatic and phenyl-substituted geminal diacetates

The standard enthalpies of combustion _c H ^o of aliphatic diacetates1 and aromatic diacetates2 were measured calorimetrically. The enthalpies of vaporization _vap H ^o or sublimation _sub H ^o of1 and2 were obtained from the temperature function of the vapor pressure measured in a flow system. From _f H ^o(g) of1 and2 new values of group increments for the estimation of standard enthalpies of formation of these classes of compounds were derived. The geminal interaction energy between the geminal acyloxy groups shows no anomeric stabilization.Geminal Substituent Effects, Part 12, for part 11 see Ref. 7.     

Relation between characteristic adsorption energy and internal pressure in the theory of volume filling of micropores

An equation for the internal pressure acting on an adsorbate in micropores was obtained on the basis of the assumption that the chemical potential of an adsorbate in micropores is equal to that in an equilibrium gas phase and using the Dubinin-Radushkevich equation. The empirical relation between the characteristic adsorption energy and the half width of pores was expressed in terms of internal pressure and diameter of adsorbate molecules. The two-dimensional pressure was calculated for micropores with plane-parallel walls, where the width of a micropore coincides with the diameter of an adsorbate molecule. The results obtained were compared with the two-dimensional pressure of a monolayer on a free planar surface for an adsorbate and adsorbent of the same nature.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 1928–1930, October, 1995.     

Thermochemistry of aqueous solutions of alkylated nucleic acid bases. VIII. Enthalpies of hydration of 6-alkyluracils

Enthalpies of solution in water H _sol ^o and enthalpies of sublimation H _sub ^o were determined for a number of crystalline derivatives of uracil: 1,6-dimethyluracil (m ₂ ^1,6 Ura), 1,3,6-trimethyluracil (m ₃ ^1,3,6 Ura), 6-ethyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (e⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura), 6-propyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (pr⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura) and 6-butyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (but⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura). Standard enthalpies of hydration H _hydr ^o and standard enthalpies of interaction H _int ^o of the solutes with their hydration shells were calculated. The data obtained show that dependence of H _int ^o on the number of-CH₂- groups of n-alkyl chain added upon substitution of diketopyrimidine ring is nonlinear. This finding is discussed in connection with results of X-ray diffraction structure determinations for the crystalline compounds.     

STUDIES ON THE REACTIVITY PATTERNS OF HETEROCYCLICS IN AQUEOUS DMSO‐INTERACTION BETWEEN POSITIVE END OF SULFOXIDE DIPOLE AND LONE PAIR ON RING NITROGEN IN PYRIDINE DERIVATIVES

Abstract

The signals for the α, β, and γ protons of pyridine exhibit a downfield shift in DMSO-d₆, compared to CCl₄ as solvent, the order being γ > β > α. This is attributed to an interaction between the positive end of the DMSO dipole and the lone pair of electrons on the ring nitrogen. This effect is also reflected in the faster rate of alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl isonicotinate over ethyl nicotinate and ethyl picolinate in aqueous DMSO relative to aqueous ethanol. Similar solvent effects are also observed in the pmr spectrum of pyrazine.     

Protonation of leucoemeraldine in the solid state and in solution

The protonation of leucoemeraldine in power form and in N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) solution by HCIO₄ and HBF₄ has been studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared (IR), and ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorption spectroscopy. In powder form, less than 25% of the amine nitrogens can be protonated in the absence of oxygen. The effects of oxygen on the degree of protonation and the distribution of amine and imine units upon deprotonation of the salt are investigated. The degree of protonation in leuccemeraldine can be increased to about 50% with 3 M HCIO₄, similar to that achievable with emeraldine base in powder form. In NMP solution, leucoemeraldine is easily oxidized by dissolved oxygen. Protonation of both leucoemeraldine and emeraldine base in NMP solutions results in metastable species which gradually undergo deprotonation. The resulting products are affected by the O₂ content of the solutions. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

钾明矾溶液水解度计算公式

根据盐类水解关系式和水的离子积计算公式,建立了计算盐类水解度和水解产物离解常数的完全方程式。计算值同实验值比较,钾明矾溶液水解度平均偏差为0.6％,离解常数pK_b=11.6±0.1,水的离子积pK_w平均偏差小于0.06,从而改进了苏联的计算公式。     

碳量子点上转换材料的制备及其应用研究进展

碳量子点(CQD)具有化学惰性,生物相容性和低毒性等优势,可能在能源、生物医药等领域得到广泛的应用. CQD可通过表面被聚合物(例如PEG)钝化而表现出很强的光致发光特性.在生物成像,疾病检测和药物输送中使用表面钝化后的功能化生物分子更为有效.并且碳材料由于其优异的电化学性能还展现出在催化、电子器件等许多领域广泛的应用前景.我们将对近年来碳量子点发光材料的研究进行总结,并讨论碳量子点在能源、环境和其他一些领域的应用.