氨的制造的教学法

苏联共产党第十九次代表大会的决议指示出化学教师应该提高关于综合技术教育的教学质量,更密切地联系学习与生活,使学生认识重要化学生产的科学原理。氨的制造是属于重要化学生产之列的。研究氨的制造是具有重要的教育教养意义。这课题的材料,可以提供作复习和更深入地去认识以前所熟悉的物质的性质和扩大瞭解关于反应进行的条件,以及在工业上的管理方法.在八年级末学期已经学过硫酸的制造,从而熟悉了一些化学工业制造原理,如阶段的划分和流水作业的装置,扩大反应物质的表面,逆流原理,温度和压力的影响,热的交换等等,在研究氨的制造中巩固了这些原理,并且增加了关于适当的压力和循环作业的利用等概念。     

有机试剂的结构与性质的关系的研究

前言有机试剂是用于化学元素和化合物的测定、分离与浓集、掩蔽的有机化合物。这类化合物数量很多,在分析化学中得到极其广泛的应用。有机试剂结构及其与反应性能之间关系的研究是有机试剂理论研究的基本问题。早在本世纪二十年代Feigl就提出了分析功能团的概念。这个概念广泛地应用于有机试剂的研究中,并不断得到丰富和发展。这一概念的出现,为人们研究有机试剂结构与反应性能的关系奠定了基础。随着现代科学技术的不断发展,X射线衍射、红外光谱、拉曼光谱等现代技术也相继用于有机试剂的研究,使人们对有机试剂的认识进一步加深。此外近代迅速发展起来的络合物结构理论、量子化学方法以及计算技术也被用于有机试剂的研究中,从而使得从理论上     

伟大的门捷列夫的预见

今年2月8日是俄罗斯天才的化学家门捷列夫(1834—1907)诞生125周年纪念。特选此译文刊出以为纪念。     

一氧化氮的合成的演示及其方法的讨论

一、反应原理在放电条件下,N2和O2能直接化合生成无色的一氧化氮。放电N2+O2（?）2NO一氧化氮在常温下很容易和O2化合,生成棕色并有刺激性气味的NO2。二、仪器及药品打气球、贮气瓶2个（一个标出刻度）、两口玻璃球（容积140ml）、铁架台、铁丝电。     

基于Matlab的二元共聚合反应的竞聚率的求解

以直线交叉法为依据,根据最小二乘原理,采用Matlab GUI工具设计了一款用于计算二元共聚合反应竞聚率的图形用户程序。与传统的求解竞聚率方法相比,该图形用户程序具有设计原理简单、计算快捷的特点;同时程序提供界面简洁、交互友好的数据输入平台,实用性强。实际应用表明:采用该款图形用户程序所测得的数据与微机动态搜索法、Tidwell-Mortimer法相近,而比采用斜率截距法计算竞聚率的最小差方和更小,并且也避免了采用斜率截距法由于所用方程的非对称性造成的计算结果的不一致性。     

金的快速测定方法的改进

自从本刊1975年第二期“金的快速测定”一文发表以后,读者来信提出了宝贵的意见,认为此法测定金时铊有干扰,且试样分解方法可能使金的结果偏低。过去,我们分析的样品中不含有铊,故对铊的干扰未作考虑。现经试验,在溴氢酸存在下,三价金在低温蒸干时,随时间、温度、溴氢酸用量的不同,均有部份金被还原造成结果偏低。铊的存在对金的测定有干扰。因此对金的快速测定作如下的补充。     

谷甾醇的新型聚合物的合成

近年来,用于生物和医药领域的新材料研究有了很大的发展,如药物释放、缝合、血液渗析和血液灌注等[1,2],但由于这些材料多为用纯化学合成原料来制备的高分子材料,其在生物相容性方面有一定的局限性.为了克服这一缺点,以天然产物为原料,制备新的生物和医药领域的功能材料,将会成为一种十分诱人的研究方向.目前,这方面的研究除了一些胆酸的衍生物的研究报道外,还鲜有人进行含天然产物的生物和医用功能有机材料的研究.因此,我们尝试制备了以植物中常见的高含量甾醇类化合物β-谷甾醇为前体的新的聚合物.我们利用β-谷甾醇C3位OH合成了可进一步进行聚合反应的新单体,然后通过自由基聚合反应制备了β-谷甾醇的均聚和共聚衍生物.     

对公认的Clapeyron方程的推导的不同意见

对公认的Ｃｌａｐｅｙｒｏｎ方程的推导的不同意见郭余年，赵凤云（吉林工学院轻化工程系长春１３００１２）Ｃｌａｐｅｙｒｏｎ方程问世干热力学第二定律成立之前。第二定律建立以后，赋予了它以新的内容，使其成为描述单元系任意温度（压力）、任意两相平衡的普遍公式。...     

学习化学元素的电负性的体会

在学习化学元素电负性的概念、化合物的键型和元素的化学活泼性等问题中,我有一些学习心得,现归纳如下: 1.电负性的定义和计算方法L.Pauling在1932年首先提出电负性的概念.元素的电负性就是“元素的原子在化合物分子中把电子吸引向自己的能力”.计算电负性的方法有下列四种: (1)Pauling的热化学方法Pauling     

酯的水解实验的改进

该文对现行的高中化学 (试验修订本 )第二册中关于乙酸乙酯水解实验的不足之处进行了分析,并提出了改进的方法,对其实验内容和实验效果进行了讨论。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

NiY分子筛表面酸性影响其选择性吸附脱硫性能的机理研究

采用原位红外光谱技术,以噻吩、环己烯和苯为模型探针分子,分别考察单一烃分子在NiY分子筛上的吸附与反应行为以及噻吩与烯烃、芳烃间的竞争吸附和催化反应行为。单一探针分子吸附研究发现,NiY分子筛中与Ni物种相关的Lewis(L)酸位是噻吩的选择性吸附活性位;噻吩和环己烯在NiY分子筛中Brnsted(B)酸位上发生的质子化和低聚反应明显弱于HY分子筛。双探针分子竞争吸附研究发现,环己烯二聚体在NiY中强B酸位上的强化学吸附与噻吩存在显著的竞争吸附行为。另外,苯和噻吩在NiY上的竞争吸附现象在373K时明显减弱。由此,在选择性吸附脱硫过程中,减少吸附剂表面B酸中心可降低烯烃对噻吩的竞争吸附,另外适当提高吸附体系的温度可以有效避免芳烃对噻吩的竞争吸附。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

化学单元教学设计的探索

论述了单元教学是落实化学新课程三维目标的基本教学过程,同时对教学单元的含义、教学单元的选择与建构、化学单元教学设计及其意义进行了阐述。     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Characterization of Losses of Chlorinated Pollutants during Lyophilization of Mussels

The influence of the lyophilization process on the recovery of ten organochlorine compounds, (9 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and pp′-DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene)] during the pretreatment step of mussels was studied at three concentration levels. Losses of more polar and water-soluble compounds were approximately 50% in samples pulverized prior to lyophilization. Two variables, moisture and lipid concentrations, had statistical influences in the losses of the lower chlorinated compounds (CB 31 and CB 28). In some PCB congeners (CB 52, CB 101, and CB 118), the variation of losses with the PCB concentrations was also statistically significant.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Investigation of Kinetics of Solid-Phase Synthesis of Lithium Orthosilicate

The kinetics of the interaction between lithium carbonate and silica with various degrees of dispersion was investigated by TG and DTA methods. It was found that the utilization of pyrogenic silica with a specific surface area of about 300 m²g^-1 instead of aerosil with one of 175 m²g^-1 leads to an increase of the reaction rate between lithium carbonate and silica, which depends on the formation and growth of lithium orthosilicate crystals in the first stage, and is conditioned by the diffusion of lithium and oxygen ions through the lithium orthosilicate layer formed at temperatures above 800 K. This supposition is supported by the kinetic analysis results obtained with the use of the different models. The optimal regime of heating is recommended. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.