C2H与HO2双自由基反应的密度泛函理论研究

应用量子化学从头算和密度泛函理论(DFT)对C₂H与HO₂双自由基的单重态反应进行了研究.在UB3LYP/6-311G水平上优化了反应通道上各驻点(反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物)的几何构型.在CCSD(T)/6-311G^{**水平上计算了各物种的单点能,并对总能量进行了零点能校正.研究结果表明,反应物中自由基C₂H的边端C进攻自由基HO₂的边端O是主要的进攻方式.首先形成了中间体1(HCCOOH),由此经过不同的反应通道可以得到主要产物P1,次要产物P2,P3和P5.生成P1的反应热为-814.40kJ/mol.自由基C₂H的中间C进攻自由基HO₂的边端O是次要的进攻方式,可以得到产物P4和P6.根据势能面分析,所有反应均是放热反应.}     

OXO (X=Cl,Br)与X (2P3/2)反应机理的理论研究

用密度泛函B3LYP/6-311+G^**和高级电子相关的组态相互作用QCISD(T)/6-311+G^**方法研究了OXO与X(²P_3/2)双自由基反应的微观机理.研究结果表明:该反应存在两个反应通道,产物分别为XO和X₂+O₂.由于形成产物XO的活化势垒较低,因而是主要反应通道,这与实验观察到的结果是一致的.而形成X₂+O₂的通道从动力学上看是不利的.     

OBrO+NO反应机理的量子化学研究

用密度泛函B3LYP/6-311+G^**和高级电子相关偶合簇CCSD(T)/6-311+G^**方法研究了OBrO与NO反应的微观机理.优化得到反应路径上的反应物、过渡态、中间体和产物的几何构型,通过频率振动分析对过渡态和中间体进行了确认.结果表明;该反应是多通道多步骤的放热反应,分别可以在单重态和三重态势能面上进行,OBrO与NO通过加成及加成-消除机理分别形成产物BrONO₂和BrO+NO₂,从能量上看,形成离解产物的通道更容易进行.     

O(3P)+O2H——OH+O2反应机理的密度泛函理论研究

用密度泛函理论方法研究了O(³P)与O₂H反应生成羟基和氧分子的反应机理.在PW91/6-31+G^*水平上用梯度解析技术全自由度优化上述反应物、产物和反应路径上的中间体及过渡态几何构型,并通过频率振动分析加以确认,计算IRC反应路径及中间体异构化过程,确定了此反应的可能反应通道.结果表明:该反应是多通道多步骤的强放热反应.首先形成顺式或反式O₃H富能中间体,此过程无能垒;然后跨过一个能垒分解成产物OH和O₂.通道IM1→TS1比IM2→TS2克服的能垒要大,反应放热372.822kJ.mol^-1.IM1TS3IM2可相互转化.     

直线型l-CnH(n=5,6)自由基与氧气反应机理的理论研究

为了探索更长的碳链自由基l-C_nH与O₂反应的机理, 在CCSD(T)/CC-PVTZ+ZPVE//B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)的计算水平下, 讨论了当n=5,6时, l-C_nH+O₂的各个异构化反应通道. 当n=5时, 主要反应通道为碳迁移过程, 生成主要产物为P2(CO₂+C₄H); 当n=6时, 碳-氧交换[产物为P1(CO+HC₅O)]和氧迁移过程[产物为P3(³O+HC₆O)]均为主要通道, 并具有很高的竞争性. 将所得结构与l-C_nH(n≤4)+O₂的反应机理进行了对比.     

3,4-二硫方酸芳香性和气相酸性的理论研究

在RHF/6-311G^**,RHF/6-311+G^**和B3LYP/6-311+G^**水平优化得到3,4-二硫方酸(3,4-二巯基-3-环丁烯-1,2-二酮)三种平面构象异构体的平衡几何构型.用MP2(Full)/6-311G^**//RHF/6-311G^**方法计算单点能量,发现ZZ型异构体是能量最低构象,且ZZ和ZE型能量非常接近.用优化的最稳定构象ZZ型异构体在RHF/6-311G^**//RHF/6-311G^**,RHF/6-311G^**//RHF/6-311G^**,MP2(Full)/6-311G^**//RHF/6-311G^**和B3LYP/6-311G^**//B3LYP/6-311G^**水平计算其气相酸性(ΔG⁰)和同键反应芳香性稳定化能(HASE).用基团加和法(Group Increment Approach)在RHF/6-311G^**//RHF/6-311G^**和B3LYP/6-311G^**//B3LYP/6-311G^**水平计算其磁化率增量(Λ).计算结果表明,标题化合物的同键反应芳香性稳定化能和磁化率增量均为负值,表明它具有芳香性,实现了标题化合物芳香性的几何、能量和磁性的判定.     

亚甲基氰自由基(HCCN)与一氧化氮(NO)反应势能面的理论研究

在CCSD(T)/6-311G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)+ZPE水平上对反应HCCN+NO的二重态反应势能面进行了计算,得到了4种产物:P1(HCN+NCO),P2(OH+NCCN),P₃[HCN+(CNO)]和P4(HCN+CNO).其中产物P1为主要产物,P2为次要产物,P₃和P4很难得到.在G2(B3LYP/MP2/CC)水平,对产物P1和P2的反应通道的单点能量进行了校正.     

BrONO2光解反应的理论研究

采用密度泛函方法,研究了大气臭氧层主要破坏物BrONO2的光解反应机理,在UB3LYP/6-311++G**水平上优化了反应物、产物、中间体和过渡态的几何构型,并在UQCISD(T)/6-311++G**水平上计算了单点能量,为了确证过渡态的真实性,在UB3LYP/6-311++G**水平上进行了内禀反应坐标(IRC)计算和频率分析.研究结果表明,BrONO2的光解反应有两条反应通道,其中生成BrO+NO2的反应活化能较小(14.89 kJ·mol-1),较易发生.     

氟氯酰与丙烷反应的密度泛函理论研究

应用密度泛函理论(DFT), 对氟氯酰(ClF₃O)引发丙烷(C₃H₈)反应生成C₃H₇自由基或丙醇等产物的机理进行了研究. 在B3PW91/6-311＋＋G(d,p)水平上优化了9个不同反应通道上各驻点物(反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物)的几何构型, 并计算了它们的振动频率和零点振动能. 通过零点能校正计算了各反应路径的活化能, 并应用过渡态理论计算了各反应路径常温下的速率常数k. 计算结果表明: ClF₃O与C₃H₈反应可经过不同路径生成HF, C₃H₇自由基和C1F₂O自由基或C₃H₇OH和ClF₃. 其中, 最可几反应路径为ClF₃O分子的中间位F原子进攻丙烷β位H原子的反应, 活化能仅为7.54 kJ/mol, 速率常数为0.153×10⁶ mol^－1•dm³•s^－1.     

噻吩光解反应机理的理论研究

使用密度泛函理论(DFT)中的B3LYP方法, 采用6-31G**和6-31＋＋G**基组, 对噻吩的光解反应进行了理论研究. 对照实验结果, 我们研究了五个光解通道, 包括生成C₄H₄＋S, C₂H₂＋C₂H₂S和CS＋C₃H₄的三个闭壳层分子解离通道与生成HCS＋C₃H₃和HS＋C₄H₃的自由基解离通道. 各个可能的反应通道的产物碎片的具体形式得到了确认. 研究发现在基态生成C₂H₂＋C₂H₂S和在最低三态生成C₄H₄＋S的反应从能量上考虑最为有利, 而实验上观测到的主要产物C₂H₂＋C₂H₂S主要是在基态上产生的. 通过对比实验结果与计算结果, 我们认为噻吩光解反应机理与所用激发光波长有关.     

三氟化氯和环氧丙烷反应的理论研究

应用密度泛函理论对三氟化氯和环氧丙烷反应产生C3H5O和C1F2自由基的机理进行了研究。在B3PW91/6-31+G(d,p)水平优化了12个不同反应通道上各驻点(反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物) 的几何构型,并计算了它们的振动频率和零点振动能。采用CCSD(T)/6-31+ G(d,p) // B3PW91/6-31+G(d,p)单点能计算方法求得各物种的能量,并作了零点能校正。计算结果表明,三氟化氯和环氧丙烷反应可经过不同的反应路径引发C3H5O自由基和C1F2自由基,其中,三氟化氯呈对称的F原子与环氧丙烷的C(1)上与CH3在同一侧的上的H原子结合的活化能最低,仅为16.81 kJ/mol。     

丁烯自由基和O2反应机理的理论研究

应用量子化学密度泛函理论(DFT)对丁烯自由基C₄H₇和O₂的反应机理进行了研究. 在B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)水平上优化了反应通道上的反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物的几何构型, 并计算出它们的振动频率和零点能(ZPVE), 并对能量进行了零点能校正. 计算结果表明, C₄H₇和O₂形成三种氧环中间体, 再分别分解, 这是主要的反应形式. 生成物主要为羰基化合物, 其次还有一定比例的CO.     

三氟化氯和水反应的密度泛函理论研究

应用量子化学密度泛函理论(DFT), 对ClF3和H2O在不同比例下的反应进行了研究. 在B3pw91/6-31++G(d,p)水平上优化了反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物的几何构型, 计算出它们的振动频率和零点振动能(ZPVE), 并对能量进行了校正. 计算结果表明, ClF3和H2O的反应能垒很低, 反应极易进行;水足量有利于生成HClO2, 少量有利于生成其它卤氧化合物.     

(N_2…CO)~+体系相互作用的密度泛函理论研究

在2种密度泛函方法和适宜基组水平上,对(N2…CO)+体系可能存在的相互作用复合物进行了全自由度能量梯度优化,发现势能面上存在2个能量极小点,均为共平面型。 比较了它们之间的相对稳定性,并对其进行了轨道成键分析,同时探讨了最稳定结构A的正则振动模式。 通过消除基函数引起的重叠误差(BSSE)和零点振动能(ZPVE)的校正,精确求算出复合物结构A、B的相互作用能DE分别为125.0和61.0 kJ/mol, 同等电子体(CO…CO)+相比,二者存在较大的差异。     

C2H+H2CO: a new route for formaldehyde removal

The title unknown reaction is theoretically studied at various levels to probe the interaction mechanism between the ethynyl radical (HC triple bond C) and formaldehyde (H(2)C double bond O). The most feasible pathway is a barrier-free direct H-abstraction process leading to acetylene and formyl radical (C(2)H(2)+HCO) via a weakly bound complex, and then the product can take secondary dissociation to the final product C(2)H(2)+CO+H. The C-addition channel leading to propynal plus H-atom (HCCCHO+H) has the barrier of only 3.6, 2.9, and 2.1 kcal/mol at the CCSD(T)/6-311+G(3df,2p)MP2//6-311G(d,p)+ZPVE, CCSD(T)/6-311+G(3df,2p)//QCISD/6-311G(d,p)+ZPVE, and G3//MP2 levels, respectively [CCSD(T)--coupled cluster with single, double, and triple excitations; ZPVE--zero-point vibrational energy; QCISD--quadratic configuration interaction with single and double excitations; G3//MP2-Gaussian-3 based on Moller-Plesset geometry]. The O addition also leading to propynal plus H atom needs to overcome a higher barrier of 5.3, 8.7, and 3.0 kcalmol at the three corresponding levels. The title no-barrier reaction presents a new efficient route to remove the pollutant H(2)CO, and should be included in the combustion models of hydrocarbons. It may also represent the fastest radical-H(2)CO reaction among the available theoretical data. Moreover, it could play an important role in the interstellar chemistry where the zero- or minute-barrier reactions are generally favored. Discussions are also made on the possible formation of the intriguing propynal in space via the title reaction on ice surface.     

Reaction mechanism of naphthyl radicals with molecular oxygen. 1. Theoretical study of the potential energy surface

Potential energy surfaces (PESs) of the reactions of 1- and 2-naphthyl radicals with molecular oxygen have been investigated at the G3(MP2,CC)//B3LYP/6-311G** level of theory. Both reactions are shown to be initiated by barrierless addition of O(2) to the respective radical sites of C(10)H(7). The end-on O(2) addition leading to 1- and 2-naphthylperoxy radicals exothermic by 45-46 kcal/mol is found to be more preferable thermodynamically than the side-on addition. At the subsequent reaction step, the chemically activated 1- and 2-C(10)H(7)OO adducts can eliminate an oxygen atom leading to the formation of 1- and 2-naphthoxy radical products, respectively, which in turn can undergo unimolecular decomposition producing indenyl radical + CO via the barriers of 57.8 and 48.3 kcal/mol and with total reaction endothermicities of 14.5 and 10.2 kcal/mol, respectively. Alternatively, the initial reaction adducts can feature an oxygen atom insertion into the attacked C(6) ring leading to bicyclic intermediates a10 and a10' (from 1-naphthyl + O(2)) or b10 and b10' (from 2-naphthyl + O(2)) composed from two fused six-member C(6) and seven-member C(6)O rings. Next, a10 and a10' are predicted to decompose to C(9)H(7) (indenyl) + CO(2), 1,2-C(10)H(6)O(2) (1,2-naphthoquinone) + H, and 1-C(9)H(7)O (1-benzopyranyl) + CO, whereas b10 and b10' would dissociate to C(9)H(7) (indenyl) + CO(2), 2-C(9)H(7)O (2-benzopyranyl) + CO, and 1,2-C(10)H(6)O(2) (1,2-naphthoquinone) + H. On the basis of this, the 1-naphthyl + O(2) reaction is concluded to form the following products (with the overall reaction energies given in parentheses): 1-naphthoxy + O (-15.5 kcal/mol), indenyl + CO(2) (-123.9 kcal/mol), 1-benzopyranyl + CO (-97.2 kcal/mol), and 1,2-naphthoquinone + H (-63.5 kcal/mol). The 2-naphthyl + O(2) reaction is predicted to produce 2-naphthoxy + O (-10.9 kcal/mol), indenyl + CO(2) (-123.7 kcal/mol), 2-benzopyranyl + CO (-90.7 kcal/mol), and 1,2-naphthoquinone + H (-63.2 kcal/mol). Simplified kinetic calculations using transition-state theory computed rate constants at the high-pressure limit indicate that the C(10)H(7)O + O product channels are favored at high temperatures, while the irreversible oxygen atom insertion first leading to the a10 and a10' or b10 and b10' intermediates and then to their various decomposition products is preferable at lower temperatures. Among the decomposition products, indenyl + CO(2) are always most favorable at lower temperatures, but the others, 1,2-C(10)H(6)O(2) (1,2-naphthoquinone) + H (from a10 and b10'), 1-C(9)H(7)O (1-benzopyranyl) + CO (from a10'), and 2-C(10)H(7)O (2-benzopyranyl) + O (from b10 and minor from b10'), may notably contribute or even become major products at higher temperatures.     

The reaction of phenyl radical with molecular oxygen: a G2M study of the potential energy surface

Ab initio G2M calculations have been performed to investigate the potential energy surface for the reaction of C6H5 with O2. The reaction is shown to start with an exothermic barrierless addition of O2 to the radical site of C6H5 to produce phenylperoxy (1) and, possibly, 1,2-dioxaspiro[2.5]octadienyl (dioxiranyl, 8) radicals. Next, 1 loses the terminal oxygen atom to yield the phenoxy + O products (3) or rearranges to 8. The dioxiranyl can further isomerize to a seven-member ring 2-oxepinyloxy radical (10), which can give rise to various products including C5H5 + CO2, pyranyl + CO, o-benzoquinone + H, and 2-oxo-2,3-dihydrofuran-4-yl + C2H2. Once 10 is produced, it is unlikely to go back to 8 and 1, because the barriers separating 10 from the products are much lower than the reverse barrier from 10 to 8. Thus, the branching ratio of C6H5O + O against the other products is mostly controlled by the critical transition states between 1 and 3, 1 and 8, and 8 and 10. According to the calculated barriers, the most favorable product channel for the decomposition of 10 is C5H5 + CO2, followed by pyranyl + CO and o-benzoquinone + H. Since C6H5O + O and C5H5 + CO2 are expected to be the major primary products of the C6H5 + O2 reaction and thermal decomposition of C6H5O leads to C5H5 + CO, cyclopentadienyl radicals are likely to be the major product of phenyl radical oxidation, and so it results in degradation of the six-member aromatic ring to the five-member cyclopentadienyl ring. Future multichannel RRKM calculations of reaction rate constants are required to support these conclusions and to quantify the product branching ratios at various combustion conditions.     

Thermochemistry and reaction paths in the oxidation reaction of benzoyl radical: C6H5C•(═O)

Alkyl substituted aromatics are present in fuels and in the environment because they are major intermediates in the oxidation or combustion of gasoline, jet, and other engine fuels. The major reaction pathways for oxidation of this class of molecules is through loss of a benzyl hydrogen atom on the alkyl group via abstraction reactions. One of the major intermediates in the combustion and atmospheric oxidation of the benzyl radicals is benzaldehyde, which rapidly loses the weakly bound aldehydic hydrogen to form a resonance stabilized benzoyl radical (C6H5C(?)═O). A detailed study of the thermochemistry of intermediates and the oxidation reaction paths of the benzoyl radical with dioxygen is presented in this study. Structures and enthalpies of formation for important stable species, intermediate radicals, and transition state structures resulting from the benzoyl radical +O2 association reaction are reported along with reaction paths and barriers. Enthalpies, ΔfH298(0), are calculated using ab initio (G3MP2B3) and density functional (DFT at B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)) calculations, group additivity (GA), and literature data. Bond energies on the benzoyl and benzoyl-peroxy systems are also reported and compared to hydrocarbon systems. The reaction of benzoyl with O2 has a number of low energy reaction channels that are not currently considered in either atmospheric chemistry or combustion models. The reaction paths include exothermic, chain branching reactions to a number of unsaturated oxygenated hydrocarbon intermediates along with formation of CO2. The initial reaction of the C6H5C(?)═O radical with O2 forms a chemically activated benzoyl peroxy radical with 37 kcal mol(-1) internal energy; this is significantly more energy than the 21 kcal mol(-1) involved in the benzyl or allyl + O2 systems. This deeper well results in a number of chemical activation reaction paths, leading to highly exothermic reactions to phenoxy radical + CO2 products.     

Quantum chemical investigation of the reaction of O(3 P 2) with certain hydrocarbon radicals

The reaction of ground-state atomic oxygen [O(³ P ₂)] with methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and isopropyl radicals has been studied using the density functional method and the complete basis set model. The energies of the reactants, products, reaction intermediates and various transition states as well as the reaction enthalpies have been computed. The possible product channels and the reaction pathways are identified in each case. In the case of methyl radical the minimum energy reaction pathway leads to the products CO + H₂ + H. In the case of ethyl radical the most facile pathway leads to the products, methanal + CH₃ radical. For propyl radical (n- and iso-), the minimum energy reaction pathways would lead to the channel containing ethanal + methyl radical.