由等积变换引发的作图问题

在平面几何的面积问题中 ,经常使用下面两个结论 :定理 1　同底等高 (或同高等底 )的三角形面积相等 .定理 2　梯形对角线分梯形的四个三角形中 ,两腰所在的三角形面积相等 .由这两个简单结论可得到下面一系列作图问题 .问题 1　已知一个凸四边形 ,求作一个三角形 ,使其与已知四边形的面积相等 .图 1作法如下 :如图 1 ,在四边形 ABCD中 ,任取一顶点 ,如 A,联结对角线AC,过 D点作 AC的平行线交 BC的延长线于 E,则由定理 1知 ,S△ ABE =S△ ABC S△ ACE=S△ ABC S△ ACD=SABCD其中 S*表示图形 *的面积 .图 2联想到我们非常熟…     

谈梯形问题中的常用辅助线

在梯形计算与证明中 ,学生一碰到稍微复杂的问题就束手无策 ,教材和一些资料上有关这方面的介绍往往是隐性形式 ,并且不够系统、全面 .实质上解决这类问题的关键是如何添加辅助线 ,将问题转化到三角形或平行四边形中去讨论 .下面介绍几种转化方法和技巧 ,供同行参考 .1　作梯形     

梯形问题的解题策略

“梯形”是人教版（2004年）八年级数学下册第19章第3节的内容．它是“平行四边形”这一章的重点与难点,也是整个初中几何的一个重点与难点．初中阶段的梯形主要涉及求梯形的面积、高、腰长以及梯形的证明．而解决这些问题的基本思想是通过添加辅助线将梯形转化为平行四边形或三角形来研究,全面掌握各种常用转化方法尤为重要,它是灵活解决梯形问题的基础．笔者归纳出解决梯形问题主要有平移腰、延长腰、作高法、平移对角线法以及取腰中点并延长法,以达到转化成三角形或平行四边形的目的．     

一类三角形面积的求法

<正>在平面直角坐标系中求三角形的面积是很常见的题型,而对于三边都不与坐标轴平行或重合的三角形面积,一般采用"割补法"间接求面积,大多数的学生都喜欢采用补成矩形(或直角梯形)等来进行面积的加减,而笔者遇到这类问题时常采用的一种求面积的方法是用平行于y轴的直线去分割.     

梯形问题中如何添加辅助线

用简单已知的图形去探索较复杂未知的图形,是我们学习平面几何的重要和基本的方法.大多数梯形问题都需要添加辅助线.总的来说,梯形问题就是通过添加辅助线,把梯形转化为平行四边形和三角形,然后把问题放在平行四边形和三角形中来解决.下面简单介绍一下梯形常见辅助线添加的方法.     

一类常宽"等腰梯形"

本文由对角线等于底边长的等腰梯形构造了一类新的常宽“等腰梯形”, 而著名的常宽凸集圆盘与Reuleaux 三角形为退化的特例. 我们还证明了关于这类常宽“等腰梯形” 面积的Blaschke-Lebesgue定理.     

浅析面积等分线的作法

"等底等高的三角形面积相等",这个性质在作图形面积等分线时很有用,比如:三角形的中线把三角形分成等底等高的两个三角形,分得的两三角形面积相等,这条线就是三角形面积等分线.如图1,D为BC中点,AD就为△ABC的一条面积等分线.应用一、过三角形一边上任一点作三角形的面积等分线     

三角形面积的华丽转身

计算一个三角形的面积,一般可用三角形的面积公式来完成.但是,由于问题的设定所限,有时并非面积公式能轻易所为.此时,就有必要跳出公式的束缚,让三角形面积来一个华丽转身,通过适当地转换来计算求取.本文就几个常见的转换途径作简要介绍,供同学们参考.一、分割法顾名思义,所谓分割法求三角形面积,是指根据问题的特征,把三角形的面积分割成几个较易求解的图形的面积之和,这是解析几何中解决三角形面积计算问题的常用方法.     

梯形的重心定理及中线长公式

平面几何中,三角形的重心定理及有关中线的性质在证题和解决实际问题中,有着广泛的应片用,现就梯形的相应性质补充如下: 梯形的重心定理定义:梯形两底的中点联线,叫做梯形的中线。引理:梯形的重心在它的中线上。这里所说的重心是指面积重心。     

解答梯形问题的几种常用辅助线

在解答有关梯形的题目时 ,常常要添加辅助线 ,把梯形问题转化成三角形、平行四边形的问题来解 .解答梯形问题时 ,常引辅助线的方法有以下几种 :一、延长两腰 (使其相交 )得到两个相似三角形 ,如图 (一 ) .例 1　已知 ,梯形ＡＢＣＤ中 ,ＡＢ∥ＣＤ ,∠Ａ =∠Ｂ ,求证 :ＡＤ =ＢＣ .分析 :结论要证两条线段相等 ,由题意知 ,此题不能用证两个三角形全等的方法来证明 .因此可考虑将结论中的两条线段集中到一个三角形中 .如图 ,延长ＡＤ与ＢＣ相交于点Ｅ ,由∠Ａ =∠Ｂ知△ＥＡＢ是等腰三角形 ,又因为ＤＣ∥ＡＢ ,所以△ＥＤＣ也是等腰三角形 ,从…     

Acute triangulations of trapezoids

In this paper we discuss acute triangulations of trapezoids. It is known that every rectangle can be triangulated into eight acute triangles, and that this is best possible. In this paper we prove that all other trapezoids can be triangulated into at most seven acute triangles.     

四边形的等积三角剖分

1970年Monsky证明了著名的Richman猜想: 正方形不能剖分成奇数个面积相等的三角形。近年来Stein等人研究一类特殊类型的四边形的等积三角剖分问题，获得了许多重要结果。该文进一步研究四边形等积三角剖分的待解决问题。      

Dissections of polygons into triangles of equal areas

In 1970 Monsky proved that a square cannot be cut into an odd number of triangles of equal areas. In 1990 it was proved that the statement is true for any centrally symmetric polygon. In the present paper we consider dissections of general polygons into triangles of equal areas.     

A universal sequence of integers generating balanced Steinhaus figures modulo an odd number

In this paper, we partially solve an open problem, due to J.C. Molluzzo in 1976, on the existence of balanced Steinhaus triangles modulo a positive integer n, that are Steinhaus triangles containing all the elements of Z/nZ with the same multiplicity. For every odd number n, we build an orbit in Z/nZ, by the linear cellular automaton generating the Pascal triangle modulo n, which contains infinitely many balanced Steinhaus triangles. This orbit, in Z/nZ, is obtained from an integer sequence called the universal sequence. We show that there exist balanced Steinhaus triangles for at least 2/3 of the admissible sizes, in the case where n is an odd prime power. Other balanced Steinhaus figures, such as Steinhaus trapezoids, generalized Pascal triangles, Pascal trapezoids or lozenges, also appear in the orbit of the universal sequence modulo n odd. We prove the existence of balanced generalized Pascal triangles for at least 2/3 of the admissible sizes, in the case where n is an odd prime power, and the existence of balanced lozenges for all admissible sizes, in the case where n is a square-free odd number.     

Dissections of regular polygons into triangles of equal areas

This paper answers the question, “If a regular polygon withn sides is dissected intom triangles of equal areas, mustm be a multiple ofn?” Forn=3 the answer is “no,” since a triangle can be cut into any positive integral number of triangles of equal areas. Forn=4 the answer is again “no,” since a square can be cut into two triangles of equal areas. However, Monsky showed that a square cannot be dissected into an odd number of triangles of equal areas. We show that ifn is at least 5, then the answer is “yes.” Our approach incorporates the techniques of Thomas, Monsky, and Mead, in particular, the use of Sperner's lemma and non-Archimedean valuations, but also makes use of affine transformations to distort a given regular polygon into one to which those techniques apply.     

Tilings of the plane with unit area triangles of bounded diameter

There exist tilings of the plane with pairwise noncongruent triangles of equal area and bounded perimeter. Analogously, there exist tilings with triangles of equal perimeter, the areas of which are bounded from below by a positive constant. This solves a problem of Nandakumar.     

Equidissections of centrally symmetric octagons

Summary In 1970 Monsky proved that a square cannot be cut into an odd number of triangles of equal areas. In 1988 Kasimatis proved that if a regularn-gon,n 5, is cut intom triangles of equal areas, thenm is a multiple ofn. These two results imply that a centrally symmetric regular polygon cannot be cut into an odd number of triangles of equal areas. We conjecture that the conclusion holds even if the restriction regular is deleted from the hypothesis and prove that it does forn = 6 andn = 8.     

Area functions on affine planes

Oriented area functions are functions defined on the set of ordered triangles of an affine plane which are antisymmetric under odd permutations of the vertices and which behave additively when triangles are cut into two. We compare several elementary properties which such an area function may have (roughly speaking shear invariance, equality of area of the two triangles obtained by cutting a parallelogram along a diagonal, and equality of area of the two triangles obtained by cutting a triangle along a median). It turns out purely by arguments of elementary affine geometry (if cleverly arranged) that these properties are grosso modo equivalent, although one has to be careful about “pathological” situations. Furthermore, all oriented area functions satisfying these properties are explicitly determined. Finally they are compared with so-called geometric valuations.     

Spherical f-Tilings by Scalene Triangles and Isosceles Trapezoids, Ⅱ

The study of the dihedral f-tilings of the sphere S ² whose prototiles are a scalene triangle and an isosceles trapezoid was initiated in a previous work. In this paper we continue this classification presenting the study of all dihedral spherical f-tilings by scalene triangles and isosceles trapezoids in some cases of adjacency.     

Incongruent equipartitions of the plane

R. Nandakumar asked whether there is a tiling of the plane by pairwise incongruent triangles of equal area and equal perimeter. Recently a negative answer was given by Kupavskii, Pach and Tardos. Still one may ask for weaker versions of the problem, or for the analogue of this problem for quadrangles, pentagons, or hexagons. Several answers were given by the first author in a previous paper. Here we solve three further cases. In particular, our main result shows that there are vertex-to-vertex tilings by pairwise incongruent triangles of unit area and bounded perimeter.