Ion distribution function at the boundary with an electrode

The ion distribution function is found in the case in which the Langmuir layer freely passes the ions incident from the plasma while the reverse ion flux is zero. These conditions are realized near the cathode in an arc discharge and at the surface of a probe operating on the ion branch of the characteristic. The electric field outside the Langmuir layer is assumed small. We obtain the connection between ion current and plasma density at the boundary with the electrode, the expressions for the ion mean kinetic energy and for the mean energy removed from the plasma by the ion, which differ markedly from the corresponding expressions in the Maxwellian distribution case.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 47–54, May–June, 1969.     

Effect of surface and volume ionization on the electrode potential drop

We consider the change in the potential of the electric field in the free fall layer at the electrodes as a function of the characteristics of the surface and the volume ionization. Systematic calculations are made of the electrode potential drop for a tungsten cathode and anode in a lithium and cesium plasma. The potential of the electric field is obtained as a function of the plasma pressure, the degree of volume ionization, the electron temperature, the electrode temperature, and the current density.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 4, pp. 137–139, July–August, 1970.     

Electrode region of a weakly ionized plasma in chemical equilibrium

The paper is devoted to an analysis of the wall (electrode) region of disturbance of the electric parameters of a weakly ionized plasma, i.e., the region in which the concentrations of the charged particles and the values of the electric field change from the distributions corresponding to the conditions in the undisturbed plasma to the values determined by the boundary conditions on the wall.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 142–153, January–February, 1982.I thank G. A. Lyubimov and G. A. Tirskii for interest in the work and valuable discussions.     

Structure of the electrode boundary layers in a gas-discharge plasma

The structure of the electrode zones in a gas-discharge plasma is investigated in the one-dimensional formulation on the basis of asymptotic methods of analysis of the singularly perturbed equations. The causes of the possible appearance of a negative potential jump at the anode and a minimum of the electric field near the cathode are established. A comparison is made with experiment.Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No.4, pp. 43–51, July–August, 1992.     

Theory of the temperature relaxation of an electron-ion plasma in a high-frequency electric and constant magnetic field

The effective collision frequency of electrons and ions which leads to temperature equalization in a plasma in a constant magnetic field and a weak high-frequency electric field when the gyroscopic radius of the electrons is less than the Debye screening radius is determined. The corresponding values of the relaxation time are determined over a wide range of values of the ratio between the electron and ion temperatures, over a wide range of values of the magnetic and electric fields, and also as a function of the frequency of the external electric field.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 6, pp. 41–48, November–December, 1970.     

Plasma flow accompanied by blowing and pumping of plasma across electrodes

The article discusses plane stationary slowly varying flows of a nonviscous plasma with good conductivity in a channel in a transverse magnetic field; the flows are accompanied by blowing in and pumping plasma across solid metallic electrodes. The Hall effect is taken into consideration. It is shown that the potential jump near the anode, which appears in an accelerated plasma flow in an ordinary channel with solid electrodes, can be eliminated in flows accompanied by blowing in (pumping) of plasma. It is also shown that flows are possible in which the velocity, density, and the transverse electric field increase in the direction of the accelerator cathode.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 6, pp. 26–34, November–December, 1970.     

Equation for thermionic emission in a plasma

The equation for thermionic emission from hot cathodes in the presence of a low-temperature plasma is discussed. The distribution function is obtained for the magnitude of the electric field intensity at the surface of the cathode, taking account of the effect of the individual fields of the various ions moving in the near-cathode layer. The thermionic flux density due to fluctuations of the field is found to be significantly higher than that calculated by Richardson's formula with Schottky's correction.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 3, pp. 40–45, May–June, 1972.     

On nonisothermal electroconvection

The flow from the tip of a needle electrode is caused by the Coulomb force acting on the space charge [1–3]. This charge is formed because of the dependence of the conductivity on the temperature, nonuniformity of which is due to Joule heating [1] and the electric field intensity [2] or processes near the electrode [3–5]. The present paper considers the stability of a dielectric liquid between spherical electrodes in order to elucidate the possibility of a thermoelectrohydrodynainic flow due to Joule heating. In the presence of external heating, the possibility of such a flow has been demonstrated both experimentally and theoretically [6–8].Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 133–137, March–April, 1980.     

Shock Wave Structure in a Weakly Ionized Ion Plasma Containing Charged Particles

The shock wave structure in a three-component weakly ionized plasma containing fine metal particles (macroparticles) is considered. The particles are ionized due to thermionic emission and the ejected electrons adhere to molecules of the neutral carrier gas assumed to be electronegative. The resulting ion plasma contains charged components with sharply different masses which are differently decelerated in the shock wave. This leads to charge separation and the generation of self-consistent electric fields which in turn affect the motion of the charged components.__________Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Academii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, 2005, pp. 179–188.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Bityurin and Klyuchnikov     

Fracture mechanics analysis of a composite piezoelectric strip with an internal semi-infinite electrode

IA piezoelectric strip with semi-infinite electrode is investigated. Two combinations of mechanical–electrical loadings are considered. They consist of the anti-plane deformation with in-plane electrical field and the in-plane electroelastic field. Based on the Fourier transform and the Wiener–Hopf technique, the electroelastic local stress fields are found to exhibit the square root singularity near the electrode tip. The energy density factor criterion is applied to examine the fracture behavior near the electrode tip.     

Determination of the constants of electrochemical reactions and the ion mobility coefficients in weakly conducting liquids from an analysis of the current—voltage characteristics

The problem is considered of the passage of a direct current through a solution of a weak electrolyte in a two-dimensional cell. Allowance is made for the electrochemical reactions of dissociation and reconbination which take place in the electrolyte when the rate of dissociation of the molecules is regarded as dependent on the electric field intensity [1–3]. For electrolytes whose recombination coefficient is of the order of magnitude of the Langevin coefficient, theoretical current—voltage characteristics are given for the limiting cases of large and small values of the characteristic times for the ion concentrations to be changed by electrochemical reactions and the transport of ions by the electric field. A method of determining the dissociation rate, the recombination coefficient, and the ion mobility coefficients is proposed on the basis of comparison of the theoretical and experimental current—voltage characteristics.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6. pp. 113–120, November–December, 1984.     

Calculation of the thermally nonequilibrium near-electrode region in an alkali-metal-seeded plasma

Distribution of parameters in the region of disturbance of a plasma near the surface of an electrode is considered based on diffusion equations. Thermoelectronic and thermionic emission from the electrode surface, the Schottky effect, and volume ionization and recombination are borne in mind. Two regions are assumed in the solution, namely, the region of ambipolar diffusion and the region of the space charge. A comparatively simple geometry for the discharge gap, given in the form of two infinite plane-parallel electrodes, is considered. A comparison is carried out with calculations for a thermally balanced region of a plasma disturbance.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 1, pp. 13–17, January–February, 1976.     

Investigation of a dense,chemically reacting plasma by the high-frequency probe potential modulation method

A method is proposed for investigating a chemically reacting plasma by means of an electric probe whose potential is modulated by a high-frequency sinusoidal voltage. The method is based on the use of a numerical solution of the problem of an electric probe introduced under negative potential into a steady-state low-temperature plasma formed in a mixture of chemically reacting molecular gases. The conditions under which the charged particle concentration in the region undisturbed by the probe is constant as a result of equilibrium between the ionization and recombination rates are examined.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 114–119, November–December, 1987.     

Effect of ion heat fluxes on the stability of an anisotropic collisionless plasma

Small perturbations of an unbounded volume of anisotropic collisionless plasma in a strong magnetic field are studied on the basis of MHD equations. It is assumed that there are present in the plasma ion heat fluxes connected with the third-order moments of the ion distribution function. The dispersion equation obtained, determining the velocity of five types of waves, is analyzed. In the space of the undisturbed plasma parameters the regions of values in which small perturbations are damped exponentially with time are found.Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No.2, pp. 153–157, March–April, 1993.     

Theory of plasma acceleration in electric and magnetic fields

The problem of the acceleration of a plasma in crossed electric and magnetic fields under the simplest physical conditions suitable for comparison with experiment is considered. Analytical expressions are obtained for the velocity of the electrons, the value of the resonance acceleration zone, and the increment of the potential of the accelerated plasma.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 6, pp. 14–17, November–December, 1972.     

Dispersion theory of surface waves on an inhomogeneous plasma in a strong high-frequency field

The spectrum of the characteristic surface oscillations and stability of a plasma in a strong high-frequency (hf) electric field are studied. It is shown that inhomogeneity of the plasma leads to spatial dispersion and to specific damping of stable oscillations of a plasma in an external hf field, the frequency of which greatly exceeds the plasma frequency. A systematic theory of parametric resonance at the frequency of the electronic surface oscillations is developed taking account of the inhomogeneity of the plasma.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 1, pp. 11–14, January–February, 1973.The authors thank V. P. Silin for interest in this work and for valuable observations.     

Theory of cooled electric probes in a dense plasma. Influence of thermal diffusion

The problem of an electric probe in the shape of a sphere in a weakly ionized three-component plasma at rest is studied. It is assumed that the probe diameter is appreciably larger than the mean free path of the charged particles and that the temperature of the probe surface differs from the temperature of the undisturbed plasma. The contribution of thermal-diffusion mass transport is taken into account in the expressions for the densities of the electric currents of the components. A new numerical method is developed to obtain a solution of the problem in a wide range of the determining parameters. The current-voltage characteristics are constructed. The influence of the probe temperature, the transport coefficients, and other parameters on the current-voltage characteristics is analyzed.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 103–112, March–April, 1979.     

Hall effect in the MHD model of plasma channel flow

The steady flow regime with quasi-radial electric current and nonequipotential boundaries is obtained in calculating axisymmetric plasma flow in a coaxial channel with an azimuthal self-magnetic field. The calculations were carried out using the MHD model with allowance for the Hall effect. The regime obtained describes the flow in the stream core of the channel of a modern quasi-steady heavy-current plasma accelerator outside thin near-electrode layers. Estimates of the Hall corrections relating to these layers are given.Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 56–65, September–October, 1995.     

Similarity parameter of processes near the electrode

The nature of the layers near the electrode, which occur in the case of dissipative flow of plasma in the channel of a powerful flow accelerator with a natural magnetic field, depends basically on the extent of the manifestation of the Hall effect [1, 2]. The nature of the layers nearthe electrode can be assessed according to the magnitude of the similarity parameter given below.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 1, pp. 117–118, January–February, 1972.     

Conditions near the electrode in a plasma with an alkali admixture

An analysis is made of the effects of certain processes in the interior of the gas and at the electrode surface on the potential drop near the electrode in a discharge in a dense, slightly ionized gas. Thermionic emission from the electrode, the Schottky effect, diffusion, and volume and surface ionization and recombination are taken into account. The analysis is carried out for a simple discharge-gap geometry: two infinite, plane-parallel electrodes. Relations are found for the potential drop near the electrode in a two-temperature plasma as a function of the discharge parameters and emission characteristics of the material. The calculated results are compared with experiment.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 4, pp. 3–12, July–August, 1971.The authors thank G. A. Lyubimov for interest in the study and for discussion of the results, and B. V. Parfenov for graciously furnishing the necessary experimental data from [13].