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人体新陈代谢的部分产物由血液运送至肺部,在肺泡通过气体交换出现在呼出气体中。呼出气体反映了机体的代谢和病理状况,一些物质甚至可能成为某种疾病的生物标记物。如：烷烃类是氧化应激的标志物,丙酮是糖尿病的生物标志物等。近年来,在气道慢性炎症,肺癌,肺结核,肠病,肝硬化,乳腺癌,胃管-食管癌等疾病中利用呼出气体检测来寻找特异性标志物的研究越来越多。国际上为此成立了专门的呼出气研究协会( International Association of Breath Research, IABR),并出版了呼出气体检测的专业性杂志Journal of breath research。     

人体呼出气中挥发性有机化合物的检测方法

呼出气检测作为一种潜在的新型临床检测手段受到广泛关注。本文详细综述了人体呼出气中挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的各类检测方法和技术,分别对色谱法、质谱法和光谱及传感器法的原理、特点和最新研究进展进行了介绍,对照总结了目前已确定的异戊二烯、丙酮等疾病生物标志物的各种分析方法和实测数据,并展望了未来的研究动向。     

基于呼出气挥发性有机物检测的肺癌筛查技术研究进展

肺癌已成为当前全球发病率和死亡率最高的癌症.早期肺癌的治愈率高,"早诊早治"已成为共识.呼出气检测具有非侵入性、取样方便且对人体友好的优势,通过对呼出气中特征代谢物的检测,寻找早期肺癌的疾病标志物,有望作为一种简单有效的早期肺癌筛查手段而备受关注.本文从临床常用肺癌筛查方法、呼出气组分及肺癌标志性挥发性有机物(VOCs...     

2型糖尿病临床血清样本的内源性多肽定量组学分析

糖尿病是一种全身性代谢紊乱综合征，患者高血糖的形成与肝脏、胰脏、肠道、脂肪肌肉组织、肾脏、脑等多脏器的功能失调相关。在分子水平上呈现糖尿病的生物分子疾病谱图对糖尿病的临床早期诊断、分子分型及其病理过程的理解可提供更加全面的数据支持。本工作应用多肽组学分析技术，针对健康组、糖尿病前期组和2型糖尿病患者组临床血清样品进行内源性多肽定性、定量分析，共鉴定到690条可靠血清内源性肽段，其中163条为统计学差异血清内源性多肽，为2型糖尿病早期筛查、早期诊断及分子分型等提供了定量多肽组支持。     

蛋白质棕榈酰化修饰的分析方法进展

棕榈酰化修饰是蛋白质翻译后脂质修饰的重要形式之一,在细胞信号传导、代谢、凋亡、疾病的发生、发展等过程中都起着重要的作用。因此,定性和定量分析蛋白质棕榈酰化修饰对理解其生物学功能具有重要意义。本文综述了近年出现的蛋白质棕榈酰化修饰分析技术和方法及其优缺点,并对其未来的发展趋势进行了展望。     

白云鄂博矿工人呼出气中(气土)活度的测定结果及卫生学评价

本文介绍用负高压静电收集和测量人体呼出气中氢子体置装,测定了白云鄂博矿按比例分层随机抽样的130名接触粉尘工人呼出气中的氢活度,并据此推算出肺内天然钍的沉积量。对其卫生意义也作出了评论。     

二次纳流电喷雾电离耦合超高分辨质谱检测人体呼出气中相对高分子量化合物

二次电喷雾电离源耦合超高分辨质谱(SESI-UHRMS)有望检出人体呼出气中分子量大于300的相对高分子量化合物,这些化合物的发现将有助于更准确地理解呼出气中挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的来源、产生机制以及SESI源电离机理,更好地实现SESI-UHRMS的转化应用.本研究自组装nanoSESI源(尚无商业产品)耦合四极杆-静电场轨道阱质谱(最高质量分辨率1.2×10~5),考察了该装置对健康人体呼出气中分子量为300~500化合物的检出情况.结果表明,所搭建的nanoSESI-UHRMS装置检测人体呼出气的重现性好、灵敏度高,可检出数十种分子量为300~500的化合物.根据这些化合物在单次呼气过程中信号强度随时间变化的趋势,推断其来源分别为内源性和外源性;各化合物的元素组成主要包括C,H,N和O,环-双键当量(RDB)的均值为(4.5±3.1),表明检出的化合物可能为醛酮或不饱和脂肪酸,容易在SESI源中被电离.本研究初步验证了自组建nanoSESI-UHRMS检测人体呼出气中相对高分子量化合物的可行性,为后续进一步开展方法应用奠定了基础.     

磷脂组学研究中的分析检测技术

磷脂是细胞膜的主要组分,有非常重要的生理功能,与人类健康、疾病密切相关。因此,有必要对生物体内磷脂化合物进行全面的分析,深入研究磷脂在疾病发生发展过程中的生物功能。磷脂组学是通过全面的定性与定量分析磷脂化合物解决现有生物学问题的研究模式。磷脂分析检测技术是实现磷脂组学研究的关键,包括样品前处理、分离、定性与定量分析和组学数据挖掘等。本文综述了磷脂组学研究中的分析检测技术,为发展快速、稳定、可靠、高灵敏、高分辨、高通量的磷脂检测平台技术提供参考。磷脂组学与其他组学的整合研究将促进生命分析化学的进一步发展。     

微量元素与2型糖尿病的相关性研究

2型糖尿病是一种常见的内分泌及代谢紊乱疾病,人体必需微量元素直接影响细胞代谢和胰岛素的水平。综述了微量元素铬、锌、镁、硒、铁、铜与2型糖尿病（T2DM）相关性研究的进展,为临床糖尿病的预防和治疗提出建议。     

基于呼气中特异性VOCs筛查的肺癌早期诊断与模型评估

采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）检测了180例受试者的呼出气样品,包括79名肺癌患者和101名健康志愿者。每个受试者采集3个平行样品,以及1个室内空气样品。对所有呼气样品中检测的92种挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行定量分析。结合Mann-Whitney检验和正交偏最小二乘判别分析（OPLS-DA）模型筛选出10种肺癌患者呼气特异性VOCs,包括苯甲醛、顺式-2-丁烯、2-丁酮、萘、乙酸乙烯酯、乙烯、2,2,4-三甲基戊烷、3-甲基戊烷、己醛和2-甲基戊烷。利用统计学方法研究其在不同人群中的代谢差异和可能相关的代谢机制,通过建立机器学习模型验证候选标志物对疾病的诊断性能,结果显示,随机森林模型诊断的准确度、精准率、灵敏度和特异性分别为96.25%、96.21%、95.76%、96.67%,马修斯相关系数（MCC）为0.93,曲线下面积为0.96。上述10种化合物可作为肺癌患者的潜在呼气VOCs标志物,为肺癌的早期诊断提供了丰富的基础数据。     

国内光催化研究进展简述

分1975~1985, 1985~1995和1995~2012三个时期简要介绍了国内光催化研究进展, 主要侧重于光催化材料及其改性、应用和反应机理方面的研究进展, 并指出了当前光催化领域存在的一些重要问题和未来的发展趋势, 涉及到光解水、CO₂还原、环境净化和选择性有机合成等方面.     

青蒿素研究进展

青蒿素是目前治疗疟疾的特效药。本文对自青蒿素发现以来的最新研究进展进行了比较详尽的综述。内容包括: 青蒿素的发现及历史, 青蒿素的来源, 青蒿素的全合成,青蒿素的生物合成, 青蒿素衍生物以及植物组织培养生产青蒿素。     

Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels

Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights.     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.     

Recent Advances in Analytical Methodology for in vivo Electrochemistry in Mammals

Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain.     

乙基香兰素研究前景

报导了近几十年来国内外关于乙基香兰素的研究进展与动态,并简单介绍了本文作者在该方面所取得的研究成果,参考文献33篇。     

Gemini表面活性剂合成进展

系统总结了近百种Gemini表面活性剂的合成路线和方法,并且按照其结构特点分门别类地进行比较和归纳,对今后Gemini表面活性剂的合成发展方向提出了一些看法,这对促进此类新颖表面活性剂的工业化进程将具有指导意义。     

钙与人体及临床

钙是宏量元素，是人体中含量较高的元素之一，体内99％的钙构成骨骼和牙齿以及维持骨骼结构，1％的钙调节人体重要生理功能。钙的含量过高或过低都与许多疾病有关，只有保持一种平衡状态，才能使机体处于正常环境。     

Trends in education in analytical chemistry

Summary At the session of the WPAC of Fechem on education in analytical chemistry it was concluded that it is now essential to include chemometrics and basic knowledge of computers in all courses on analytical chemistry.

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Tendenzen in der analytisch-chemischen Ausbildung

Zusammenfassung Bei einer Tagung der WPAC über die Lehre auf dem Gebiet der analytischen Chemie wurde bei der Betrachtung neuer Aspekte festgestellt, daß vor allem Chemometrie und Grundkenntnisse in Computertechnik in die Ausbildung aufgenommen werden sollten.

     

AGET ATRP in the Presence of Air in Miniemulsion and in Bulk

Summary: The recently developed initiation system, activators generated by electron transfer (AGET), is used in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in the presence of a limited amount of air. Ascorbic acid and tin(II ) 2‐ethylhexanoate are used as reducing agents in miniemulsion and bulk, respectively. An excess of reducing agent consumes the oxygen present in the system and, therefore, provides a deoxygenated environment for ATRP. ATRP of butyl acrylate is successfully carried out in miniemulsion and in the presence of air. During polymerization the radical concentration remains constant. The polymerization reaches over 60% monomer conversion after 6 h, which results in polymers with a predetermined molecular weight = 14 000 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity ( = 1.23). AGET ATRP of styrene is also successful in bulk in the presence of air, as evidenced by linear semi‐logarithmic kinetics, which leads to polystyrene with an of 13 400 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity index ( = 1.14).

Appearance of miniemulsion before and after the reducing agent ascorbic acid was added (left); and GPC traces representing molecular weights during the AGET ATRP of BA in miniemulsion in the presence of air (right).