Relativistic effects in many-body systems of finite size,internal structure,and internal motions: I. “Self-acceleration” of astrophysical systems

It is proved that the post-Newtonian general relativistic center of rest mass of a bounded physical system composed of a number of bodies characterized by finite dimensions, arbitrary internal structure, and arbitrary internal motions cannot in general move uniformly, contrary to what was conventionally accepted up to now. Mathematical expressions are derived and discussed describing, in terms of the above characteristics of the bodies, the position and velocity vectors of the center of rest mass of the system and the force, which is responsible for its nonuniform motion, with respect to the uniformly moving post-Newtonian general relativistic center of inertial mass of the physical system. In the special case of a binary star it is shown that the center of rest mass should describe, around the uniformly moving center of inertial mass, an ellipse of the same period and eccentricity as those of the Newtonian elliptical orbit of the relative motion. The length of the axes of this ellipse depends on the internal characteristics of the members of the binary star, and the motion of the center of rest mass becomes important when these characteristics are strong enough. Finally, it is proved that in every effort for describing theoretically a binary system, the internal characteristics of the members of which are ignored, and for accurate measurements of their positions and velocities, the above fictitious motion of the center of rest mass has to be taken into account; otherwise, the results of the measurements will not be consistent with the theoretical predictions.     

Redshift of a compact binary star in the neighborhood of a supermassive black hole

We present a method that allows to calculate the redshift of a compact binary star which moves in a strong external gravitational field, e.g. the field of a supermassive black hole. If the binary is close enough to the field center, its motion can be relativistic, while the relative motion of the stars in the binary is still non-relativistic. The latter can be computed in a co-moving reference frame. We calculate the redshift in a co-moving frame in Fermi coordinates as a series in the size of the binary \(\varrho \). The obtained expression is written in a covariant form up to linear terms in \(\varrho \). Using the equations of motion that have been obtained in a previous paper, we present the method of calculation of the redshift of a sample binary star moving in the field of a black hole. We illustrate this method by numerical model for the case of spherically-symmetric (Schwarzschild) black hole. The method can be applied to the analysis of the timing data of pulsars in the vicinity of the Galactic Center, and to the reconstruction of the binary star motion by its redshift.     

Effect of Tidal Torques on Rotational Mixing in Close Binaries

The effect of tidal torques on rotational mixing in close binaries is investigated. It is found that spin angular momentum can attain a high value due to a strong tidal torque. Nitrogen and helium enrichment occurs early in the binary system that is triggered by tides. The stellar radius can reach a high value in the single star model with high initial velocities at the early stage of the evolution, but efficient rotational mixing can inhibit stellar expanding at the subsequent evolution. Central compactness is increased by the centrifugal force at the early stage of evolution but is reduced by rotational mixing induced by strong tides. The binary models with weak tides have high values of central temperature and stellar radius. Rotational mixing in single stars can slow down the shrinkage of convective cores, while convective cores can be expanded by strong tides in the binary system.Efficient rotational mixing induced by tides can cause the star to evolve towards high temperature and luminosity.     

Binary neutron stars: Equilibrium models beyond spatial conformal flatness

Equilibria of binary neutron stars in close circular orbits are computed numerically in a waveless formulation: the full Einstein-relativistic-Euler system is solved on an initial hypersurface to obtain an asymptotically flat form of the 4-metric and an extrinsic curvature whose time derivative vanishes in a comoving frame. Two independent numerical codes are developed, and solution sequences that model inspiraling binary neutron stars during the final several orbits are successfully computed. The binding energy of the system near its final orbit deviates from earlier results of third post-Newtonian and of spatially conformally flat calculations. The new solutions may serve as initial data for merger simulations and as members of quasiequilibrium sequences to generate gravitational-wave templates, and may improve estimates of the gravitational-wave cutoff frequency set by the last inspiral orbit.     

A method of autonomous orbit determination for satellite using star sensor

1 Introduction Autonomous orbit determination of satellite means that orbit determination is solely finished on board, independent of the observation of ground system. Study on autono-mous orbit determination of satellite has been very hot in the field of orbit determination currently internationally due to its significance in application. There are two common ways of autonomous orbit determination internationally. One is autonomous orbit deter-mination based on navigation system, such as on-b…     

Estimate of stellar masses from their QPO frequencies

Kilohertz quasiperiodic oscillations (kHz QPOs) are observed in binary stellar systems. For such a system, the stellar radius is very close to the marginally stable orbit R _ms as predicted by Einstein’s general relativity. Many models have been proposed to explain the origin of the kHz QPO features in the binaries. Here we start from the work of Li et al (Phys. Rev . Lett. 83, 3776 (1999)) who in 1999, from the unique millisecond X-ray pulsations, suggested SAX J1808.4−3658 to be a strange star, from an accurate determination of its rotation period. It showed kHz QPOs eight years ago and so far it is the only set that has been observed. We suggest that the mass of four compact stars SAX J1808.4−3658, KS 1731−260, SAX J1750.8−2900 and IGR J17191−2821 can be determined from the difference in the observed kHz QPOs of these stars. It is exciting to be able to give an estimate of the mass of the star and three other compact stars in low-mass X-ray binaries using their observed kHz QPOs.     

Planet host stars in open clusters

We have compiled a list of all planet host star candidates reported in the literature,which are likely to be cluster members,and we checked their memberships by the spatial location,radial velocity,proper motion and photometric criteria.We found that only six stars,BD-13 2130,HD 28305,Kepler-66,Kepler-67,Pr0201 and Pr0211,are planet orbiting stars in open clusters to date.Two stars,HD 70573 and HD 89744,belong to moving groups and one star,TYC 8975-2606-1,may not be a planet host star,while three stars,HD 16175,HD 46375 and HD 108874 are not members of open clusters.We note that all these six planetary systems in the stellar cluster environment are younger than~1 Gyr,which might indicate that the planetary system in open cluster can not survive for a long time,and we speculate that close stellar encounters between member stars in open cluster can potentially destroy,or at least strongly affect,the presence of planetary systems.     

Neutron-Capture Elements in the Double-Enhanced Star HE 1305-0007： a New s- and r-Process Paradigm

The star HE 1305-0007 is a metal-poor double-enhanced star with metallicity [Fe/H] = -2.0, which is just at the upper limit of the metallicity for the observed double-enhanced stars. Using a parametric model, we find that almost all s-elements were made in a single neutron exposure. This star should be a member of a post-commonenvelope binary. After the s-process material has experienced only one neutron exposure in the nucleosynthesis region and is dredged-up to its envelope, the AGB evolution is terminated by the onset of common-envelope evolution. Based on the high radial-velocity of HE 1305-0007, we speculate that the star could be a runaway star from a binary system, in which the AIC event has occurred and produced the r-process elements.     

The formation of stars

We review the process of star formation, detailing the theories underlying the stability of molecular clouds and their collapse to protostars, and discussing the empirical evidence and models which inform them. We give emphasis to the role that the magnetic field plays in influencing the stability of molecular clouds and hence the star formation rate. The end result of star formation is a mass function which appears constant within our Galaxy. A relative abundance of low mass stars is observed over high mass stars and most of the stars that do form are found to exist as members of a binary system. The origin of binarity is reviewed as is the discovery, formation and observations of some of the lowest mass stars known, the brown dwarfs.     

转动双星同步和轨道圆化的物理过程研究

潮汐效应是影响恒星结构和演化非常重要的物理因素.本文研究了影响潮汐同步和轨道圆化的物理因素,如恒星质量、初始转速、轨道周期、金属丰度、对流超射等,并根据转动恒星的角动量转移和元素扩散方程,给出了这些因素对转动双星演化和元素混合的影响.结果表明：具有大质量子星、初始转速慢、对流超射小、轨道周期短的双星系统,能更早地达到平衡速度和轨道圆化;初始转速快的恒星,由于潮汐同步过程减速,双星系统中氮元素增丰没有单星的氮元素增丰显著;大质量星、高金属丰度、超射大和短周期的双星系统,氮增丰相对显著;质量小、金属丰度低、转速慢、超射大的恒星具有较小的恒星半径,而低金属丰度恒星表面却具有较高的有效温度,快速转动单星向低温和低光度端演化.     

On the Tidally Induced Gravitational Collapse of a Particle Cluster

An important issue in the dynamics of neutron star binaries is whether tidal interaction can cause the individual stars to collapse into black holes during inspiral. To understand this issue better, we study the dynamics of a cluster of collisionless particles orbiting a non-rotating black hole, which is part of a widely separated circular binary. The companion body's electric- and magnetic-type tidal fields distort the black hole and perturb the cluster, eventually causing the cluster to collapse into the hole as the companion spirals in under the influence of gravitational radiation reaction. We find that magnetic-type tidal forces do not significantly influence the evolution of the cluster as a whole. However, individual orbits can be strongly affected by these forces. For example, some orbits are destabilized due to the addition of magnetic-type tidal forces. We find that the most stable orbits are close to the companion's orbital plane and retrograde with respect to the companion's orbit.     

Pre-low-mass X-ray binaries containing a black hole: investigating a detection mechanism

This work investigates the feasibility of detecting close, detached, black hole-red dwarf binaries, which are expected to be evolutionary precursors of low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs). Although this pre-low-mass X-ray binary (pre-LMXB) phase of evolution is predicted theoretically, as yet no such systems have been identified observationally. The calculations presented here suggest that the X-ray luminosity of black hole wind accretion in a pre-LMXB system could exceed the intrinsic X-ray luminosity of the red dwarf secondary star, thereby providing a detection mechanism. However, there is significant uncertainty regarding the efficiency of the conversion of gravitational potential energy to X-ray luminosity resulting from accretion onto a black hole, for example energy may be lost via advection across the event horizon. Still, sources with X-ray luminosities greater than that expected for a red dwarf star, but whose positions coincide with that of a red dwarf would represent candidate pre-LMXB systems. These candidates should be surveyed for the radial velocity shifts that would occur as a result of the orbital motion of a red dwarf star within a close binary system containing a black hole.      

Chaotic scattering in the gravitational three-body problem

We summarize some results of an ongoing study of the chaotic scattering interaction between a bound pair of stars (a binary) and an incoming field star. The stars are modeled as point masses and their equations of motion are numerically integrated for a large number of initial conditions. The global features of the resulting initial-value space maps are presented, and their evolution as a function of system parameters is discussed. We find that the maps contain regular regions separated by rivers of chaotic behavior. The probability of escape within the chaotic regions is discussed, and a straightforward explanation of the scaling present in these regions is reviewed. We investigate a statistical quantity of interest, namely the cross section for temporarily bound interactions, as a function of the third star's incoming velocity and mass. Finally, a new way of considering long-lived trajectories is presented, allowing long data sets to be qualitatively analyzed at a glance.     

Dynamic evolution of triple hierarchical stellar systems

Dynamic evolution of triple hierarchical stellar systems using higher-order perturbations in the framework of a restricted three-body problem was performed. Hierarchical triple systems consist of a relatively close pair and a satellite on a distant orbit. These systems are thought to be stable on cosmological timescales, in contrast to systems where all the distances are comparable. We obtain a solution for intermediate motion, where the mean motions of both components have secular evolutionary terms. Perturbations from the distant component slow down the rotation of the close pair, while its own mean motion secularly increases due to interaction with the binary component. Perturbations are small but may change the configuration of the system of cosmological timescales. The probability that such systems become unstable is high.     

The origin of the strongest magnetic fields in dwarfs

White dwarfs have frozen in magnetic fields ranging from below the measurable limit of about 3×10³ to 10⁹ G. White dwarfs with surface magnetic fields in excess of 1 MG are found as isolated single stars and relatively more often in magnetic cataclysmic variables. Some 1253 white dwarfs with a detached low-mass main-sequence companion have been identified in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) but none of these shows sufficient evidence for Zeeman splitting of hydrogen lines for a magnetic field in excess of 1 MG. If such high magnetic fields in white dwarfs result from the isolated evolution of a single star then there should be the same fraction of high field white dwarfs among this SDSS binary sample as among single stars. Thus, we deduce that the origin of such high magnetic fields must be intimately tied to the formation of cataclysmic variables (CVs). The formation of a CV must involve orbital shrinkage from giant star to main-sequence star dimensions. It is believed that this shrinkage occurs as the low-mass companion and the white dwarf spiral together inside a common envelope. CVs emerge as very close but detached binary stars that are then brought together by magnetic braking or gravitational radiation. We propose that the smaller the orbital separation at the end of the common envelope phase, the stronger the magnetic field. The magnetic cataclysmic variables (MCVs) originate from those common envelope systems that almost merge. Those common envelope systems that do merge are the progenitors of the single high field white dwarfs. Thus all highly magnetic white dwarfs, be they single stars or the components of MCVs, have a binary origin. This accounts for the relative dearth of single white dwarfs with fields of 10⁴–10⁶ G. Such intermediate-field white dwarfs are found preferentially in cataclysmic variables. The bias towards higher masses for highly magnetic white dwarfs is expected if a fraction of these form when two degenerate cores merge in a common envelope. From the space density of single highly magnetic white dwarfs we estimate that about three times as many common envelope events lead to a merged core as to a cataclysmic variable.     

激变变星光谱参数测量研究

激变变星是一类特殊而且数量稀少的双星系统,其主星是一颗白矮星, 伴星通常是一颗充满洛希瓣的光谱型为G,K或M型的晚型星或矮星。激变变星是一类爆发型的恒星,对于研究密近双星的演化具有积极的意义。激变变星按照爆发特征和光变特征可以分为很多亚型,如新星、再发新星、矮新星、类新星和磁激变变星。同时激变变星又是一类周期型的变星,这些因素都导致其可见光光谱非常复杂。目前对于激变变星的参数测量,主要通过后续观测来测量其轨道周期、主星和伴星之间的距离等。由于在吸积的过程中,物质在白矮星的表面累积,无法直接测量主星的物理参数,而且激变变星本身是一种暗弱的天体,实测光谱数量较少,因此极大限制了对激变变星物理参数的系统研究。目前唯一能够生成激变变星理论光谱的软件是基于光致电离模型的CLOUDY,但CLOUDY存在采样点过于稀少以及参数太多等问题,不能作为理想的理论光谱模板。法国ELODIE高分辨率的光谱可以作为M型恒星光谱参数测量的理论模板。前期工作中,通过机器学习等方法在美国斯隆巡天和中国郭守敬望远镜巡天数据中发现了一批激变变星。通过人工筛选,选择了伴星是M型的407条实测光谱,这些光谱大部分是宁静期的矮新星,光谱的主要特征是巴尔末线系和氦的发射线。再通过与高分辨率的ELODIE光谱交叉,利用SDSS-casjob数据库中的ELODIE参数,对激变变星的红端部分进行模板匹配,系统测量了其伴星的物理参数。为了降低计算量,对高维的光谱分别通过主分量分析和局部线性嵌入两种方法进行了特征提取和降维。实验结果表明LLE方法在邻域大小15,维度59时达到最高贡献率94.91%。根据PCA和LLE的交集,最终光谱的维度确定为59。实验中发现激变变星的伴星中M2型数量极少,具体原因需要更多的样本来解释。因为实验中激变变星光谱中,只有部分有明显的分子带特征,因此那些在爆发下降阶段或者光谱被吸积盘特征控制的激变变星没有进行参数测量。该实验弥补了激变变星光谱物理参数测量的空白。     

新生中子星的性质与三体核力效应

在Brueckner-Hartree-Fock理论框架内, 研究了新生中子星的状态方程和性质, 计算了新生中子星的最大质量和新生中子星中质子占总核子数的丰度, 特别是讨论了三体核力和中微子束缚效应的影响以及三体核力和中微子束缚效应的相互影响. 结果表明, 无论是否考虑三体核力, 中微子束缚对新生中子星的状态方程和质子丰度均有明显影响. 中微子束缚导致新生中子星物质中的质子丰度显著增大. 三体核力的贡献是使新生中子星的状态方程变硬并导致新生中子星中质子丰度明显增大. 束缚在中子星物质中的中微子显著减弱了三体核力对于中子星物质中质子丰度的影响.     

Modified gravity with arbitrary coupling between matter and geometry

The field equations of a generalized f(R)$f(R)$ type gravity model, in which there is an arbitrary coupling between matter and geometry, are obtained. The equations of motion for test particles are derived from a variational principle in the particular case in which the Lagrange density of the matter is an arbitrary function of the energy-density of the matter only. Generally, the motion is non-geodesic, and takes place in the presence of an extra force orthogonal to the four-velocity. The Newtonian limit of the model is also considered. The perihelion precession of an elliptical planetary orbit in the presence of an extra force is obtained in a general form, and the magnitude of the extra gravitational effects is constrained in the case of a constant extra force by using Solar System observations.     

Essay review: Symmetry not so Super

A group of researches has recently been linking the mutual dynamical interaction of a close pair of stars with the nuclear physics of the internal stellar structure. The rate at which the apse line of their orbit alters its orientation depends on the tidal and centrifugal distortion of such a closely associated pair; but for given dimensions of the two stars and their orbits this apse rotation is slower the more concentrated the material towards the centre of each star. This in turn depends on the evolutionary stage reached in depletion of their hydrogen as source of energy. The topic is here traced from the earliest papers by Russell in 1928 to the recent ones by Princeton astronomers in 1958. Critique of the potentialities of such work is finally suggested.     

Non-Doppler redshift of some galactic objects

Redshift observations reported in several galactic objects, such as binary stars, star clusters, and in the K effect, are compared with the predicted non-Doppler redshift caused by the inelastic transmission of photons in gases. It is found that all the observations are compatible with the predicted redshift caused by a gas surrounding the star. The new mechanism explains, in a simple way and without requiring any of the previous ad hoc hypotheses, why so many early-type stars in the solar neighborhood appear to be generally redshifted. This mechanism has important consequences in cosmology