多功能扫描质子核探针信号探测和数据获取系统

为了在一次扫描质子核探针实验中能获取多种物理信息,研制了多功能信号探测与数据获取系统。系统由组合探测器、多站多参量数据采集与束流扫描、样品台控制与显微观测三个子系统组成。组合探测器包括了Si(Li)X射线探测器,高纯Geγ射线探测器,以及Au(Si)面垒带电粒子探测器,可完成多种物理参数的同时获取。系统的核心数据采集与束流扫描系统基于NI公司的PXI-7852R数据采集卡和LabVIEW软件平台,具备了多个物理信号采集、多能谱显示以及束流扫描和二维成像等功能。六轴高精度真空样品台由计算机控制,可实现显微图像对样品的定位及对扫描区域的可视化选择。初步实验验证了该系统的可靠性与稳定性。     

光子扫描隧道显微镜的光电成像系统研究

本文论述了光子扫描隧道显微镜（ＰＳＴＭ）的显微成像机理、成像规律，针对具体的物理模型进行数值模拟计算，并得到了与实际探测相一致的场分布规律。采用自行研制的光子扫描隧道显微镜（ＰＳＴＭ）的显微实验系统对多种样品进行了表面显微成像研究，获得了关于样品表面三维立体图像信息，通过多种图像处理手段对原始图像进行后期处理，得到了更具视觉效果、更为逼真的样品表面图像。     

基于双螺旋点扩散函数工程的多焦点图像扫描显微

在传统共聚焦显微技术的基础上,图像扫描显微技术使用面阵探测器来代替单点探测器,结合虚拟数字针孔并利用像素重定位和解卷积图像重构算法将传统宽场显微镜的分辨率提高一倍,实现了高信噪比的超分辨共焦成像.但是,由于采用逐点扫描的方式,三维成像速度相对较慢,限制了其在活体样品成像中的应用.为了进一步提高图像扫描显微术的成像速度,本文提出了一种基于双螺旋点扩散函数工程的多焦点图像扫描显微成像方法和系统.在照明光路中,利用高速数字微镜器件产生周期分布的聚焦点阵对样品进行并行激发和快速二维扫描;在探测光路中,利用双螺旋相位片将激发点荧光信号的强度分布转换为双螺旋的形式;最终,利用后期数字重聚焦处理,从单次样品扫描数据中重构出多个样品层的超分辨宽场图像.在此基础上,利用搭建的系统分别对纤维状肌动蛋白和海拉细胞线粒体进行成像实验,证明了该方法的超分辨能力和快速三维成像能力.     

QR码图像预处理中的滤波研究

QR码图像采集过程中会出现椒盐噪声,为了在滤除图像椒盐噪声的同时能很好地保持图像的细节,将几种常用中值滤波方法应用到QR码的图像预处理中,进一步对其结果进行比较,得出QR码图像中值滤波的规律。据此提出利用窗口系数的新中值滤波方法,先二值化,然后进行基于滤波窗系数的中值滤波处理,经过实验比较找到一组系数。实验结果表明:将该系数的中值滤波用在QR码图像预处理中可以大大提高译码的效率和准确率。在加噪一定情况下,实验的识别率达到了100%。     

基于光程差扫描的低相干离轴数字全息术

针对在低相干离轴数字全息术中,光源相干长度限制物光波可探测面积的问题,提出了一种基于光程差扫描的低相干离轴数字全息记录方法.首先,通过改变参考光和物光波之间的光程差,使得干涉条纹扫描记录平面的不同区域,而后对各个区域的数字全息图采用数值再现的方法获取不同区域处的物光波相位分布,最后采用相位拼接技术拼接各个区域的相位分布实现物光波的全视场探测.     

内爆初级质子能谱直接测量方法

基于单能质子对CR39的标定实验,利用获取的响应曲线,设计了一种内爆初级质子的直接测量方法。在内爆初级质子产额较低的情况下,该方法可获得更多的计数。对实验中的噪声信号排除做出了说明,并对其背景噪声来源进行了分析,以提高实验数据的精确性。利用标定数据,对CR39上观察到的径迹进行鉴别,确定质子径迹并测量其径迹参数,从而确定质子能量。在随机扫描的约300个显微镜视场中获得了200个质子径迹数据,并通过与标定数据比对,获得了它们各自的能量,再利用蒙特卡罗程序Geant4修正铝膜的岐离,最终确认本次内爆实验初级质子的能谱峰值应该在2.4~2.6 MeV之间,据此换算到靶丸面密度为7~8mg/cm2,为实验结果的进一步后续分析提供了依据。     

形态学开运算剔除激光雷达的太阳光干扰

为了剔除闪光式激光雷达白天工作时太阳光对目标的光污染,采用基于形态学开运算的强度图像预处理方法,对闪光式激光雷达在白天接收到的原始强度图像预处理,随后采用相邻帧差法对预处理后的强度图像进行三维重建,可以有效地将目标从太阳光污染中提取出来。为了验证该方法的可行性,用闪光式激光成像雷达在白天对距离500 m外的目标建筑物进行了成像实验,并与高斯滤波预处理、中值滤波预处理和阈值分割预处理进行对比,随后采用相邻帧差法并根据四种方法预处理后的强度图像来获取目标的距离信息。经过计算,形态学开运算预处理与高斯滤波预处理、中值滤波预处理和阈值分割预处理的结构相似度分别为0.78、0.83和0.85,他们之间的结构相似图分析结果充分说明采用形态学开运算的预处理方法在去除由太阳光引起的干扰的同时,可以完整获取目标的距离信息。     

光子计数成像系统的自适应累积时间扫描方法

得益于单光子探测器的超高灵敏度,光子计数成像系统近年来成为极弱光探测成像领域的研究热点.基于单点扫描的光子计数成像系统,以光子累积的方式获取大量返回光子事件后重建目标图像.然而,单像素探测时间固定导致的光子事件累积冗余或累积不足的问题,限制了系统的成像效率.本文提出了一种基于自动选取单像素最佳累积时间的时间自适应扫描方法,并分别进行了单点测距和扫描成像实验.结果表明,本文提出的方法在重建质量接近的深度图像(64×88)时的数据总获取时间相比单像素固定累积时间的扫描方法降低了一个数量级,极大地提高了扫描数据获取的效率,为光子计数成像系统快速成像提供了新思路.     

光子扫描隧道显微镜球形样品二维近场强度分析

采用时域有限差分方法计算全内反射和光子扫描隧道显微镜系统。光子扫描隧道显微镜的基本工作原理是隐失波的产生和探测，当入射光在两种介质的分界面上发生全内反射，并在界面处产生非辐射的电磁波——隐失波时，采取对两界面入射光进行分别设置的方法即“三波法”设置入射激励元。分别计算一个球和两个球形样品的近场分布，并计算散射小球为探针，一个球为样品的扫描图像。结果表明：采用二维时域有限差分方法计算能较直观地显示样品表面的近场分布。表明时域有限差分方法在光子扫描隧道显微镜理论研究中具有很大潜力。     

一种有效的红外小目标检测方法

提出了一种基于中值滤波与梯度法的红外小目标检测方法.该方法首先通过中值滤波对红外图像进行平滑处理,接着采用背景差分技术将原始图像与经过中值滤波后的图像进行差分对消.在此基础上,再使用梯度锐化法对残差图像进行边缘信息的增强.最后,利用二值化处理凸显出目标点.该方法通过中值滤波与梯度法的互补效应实现了红外小目标的有效检测,仿真实验结果证明了该算法的有效性.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Cavitation in trees

Sap is transported under tension (i.e. negative pressure) in trees, according to the tension-cohesion theory. Since water is physically instable under negative pressure, a risk of cavitation is possible. Techniques have been developed during the past two decennia to study cavitation in trees. Trees appear remarkably immune to cavitation events. Cavities form only when extreme water stresses occur or when sap freezes. Nucleation is heterogeneous in trees, presumably caused by the aspiration of air bubbles through conduit walls. Threshold xylem pressures for cavitation vary greatly between species, in concordance with the great functional and ecological diversity of trees. To cite this article: H. Cochard, C. R. Physique 7 (2006).     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.     

Optical Pulse Compression Schemes That Use Nonlinear Bragg Gratings

Nonlinear optical pulse compression of picosecond pulses typically requires long lengths of optical fiber and multiple components. Periodic structures, such as fiber Bragg gratings, are highly dispersive at wavelengths outside of the photonic bandgap. This implies that such gratings can be used as very short all-fiber compressors. In this paper a number of such compression schemes are reviewed involving uniform and nonuniform fiber Bragg gratings, relying on both soliton and nonsoliton compression principles. Experimental results supporting the corresponding underlying theory are also presented. Finally, an extension of one of the compression schemes is shown, which allows the generation of adjustable high-repetition rate soliton trains.     

Conductively cooled all-solid-state zigzag slab laser

A diode pumped, Q-switched Nd：YAG zigzag slab laser is developed using passive conduction cooling. Flat-flat and unstable resonators are adopted in this experiment. The 150-mJ multi-mode and 100-mJ single-mode laser outputs with pulse width of 10 ns are achieved, corresponding to optical efficiencies of 19% and 13%, respectively. The experimental result demonstrates that the laser has the property of compact structure, high efficiency, reliability, and high beam quality. The design of laser has a potential application in space environment.     

The nature of empirical constants in the equation relating the frequency of the stretching vibration of oh-groups to parameters of the [MO n ]-polyhedrons coordinating these groups

Institute of Physicoorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220603, Minsk, Ul. Surganova, 13, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 104–107, January–February, 1995.     

Quantitative analysis results of CE-1 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer ground base experiment

As the nearest celestial body to the earth, the moon has become a hot spot again in astronomy field recently. The element analysis is a much important subject in many lunar projects. Remote X-ray spectrometry plays an important role in the geochemical exploration of the solar bodies. Because of th equasi-vacuum atmosphere on the moon, which has no absorption of X-ray, the X-ray fluorescence analysis is an effective way to determine the elemental abundance of lunar surface. The CE-1 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (CE-1/XFS) aims to map the major elemental compositions on the lunar surface. This paper describes a method for quantitative analysis of elemental compositions. A series of ground base experiments are done to examine the capability of XFS. The obtained results, which show a reasonable agreement with the certified values at a 30% uncertainty level for major elements, are presented.     

A new tuning procedure for the DTL RF field pattern

The DTL tank is a multi-cell cavity.In a fabricated tank,the measured average axial field E0 for each cell may obviously deviate from the designed value.It is generally thought the deviation is due to the errors in fabrication and assembly.But it is not always true.In this paper,it is shown that the deviation may already exist before fabrication in some cases.It is partly due to the imperfection of the current design procedures.A new design method is introduced to reduce the deviation in the design stage.     

Effect of oxygen on the optical properties of ZnSe in the region of 0.44–20 μm

Moscow Power Engineering Institute, 14, Krasnokazarmennaya Str., Moscow, GSP, 105835, Russia. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnois Spektroskopii, Vol. 63, No. 4, pp. 646–651, July–August, 1996.