气固流化床内射流特性的研究

采用Brandani等的数学模型模拟了中心射流宽度为0.01m的二维气固流化床(高1.6m、宽0.3m)内鼓泡和射流的瞬态及时均流体动力学特性。一种典型的Geldart B颗粒――砂子(粒径为500mm、密度为2660kg/m3)作为研究的模拟物料。瞬态结果表明，床内射流产生和发展、射流崩塌后所形成气泡尺寸以及全床内的气体速度场和空隙率均存在明显的非对称性，但是由压力信号功率谱密度得到的时均压力特性则有较好的对称性。因此，对于商业化稳定运转的射流床，可以用半床模拟结果近似解释整床特性；然而，在考察射流床的瞬态特性时，半床模拟结果与整床结果存在明显偏差。     

双组分冷模射流流化床气化炉内流体动力学特性模拟

针对实际工业生产中经常遇到的多组分体系，本文选取了具有代表性意义的非等密度/直径的双组分体系(树脂和砂子)为研究对象，以Goossens等提出的平均物性法则计算了固体混合物的平均粒径和平均密度，采用欧拉－欧拉计算流体动力学模型(CFD)模拟了二维冷模射流床气化炉内，诸如气、固相流场的时空分布、时均空隙率分布、射流穿透深度等流体动力学的时空特征，所得结果与文献报道相吻合。     

射流流化床煤气化炉中气固流动和传热、传质的CFD模拟研究

通过双流体模型对射流流化床煤气化炉进行了CFD（Computational Fluid Dynamics,计算流体力学）模拟。模拟着重分析了流化床气化炉气固流动的特性和传质、传热过程。结果表明,流化床中气固两相的传热、传质过程与气体和颗粒的运动特性密切相关。     

Numerical simulation of the hydrodynamics of an inverse liquid–solid fluidized bed using combined Lattice Boltzmann and smoothed profile methods

Knowledge of an inverse fluidized-bed fluid hydrodynamics is advantageous in optimal adjustment and designing high-efficiency beds. In the present study, a combination of a single relaxation time collision operator lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and the smoothed profile method (SPM) is employed to simulate the hydrodynamics of an inverse liquid–solid fluidized bed comprising circular monodisperse and polydisperse particles in a rectangular channel. A numerical instance of inverse fluidization involving 231 particles is illustrated to show the capability of the combined methods. Moreover, comparison of the numerical results is performed with the Ergun equation and the Richardson–Zaki correlation. The comparison demonstrates that the present model can simulate the fluid flow behavior in an inverse fluidized bed. Several different models were also presented to investigate the effect of different fluid properties and size of particles in the bed. Simulations indicate that the more the superficial liquid velocity, the higher the porosity of the bed. The present simulations show that porosity of the bed increases by increasing the particles size, and also the vertical velocity of the bed decreases with an increase in liquid viscosity. Finally, polydisperse particle systems are also simulated. The results show that porosity in an inverse fluidized bed comprising polydisperse particles is more than that of a monodisperse particle bed.     

喷嘴式分布器射流流化床的模拟研究

在D300mm喷嘴式分布器射流流化床上利用双流体模型结合颗粒动力学理论对空隙率分布进行了模拟计算。模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。在此基础上运用该模型预测了不同喷嘴仰角对床内空隙率分布的影响规律。预测结果表明,喷嘴仰角改变将会影响床层空隙率。     

灰熔聚流化床气化炉分布分离结构的模拟研究

通过CFD双欧拉模型模拟了灰熔聚流化床气化炉内气体、固体颗粒于不同气体分布器、灰分离器结构下的流动行为，阐明了不同中心射流气速下的气体、固体流动循环状况；环管内气流分布与扩管张角的关系以及对颗粒运动的影响。研究结果为认识和改善气化炉煤灰的结渣、团聚、分离等过程提供了一定的理论基础。     

多组分气固射流床流动特性 Ⅱ流型的划分

在３００×５０×２６００ｍｍ的二维射流流化床中,使用压力波动的功率谱分析方法,考察了９种单一、双组分混合物物性因素（粒径、密度）、操作因素（射流气速、喷口直径、静床高度、环隙气量）对射流流化床的三种流型：气泡串、射流、喷流相互转变的影响。结果表明,在较低静床高时,随着射流气速的增大,射流床内流型由气泡串、射流过渡到喷流;而静床高较高时,射流气速增大仅由气泡串过渡到射流。环隙气量增大、粒径增大、密度增大,喷流流型出现较困难,最后得出了流型转变图及转变的定量关系式     

加压流化床流化性质的实验与模拟研究

在二维射流流化床装置中,考察了压力对颗粒和气泡运动的影响规律.通过使用摄像技术详细的记录了压力下气泡的行为,并对其进行了分析,由此解决了较高压力下测量流态化性质较为困难的问题.数值研究通过CFD双欧拉模型模拟了带有V形分布器和中心射流的二维流化床内压力对气泡大小、床的膨胀率和射流深度的影响.实验和理论结果表明,在加压状态下,射流气速和分布板气速对气泡的产生、大小及形状有不同的影响.在较高的操作压力下,射流气速增加,气泡变长;分布器气速增大,气泡则变大;射流高度随着分布器气速的增加而降低.模拟结果与实验数据吻合较好,由此该模型为研究较高操作压力下射流流化床流化性质提供了有利的工具.     

气-固流化床反应器内双流体力学模型及其验证 Ⅱ.单组分两维射流床内流场特性分析

由以质量、动量和能量三大守恒定律为基础的湍流两相流理论出发,建立了描述气固流化床内两相流动的数学模型;在微型计算机上编写了相应的数值计算和图形处理程序;为了验证模型的可靠性,本文着手模拟与分析了单组分颗粒体系两维射流流化床内气、固相速度场、空隙度和压力场随时间、空间变化规律;得到了与前人实验结果相吻合的结论。     

Geldart B 类颗粒气固流化床内的压力波动特性(英文)

采用多通道压力采集系统测量了Geldart B类颗粒（树脂）矩形流化床(2.000m×0.300m×0.025m)内的压力波动,探索了流化床内的压力波动特征;同时采用标准方差、自相关和互相关函数分析了表观气速和静床高度对压力波动、压力波速度和压力波主频的影响。结果表明,气泡行为（如：气泡的形成、发展、聚并和破碎）是影响流化床内压力波动的主要因素;密相和稀相界面处的压力波动幅值主要由气泡崩塌决定;压力波在流化床内进行传播,并且具有明显的周期性特征;此外,压力波动、压力波速度和压力波主频均与表观气速和静床高度密切相关。     

移动床热煤气脱硫气固反应过程模拟——Ⅱ-错流移动床非催化气固反应过程模拟

基于前文错流移动床反应器模型方程,模拟计算并分析了该类反应器中气、固相流动对热煤气脱硫等非催化气固反应过程的影响。研究表明,床层在床深方向按反应速率的快慢可分为粗脱区和精脱区,在颗粒流动方向上气相浓度差异较大,并主要体现在粗脱区内,床层出口处颗粒转化率呈现较大分布,反应器内气固交错流动、气相浓度和颗粒转化率共同作用（ 于气固反应速率） 等因素是造成过程特征的主要因素。因此反应器优化应满足对两相流动的优化,将粗脱区设置成错流移动床而精脱区设置成固定床,并使粗脱区内颗粒流速沿气流方向逐渐减小,以减小出口颗粒转化率的分布并提高颗粒利用率,同时沿颗粒流动方向应逐渐减小过床气流体积分率以利于床内气固反应速率的均一分布。由此指出对该类床型其底部渐缩下料段和过床气流对床内颗粒流动的影响以及床层结构及颗粒流动对过床气流分布的影响研究的必要性。     

Variations of particle size and bed voidage distributions in expanded bed during transient operation processes

Changes in bed expansion are frequently encountered during an expanded bed adsorption, such as during the initial bed expansion, feed loading and washing processes. We have here studied the changes of local particle size distribution and bed voidage of an expanded bed in the initial bed expansion process as well as those during the changes in mobile phase viscosity, which imitated feed loading and column washing processes. Using a glass column modified with three side sampling ports and Streamline AC as the solid phase, experimental measurements on a series of operation moments during the transient processes were carried out by sampling the particles from within the column at different axial positions. In the initial bed expansion process, the gradual formation of an axial classification from a settled bed to a stable expanded bed was first displayed. By changing the mobile phase from water to 10% (w/w) glycerol solution or vice versa, the variations in both the particle size distribution and bed voidage corresponding to the increase or decrease of the bed height caused by the changes of the mobile phase viscosity were examined as well. The transient changes of the local particle size distribution and bed voidage first occurred in the bed bottom and then progressed from bottom to top along the axial direction. However, the changes of bed voidage at different axial positions were not unidirectional. That is, by changing the mobile phase to the high-viscosity glycerol solution, a constant increase of the bed voidage was observed in the bed bottom, while a distinct decrease of the bed voidage before its increase was involved at the middle and top positions. This is ascribed to the compression effect caused by the upward movement of the lower part particles.     

Fluidization behavior of oil-contaminated sand

Hydrodynamic behavior of oil-polluted particles of sand was investigated in transparent glass column. The onset of fluidization of sand beds increased with the oil content of the bed. An increase of cohesive forces related to the higher content of liquid (oil) caused deterioration of the quality of fluidization. An empirical correlation was developed to predict the dimensionless gas velocity that keeps the bed of sticky particles fluidized. Results of this work can be employed for the design of fluidized-bed remediation units for oil-polluted sands and soils. An erratum to this article is available at .     

木屑在鼓泡流化床和循环流化床中气化特性的对比研究

对木屑在内径分别为0.3m×0.3m的鼓泡流化床气化炉（BFBG）和内径0.4m的循环流化床气化炉(CFBG)中的气化特征进行了对比，重点考察了当量比对生物质气化特性的影响。实验结果表明,在相同当量比下，由于CFBG操作气速明显高于BFBG，床内强烈的气固传热传质，使得CFBG可以获得较高的热解速率,同时可以使 CFBG在较高温度下运行。较高的运行温度不仅有利于二次裂解气化反应，使可燃气体质量明显好于BFBG，同时也减少了燃气中焦油的量。在较低气化当量比下(ER≤0.28)，CFBG比BFBG可以获得更高的气体产率、碳转化率和气体效率;在较高当量比下,(ER＞0.28)，CFBG和BFBG的气体产率、碳转化率和气体效率则相差不大。     

液固流化床内床层动态特性的CFD模拟

在对液固流化床内流动特性进行理论分析的基础上，采用多相流CFD方法模拟了二维矩形流化床内水和玻璃球体系的流体动力学特性。实验结果表明，流体速度突变后，液固流化床从一个平衡状态向另一个平衡状态过渡。当液体速度减小时，床层表面及分隔界面的变化与理论模型预测一致；由于重力不稳定性的影响，当液体速度增大时，床层表面稳定上升但与时间不呈线性关系，且分隔界面难以分辨。进而膨胀后停留时间的长短对收缩过程的影响也可以忽略。尽管床层收缩时间明显小于实际膨胀时间，但是与预报的理想膨胀时间比较接近。模拟结果与前人的实验研究和理论分析相吻合，表明多相流CFD模拟可以很好地预测液固流化床的床层动态行为。     

煤在热载体流化床中的热解模型

煤粒在热载体流化床中的热解规律对于设计煤气、热、电三联产的关键装置－热载体流化床干馏炉是十分重要的。本文建立了煤粒在热载体流化床中的传热和热解反应的微分方程，并对其进行了数值求解，得到了煤粒度、热载体流化床操作速度、热载体流化床床层温度、热载体颗粒粒径等对煤气产率的影响规律，为热载体流化床干馏炉的设计提供了计算方法和理论依据。     

循环流化床生物质气化炉内计算流体动力学模拟——鼓泡流化床内改进的颗粒床模型（英文）

采用改进颗粒床模型的CFD方法模拟了实验室规模冷模装置内鼓泡床的流体流动时空特性。模拟结果表明表观气速是影响气固动态特征和压力波动的主要因素之一：随表观气速的增大，气泡数目增加，气泡体积增大，压力波动增强；气速越高时均压降越大；在内循环鼓泡流化床内固体颗粒呈“单室”流型。上述与实验观察相吻合的模拟结果将有助于放大和设计商业化的内循环流化床生物质气化炉。     

Measurement of mixing time and holdup of solids in gas–solid fluidized bed using radiotracer technique

Mixing times and holdup of solids were measured in a gas–solid fluidized bed using radiotracer technique. Sand and air were used as solid and gas phase, respectively in the fluidized bed. Gold-198 labeled sand particles were used as radiotracer for mixing time measurement at different operating conditions and ¹³⁷Cs sealed source was used for holdup measurement at different axial and radial positions. The experiments were conducted at different operating conditions. The measured mixing times ranged from 1.4 to 21 s at different conditions. It was observed that at a particular bed height, the mixing time initially decreases with increasing gas velocity and tend to become constant at higher gas velocities. However, mixing time increases with increasing bed height. The holdup fraction of solid was found to be more towards the wall compared to the centre of the column. The study provided inputs to improve the existing design, design of a new system and scale-up of the process.     

鼓泡流化床中颗粒内循环流动结构模型

本文从宏尺度和宇尺度范围考察气－固流化床中气泡流与颗粒流（尾涡颗粒流和乳化相颗粒流）的运动规律,提出了将分散的气泡流、尾涡颗粒流和乳化相颗粒流连续介质化的假设和基于容积通量的流体力学表达方式,建立了内循环流动结构的多尺度、连续介质流模型,较好地揭示了颗粒循环流动的规律。理论计算表明,中心区颗粒上流与边壁区颗粒下流的分界点在（０６５～０７）Ｒ处。实验观测支持模型预测结果     

废弃电路板塑料颗粒流化床热解实验研究

应用热重 红外研究了电路板热解过程的动力学方程和相关产物。在高温流化床惰性气氛条件下热解电路板塑料颗粒,采用元素分析和傅里叶变换红外光谱等方法分析所收集的高沸点液体和固体的性质。结果表明,当温度和气速分别升高时,液体产品的收率也随之升高。热解油主要成分是芳烃,含有苯的取代官能团,热解固体产物主要成分是碳和玻璃纤维。