对九脚探头磁导率、检测电压与应力相关性研究

为了研究九脚探头的磁导率、检测电压与应力之间的关系,基于法拉第电磁感应定律和磁路定律,推导了九脚探头的磁导率同检测电压的关系.利用该探头测试了Q235,Q255,Q345钢试件在不同应力条件下,探头的检测电压同励磁电压、应力之间的变化曲线关系,实验结果表明:在相同的励磁电压下,测试应力在达到试件屈服点之前,检测电压同应力呈线性关系,在测试应力达到试件屈服点附近时,检测电压随应力增加而快速降低,呈非线性关系,从而证明了磁导率、检测电压、应力三者之间的关联性.     

基于Nyquist图研究铁基非晶薄带巨磁阻抗效应的非线性

测量了铁基非晶薄带巨磁阻抗效应的阻抗实部和虚部并且计算出磁导率的实部和虚部,通过磁导率的非线性解释了巨磁阻抗效应的非线性原因,并且利用Nyquist图推出磁导率等效电路模型,指出磁导率等效电路模型中的LC共振频率是解决磁导率非线性的关键.研究结果表明:在激励电源横向磁化和外加磁场纵向磁化的过程中,非晶薄带磁导率的变化无规则,导致非晶薄带的巨磁阻抗效应呈现非线性变化.当激励频率在5 MHz、纵向磁场发生改变时,磁损耗角依然保持不变,磁导率与纵向磁场的非线性关系转化为磁导率模值与纵向磁场的关系,通过实验数据可以拟合出纵向磁场与磁导率的函数关系.     

铁磁板磁巴克豪森应力检测的解析模型

作为评估铁磁材料性能及应力状态的重要无损检测技术之一,磁巴克豪森噪声方法可实现对材料早期结构损伤及相关应力状态的定量评价,应用前景广阔.此方法能否准确评估材料内部损伤及应力状态,关键在于能否建立合理有效的检测信号与材料内部应力分布之间的关系.为此,本文以铁磁板为例,沿板厚度方向激发信号,根据磁巴克豪森信号传播过程中的强度衰减效应,建立了铁磁板表面磁巴克豪森信号与材料内部应力定量关系的解析模型.基于已有实验结果的研究证实,本文理论模型能准确反映不同检测频率下铁磁板内部均匀应力值差异对检测信号的影响.而且,对于铁磁板内存在应力分布的情形,采用本文解析模型,研究得到了板内应力分布、铁磁板厚度、磁导率和电阻率等主要参数对铁磁板表面检测信号的影响规律.本文理论模型不仅揭示了基于磁巴克豪森噪声方法的铁磁材料应力检测机理,同时也为发展磁巴克豪森无损检测技术提供了合理有效的理论依据.     

二维负磁导率材料中的缺陷效应

研究了以金属铜六边形开口谐振环为基元的二维负磁导率材料的缺陷效应.利用电路板刻蚀 技术制备了二维负磁导率材料样品.采用波导法测量了点缺陷和线缺陷对二维负磁导率材料X 波段(8—12GHz)微波透射行为的影响.实验发现，无缺陷的二维负磁导率材料样品存在一个 谐振频率，在稍大于该谐振频率的极窄区域内表现为负磁导率.点缺陷和线缺陷SRR的引入导 致材料主谐振峰的强度下降、谐振频率发生移动，品质因数Q显著下降.缺陷的存在破坏 了材料的周期性结构，从而引起其谐振峰的谐振强度和谐振频率发生变化.缺陷效应的研究 不 关键词： 负磁导率 缺陷效应 开口谐振环     

从电磁感应定律看负磁导率的产生过程

以左手材料中产生负磁导率的开口谐振环结构模型为例,从磁导率的定义出发,借助于电磁感应定律,推导了负磁导率的产生过程.     

交指电容加载的周期性对称负磁导率人工材料研究

利用二端口网络理论和弗洛奎定理, 详细分析了周期性对称磁谐振人工材料的相对布洛赫磁导率与散射矩阵参数的关系, 利用这个关系提取了四种形式的开口谐振环布洛赫磁导率. 全波仿真和磁导率数值提取结果表明, 在开口谐振环的开口处加载交指电容, 磁谐振频率将显著降低. 这些成果将为提取周期性人工材料的布洛赫磁导率提供理论依据, 同时为小型化磁谐振特异人工材料提供新的设计思路.     

利用感应电动势测量交流磁导率

介绍了一种利用放人介质前后线圈两端感应电动势的变化来测量交流磁导率的方法,并推导了计算公式.利用此种方法可以测量不同形状材料在不同频率下的交流磁导率.本文还利用该种测量方法测量了不锈钢棒和非晶薄带的交流磁导率,结果与文献报道相符.     

李萨如图形法测量软磁材料磁导率

提出了李萨如图形的一个新应用——测量软磁材料磁导率.实验系统由示波器和信号发生器构成,以安培环路定理及法拉第电磁感应定律为理论基础,利用李萨如图形实现了软磁材料磁导率的测量.实验结果给出了在材料未达到饱和磁化的情况下,不同励磁频率下的磁导率测量结果.     

蜂窝结构吸波材料等效电磁参数和吸波特性研究

根据强扰动理论,在长波长近似条件下推导出蜂窝结构吸波材料等效介电常数和等效磁导率的计算公式.电磁参数计算结果表明,蜂窝结构吸波材料等效介电常数和等效磁导率均小于吸收层的介电常数和磁导率,但等效介电常数的降幅更大,从而使等效介电常数更接近于等效磁导率,这正是吸波材料波阻抗匹配设计所需要的.反射率计算结果表明,不同的蜂窝高度,吸收层对应一最优厚度,使蜂窝结构吸波材料的反射率最低.这些结果对于蜂窝结构吸波材料设计具有一定的意义. 关键词： 蜂窝结构吸波材料 等效介电常数 等效磁导率 反射率     

一种新型的树枝状负磁导率材料微带天线

基于树枝状金属结构单元模型的电磁特性,设计了一种双面刻有树枝状金属结构单元阵列的负磁导率介质材料,并将这种介质材料作为微带天线的基板,制备了中心工作频率为2.64GHz的树枝状负磁导率材料微带天线.仿真和测量结果都表明：相比普通微带天线,树枝状负磁导率材料微带天线的性能得到了明显改善,定向性得到了提高,E面和H面的3dB角分别收缩了18°和13°,增益提高了2.19dB,相当于有效辐射功率提高了65%.说明利用负磁导率材料作为微带天线的基板,可以明显改善微带天线的性能. 关键词： 树枝状结构 微带天线 负磁导率 增益     

Combined meso-scale modeling and experimental investigation of the effect of mechanical damage on the transport properties of cementitious composites

The transport properties of cementitious composites such as concrete are important indicators of their durability, and are known to be heavily influenced by mechanical loading. In the current work, we use meso-scale hygro-mechanical modeling with a morphological 3D two phase mortar-aggregate model, in conjunction with experimentally obtained properties, to investigate the coupling between mechanical loading and damage and the permeability of the composite. The increase in permeability of a cylindrical test specimen at 28% aggregate fraction during a uniaxial displacement-controlled compression test at 85% of the peak load was measured using a gas permeameter. The mortar's mechanical behavior is assumed to follow the well-known compression damaged plasticity (CDP) model with isotropic damage, at varying thresholds, and obtained from different envelope curves. The damaged intrinsic permeability of the mortar evolves according to a logarithmic matching law with progressive loading. We fit the matching law parameters to the experimental result for the test specimen by inverse identification using our meso-scale model. We then subject a series of virtual composite specimens to quasi-static uniaxial compressive loading with varying boundary conditions to obtain the simulated damage and strain evolutions, and use the damage data and the previously identified parameters to determine the evolution of the macroscopic permeability tensor for the specimens, using a network model. We conduct a full parameter study by varying aggregate volume fraction, granulometric distribution, loading/boundary conditions and “matching law” parameters, as well as for different strain–damage thresholds and uniaxial loading envelope curves. Based on this study, we propose Avrami equation-based upper and lower bounds for the evolution of the damaged permeability of the composite.     

P92钢焊接接头蠕变损伤的非线性超声检测研究

为解决P92钢焊接接头蠕变损伤的无损检测问题,该文选用温度为650℃、施加应力为95 MPa的加速试验方法,制作不同蠕变时间的试样,对P92钢焊接接头进行蠕变性能试验。采用非线性超声波技术和金相检测对蠕变试样焊接接头各区域进行研究。结果表明:P92钢焊接接头母材、热影响区以及焊缝区域的非线性超声二次谐波幅值在蠕变试验后都呈上升趋势,在热影响区中的增加速率要快于其在母材和焊缝中,P92钢焊接接头热影响区非线性二次谐波参数的变化与蠕变损伤严重程度存在对应关系。该文为开展P92钢焊接接头蠕变损伤的无损检测工程应用打下了坚实的基础。     

不同温度下丝网过滤器的渗透率试验研究

为了研究丝网型过滤器在不同温度下的阻力特性,对一种褶皱型不锈钢丝网过滤器进行了低温和常温下的渗透率试验研究.流动工质分别采用纯净的液氮和二氧化碳气体,测试两种温度下工质流经过滤器试验台的压降,从而利用总流伯努利方程以及层流下的达西公式计算两种工况下的渗透率.试验结果表明,85 K时的渗透率比283 K时低2个数量级,这主要是由于低温下不锈钢丝网发生冷缩,改变了流道结构并降低了孔隙率,从而导致渗透率降低且压降升高.     

AN INTELLIGENT TAP TEST AS AN INSPECTION TOOL FOR CORROSION IN CHEQUER PLATE FLOORS

The “coin-tap” test has the ability to indicate damage in a structural element due to a localized change of stiffness or damping. The change in vibration signature may be detected by ear or more precisely by measurement of the dynamic contact force. A method for discriminating between measurements made on sound and damaged structures is presented. An unsupervised neural network algorithm is used for recognizing the differences between contact force patterns. The method is used for non-destructive inspection of corrosion damage to steel chequer plate floors in industrial buildings. It is shown that the intelligent tap test is a useful and practical diagnostic tool for detecting localized damage in structures.     

A new non-destructive method for estimating the remanent life of a turbine rotor steel by reversible magnetic permeability

We present a new magnetic and non-destructive procedure to evaluate the remanent life of 1Cr–1Mo–0.25V steel using the value of reversible magnetic permeability. The method is based on the existence of reversible magnetic permeability in the differential magnetization around the coercive force. The measurement principle is based on the foundation harmonics voltage induced in a coil using a lock-in amplifier tuned to a frequency of the exciting one. Results obtained for reversible magnetic permeability and Vickers hardness on the aged sample show that the peak interval of reversible magnetic permeability (PIRMP) and Vickers hardness decreases as aging time increases. A softening curve is obtained from the correlation between Vickers hardness and the PIRMP. This curve can be used as a non-destructive method to evaluate the remanent life of 1Cr–1Mo–0.25V steel.     

The development of grain-oriented silicon steel with high permeability

We explain the theoretical background, uses and new development of grain-oriented silicon steel with high permeability using A1N as a grain growth inhibitor.New production techniques have made it possible to get superior core loss values; for example, 0.99 W/kg at 1.7 Tesla and 50 Hz (0.30 mm thickness). The presence of A1N precipitated being controlled in the size of about 300 Å or under and in adequate distribution and quantity in the steel is very important for developing secondary grains with high permeability.Core loss improvements on actual transformers using high permeability materials are approximately 10–25% in wound type pole transformers and 5–20% in laminated type large transformers.     

Traditional,Barkhausen and MAT Magnetic Response to Plastic Deformation of Low-Carbon Steel

Magnetic traditional and adaptive methods as well as Barkhausen noise analysis were used for the testing of material degradation of plastically deformed high quality low-carbon steel. The dependences of the measured magnetic (coercive field, maximum permeability, optimum adapted permeability) and Barkhausen noise (RMS voltage, power spectrum) parameters are understood in terms of the increased dislocation density. The results are discussed in the context of potential application of magnetic testing methods for the indication of plastic deformation levels of ferromagnetic construction steel products.     

Apparent permeability of electrical steel under PWM magnetisation

In recent years much attention has been paid to material performance under pulse width modulation (PWM) excitation conditions, which is of increasing importance to motor applications particularly in energy efficient variable speed drive systems. It is well known that in general, losses increase significantly with reducing modulation index, the increase depending on parameters such as silicon contents, thickness and grain size. The effect of the PWM waveform on permeability has attracted little attention until now. So in this paper its influence on the permeability of electrical steel is analysed and characterised. A prediction approach based on the permeability under sine wave excitation and total harmonic distortion is introduced which results in errors below 10% for non-electrical steel at 1.5 T.     

Magnetic hysteretic characterization of the irradiation-induced embrittlement of Fe,Fe–Cu model alloys,and reactor pressure vessel steel

Neutron irradiation is known to cause embrittlement of iron-based materials; in the nuclear industry, this effect can be detrimental for reactor pressure vessel steels. In this paper, we investigate the variations of the magnetic hysteretic behavior due to neutron irradiation, for four materials, i.e. nominally pure Fe, Fe-0.1 wt% Cu and Fe-0.3 wt%Cu model alloys, and a reactor pressure vessel steel, JRQ A533-B. Two parameters related to the magnetization loop shape, i.e. maximum relative differential permeability and peak intensity of local interaction field distribution, are measured as a function of neutron fluence. For all materials both parameters decrease with increasing fluence, due to the irradiation-induced formation of nano-size defects. This decreasing trend in magnetic parameters during embrittlement is noticeable regardless the origin of the embrittlement, which can be only Cu-precipitation (thermal aging of Fe–Cu), only matrix damage (irradiation of pure Fe), or both mechanisms (irradiation of Fe–Cu or steel). The magnetic parameters relatively change up to 40%, which indicates the potential of magnetic characterization to assess irradiation-induced material hardening and embrittlement.     

Inverse problem of pulsed eddy current field of ferromagnetic plates

To determine the wall thickness, conductivity and permeability of a ferromagnetic plate, an inverse problem is established with measured values and calculated values of time-domain induced voltage in pulsed eddy current testing on the plate. From time-domain analytical expressions of the partial derivatives of induced voltage with respect to parameters,it is deduced that the partial derivatives are approximately linearly dependent. Then the constraints of these parameters are obtained by solving a partial linear differential equation. It is indicated that only the product of conductivity and wall thickness, and the product of relative permeability and wall thickness can be determined accurately through the inverse problem with time-domain induced voltage. In the practical testing, supposing the conductivity of the ferromagnetic plate under test is a fixed value, and then the relative variation of wall thickness between two testing points can be calculated via the ratio of the corresponding inversion results of the product of conductivity and wall thickness. Finally, this method for wall thickness measurement is verified by the experiment results of a carbon steel plate.