A social communication model based on simplicial complexes

Networks offer a powerful language with which to describe and study pairwise interaction. However, in many contexts, these rich collective phenomena require a higher-order approach to encode dynamical processes — for example in idea integration and information transmission (co-publication is a particularly familiar example). Here we introduce a novel framework for social communication by reshaping the networked system to be a simplicial complex, where the communication involves the interaction not only of individual nodes but also among cliques to which they belong. Simplicial complexes extend the network-based pairwise relationship to multiagent interaction. Assuming that the same individual in different cliques may play different roles, a threshold is designed and combined with the node state to determine the clique state. We employ the discrete microscopic Markov chain approach to model the simplex-based social communication and then obtain the underlying critical condition for information outbreaks. Moreover, we perform extensive numerical analysis of the proposed simplicial complex-based communication model and compare its performance with Monte Carlo simulation.     

Metamaterials and plasmonics: From nanoparticles to nanoantenna arrays,metasurfaces, and metamaterials

The rise of plasmonic metamaterials in recent years has unveiled the possibility of revolutionizing the entire field of optics and photonics, challenging well-established technological limitations and paving the way to innovations at an unprecedented level To capitalize the disruptive potential of this rising field of science and technology, it is important to be able to combine the richness of optical phenomena enabled by nanoplasmonics in order to realize metamaterial components, devices, and systems of increasing complexity. Here, we review a few recent research directions in the field of plasmonic metamaterials, which may foster further advancements in this research area. We will discuss the anomalous scattering features enabled by plasmonic nanoparticles and nanoclusters, and show how they may represent the fundamental building blocks of complex nanophotonic architectures. Building on these concepts, advanced components can be designed and operated, such as optical nanoantennas and nanoantenna arrays, which, in turn, may be at the basis of metasurface devices and complex systems. Following this path, from basic phenomena to advanced functionalities, the field of plasmonic metamaterials offers the promise of an important scientific and technological impact, with applications spanning from medical diagnostics to clean energy and information processing.     

Intuitionistic Fuzzy TOPSIS as a Method for Assessing Socioeconomic Phenomena on the Basis of Survey Data

In the assessment of most complex socioeconomic phenomena with the use of multicriteria methods, continuous data are used, the source of which are most often public statistics. However, there are complex phenomena such as quality of life and quality of services in the assessment, for which questionnaire surveys and ordinal measurement scales are used. In this case, the use of classic multicriteria methods is very difficult, taking into account the way of presenting this type of data by official statistics, as well as their permissible transformations and arithmetic operations. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was the presentation of a novel framework which can be applied for assessing socioeconomic phenomena on the basis of survey data. It was assumed that the object assessments may contain positive or negative opinions and an element of uncertainty expressed in the form a “no”, “difficult to say”, or “no opinion” answers. For this reason, the intuitionistic fuzzy TOPSIS (IF-TOPSIS) method is proposed. To demonstrate the potential of this solution, the results of measuring the subjective quality of life of the inhabitants of 83 cities in EU countries, EFTA countries, the UK, the Western Balkans, and Turkey are presented. For most cities, a high level of subjective quality of life was observed using the proposed approach. The highest level of quality of life was observed in Zurich, whereas the lowest was observed in Palermo.     

选择模型的理论扩展分析

选择模型为解释指数律、幂律的成因提供了基于偏好的概率分析方法.通过对选择试验的研究,在视野规律和选项分布之间导出了一对变换,称其为偏序变换.对偏序变换连续化,导出了对应的连续变换.仿照离散分布,定义了连续分布的比较函数,并沟通了离散和连续分布的伴随关系.通过选择模型,对幂律访问现象进行了仿真.选择理论对于复杂巨系统和社会行为的研究具有较重要的借鉴作用,可扩展统计物理学和概率论的理论基础. 关键词： 选择模型 幂律现象 偏序变换 比较函数     

Laser diffraction by randomized Koch fractals

Some properties of diffraction patterns produced by randomized triadic Koch curves are investigated. Randomization is realized by employing Gaussian random numbers for the values of parameters specifying the arrangements of the line segments in a generator of Koch curves. Laser diffraction experiments were performed using the randomized fractals as objects. It is shown that only a slight deviation from the regularity of object fractals causes a considerable degree of randomization in their diffraction patterns. For a sufficient degree of randomization, the diffraction patterns become speckle patterns of unusual appearance. Angular-average intensity distributions obtained experimentally change gradually from a function with many peaks to a relatively smooth function with an increase of randomness of the object fractals. For a sufficiently random object, the angular-average intensity takes the form of the power law as expected.     

Fresnel diffraction model for the point spread of a laser light profile microscope (LPM)

Light profile microscopy is a new method of thin film imaging in which a microscope forms an image of a laser beam intersecting a thin layer along its depth axis. Emission (luminescence or scatter) from the beam volume is transmitted through a cross sectional view surface and used by a microscope to form an image of the beam propagating through the sample. Fresnel diffraction theory is used in this work to derive a point spread model for a microscope operating in this configuration, assuming that the emission from the source beam is completely incoherent. This theory illustrates the dependence of the image resolution on the laser beam radius, which determines the effective thickness of the system object seen by the microscope. The effect of relative displacement of the source beam center from the object plane of the microscope is evaluated. The present theory shows that radial resolution may be evaluated by means of an object focus envelope and a focal energy distribution computed for the objective lens. PACS 42.25Fx; 07.60Pb     

High efficient generation of holographic stereograms based on wavefront recording plane

A computer generated holographic stereogram based on the wavefront recording plane(WRP) is presented. A WRP closed to the parallax image plane is introduced to record the complex amplitude in a small region for each point in the parallax image. By using three times of fast Fourier transform(FFT) to execute the Fresnel diffraction calculation between the WRP and the holographic stereogram plane, the object wave contributing to the hologram pattern can be achieved. The computation complexity of the proposed approach is dramatically reduced. The results show that the calculation time can be decreased by more than one order of magnitude.     

Quantum computational capability of a 2D valence bond solid phase

Quantum phases of naturally-occurring systems exhibit distinctive collective phenomena as manifestation of their many-body correlations, in contrast to our persistent technological challenge to engineer at will such strong correlations artificially. Here we show theoretically that quantum correlations exhibited in the 2D valence bond solid phase of a quantum antiferromagnet, modeled by Affleck, Kennedy, Lieb, and Tasaki (AKLT) as a precursor of spin liquids and topological orders, are sufficiently complex yet structured enough to simulate universal quantum computation when every single spin can be measured individually. This unveils that an intrinsic complexity of naturally-occurring 2D quantum systems—which has been a long-standing challenge for traditional computers—could be tamed as a computationally valuable resource, even if we are limited not to create newly entanglement during computation. Our constructive protocol leverages a novel way to herald the correlations suitable for deterministic quantum computation through a random sampling, and may be extensible to other ground states of various 2D valence bond phases beyond the AKLT state.     

复杂系统重构

远离平衡态的开放复杂系统遍及自然、社会和技术领域,是复杂性科学的主要研究对象.通过与外界的能量和物质交换,复杂系统通过自组织形成了多种多样的内在结构、秩序和规律,对认识和预测复杂系统提出了艰巨的挑战.随着实验技术的提高和科技的进步,反映和体现各种复杂系统机理的数据呈指数增长,为研究复杂系统提供了新的机遇.通过系统行为表象数据,揭示复杂系统结构和动力学属于物理领域的反问题,是认识复杂系统的基础,是预测系统状态演化的前提,对于实现系统状态的调控必不可少.然而,复杂系统的多样性和复杂性给解决这一反问题造成了极大的困难.因此,需要开阔思路,借助多学科的交叉与融合,充分挖掘数据中隐藏的知识和深层次机理.本文综述了近年来复杂系统,特别是复杂结构重构和推断方面的研究成果,希望能够启发复杂系统反问题方面的创新.同时,也希望呼吁各领域学者都能关注复杂系统反问题,推动自然、社会、经济、生物、科技领域的交叉与融合,解决大家共同面对的科学问题.     

Theoretical analysis of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism at the Yb L<Subscript>2, 3</Subscript> absorption edges of YbInCu<Subscript>4</Subscript> in high magnetic fields around the field-induced valence transition

The complex network theory is a way to investigate the complex systems with minimum information about their entities and corresponding interactions. There is a growing interest to studying the earthquake phenomena by the method of networks. Several network features characterize the complexity of seismic events. Unfortunately they depend on how we construct the network. Here we study the role of cell size or in other word the resolution on the network properties for the Iran’s seismic data. We have found that all the network topological features vary as a power of the resolution. Furthermore by increasing the resolution, the networks become random and uncorrelated.     

On-line beam diagnostics based on single-shot beam splitting phase retrieval

We propose a novel on-line beam diagnostic method based on single-shot beam splitting phase retrieval. The incident beam to be measured is diffracted into many replicas by a Dammann grating and then propagates through a weakly scattering phase plate with a known structure; the exiting beams propagate along their original direction and form an array of diffraction patterns on the detector plane. By applying the intensity of diffraction patterns into an iterative algorithm and calculating between the grating plane, weakly scattering plane, and detector plane, the complex field of the incident beam can be reconstructed rapidly; the feasibility of this method is verified experimentally with wavelengths of 1053 and 632.8 nm.     

The reflection phenomenon and complexity engine as statistical physics tools for the advanced evolution phenomenon

We intend to uncover generative principles for complex, biological systems, looking the reflections as well as the analogs of decision making property in quantum physics: measurement, self-interaction of the electron, Berry phase and quantum anomalies. We assume that classical analogs of the mentioned phenomena could be related to the evolvability, growing of complexity and decision making in biological systems. The reflection is a map (coarse graining) from microscopic motions to a macroscopic scale that relates with a free-energy cost and is often accompanied by the emergence of order-parameters. In this context we identify the self-reflection phenomenon, which is exemplified by cognition, information transfer near the error threshold, and tightly related evolution-ecology phenomena. We propose that complex systems that have similar reflection structure are to be described by similar mathematical tools including stochastic (information) thermodynamics and the large deviation theory. We introduce the concept of complexity engine: the group of two (or more) autonomous features of complex systems that are in a partial conflict with each other. Analogues of this are wave-particle duality in quantum mechanics and data-program duality in digital life. We formulate a fundamental problem: does the three-dimensional space provide a complexity engine for the emergence of life?     

Modeling and Analysis of Social Phenomena: Challenges and Possible Research Directions

This opening editorial aims to interest researchers and encourage novel research in the closely related fields of sociophysics and computational social science. We briefly discuss challenges and possible research directions in the study of social phenomena, with a particular focus on opinion dynamics. The aim of this Special Issue is to allow physicists, mathematicians, engineers and social scientists to show their current research interests in social dynamics, as well as to collect recent advances and new techniques in the analysis of social systems.     

Applications of fractional transforms to object reconstruction from in-line holograms

We propose a method for the digital reconstruction of an object whose diffraction pattern has been recorded on a hologram. The fractional Fourier transform is used for the object reconstruction. To determine the position of the object, the fractional order is scanned. The fractional cosine and fractional Hartley transforms are also employed for object reconstruction. These two transforms are real valued and allow the reconstruction to be done with lower computing complexity. Simulations and experimental results are presented.     

Annealing of the delta form of syndiotactic polystyrene

The effects of thermal treatments on the phase organization in some polymorphic forms of syndiotactic polystyrene have been investigated. In particular the thermal stability of the delta form was studied using x-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy as analytical techniques. The obtained results show that this form, characterized by chains in helix conformation, is affected by non-equilibrium phenomena. Moreover, the transition from the delta to the gamma form occurs through an intermediate form which maintains the helix chain conformation but partially loses the crystalline order.     

Complexity factor for charged spherical system

In this paper, we study the complexity factor for a charged anisotropic self-gravitating object. We formulate the Einstein–Maxwell field equations, Tolman–Opphenheimer–Volkoff equation, and the mass function. We form the structure scalars by the orthogonal splitting of the Riemann tensor and then find the complexity factor with the help of these scalars. Finally, we investigate some astrophysical objects for the vanishing of complexity condition. It is found that the presence of the electromagnetic field decreases the complexity of the system.     

A method for uniform demagnification imaging beyond the diffraction limit: cascaded planar hyperlens

Metamaterial composed of multistacked metal and dielectric films provides the access to ray tracing in subwavelength regions and to form a variety of transformation optical devices for manipulating light beyond the diffraction limit, such as hyperlens and cloak. In this paper, this method is employed to design planar hyperlens for demagnification imaging lithography. Variant ray route configurations are considered and compared for the sake of imaging quality as well as device structure complexity. It is found that specifically designed trajectory route from the object plane to the image plane help to yield imaging devices with uniform demagnification ratio and improved image quality. Then multiple similar imaging devices could be cascaded for further demagnification and reduce of structure complexity from the viewpoint of application. The imaging results with about 1/23 wavelength (16 nm) half-pitch resolution in the measure of electric field intensity are demonstrated with numerical simulations. Also presented are the imaging characteristic analyses including light intensity, demagnification ratio and resolution.     

空间频率对透射式全息图衍射率的影响

为研究干涉条纹空间频率与透射式全息图衍射率的关系,在相同条件下,拍摄以平面波、发散的和会聚的球面波分别作参考光、物光的透射式全息图,通过实验测量其衍射效率,同时计算了干涉条纹的空间频率。然后以会聚的球面波为物光,平面波为参考光,分别改变入射角和球面波会聚点到记录面的距离制作另外4块透射式全息图,并计算了它们的空间频率,测量了其衍射效率。结果表明：在相同条件下制作透射式全息图时,衍射效率只由空间频率决定,与使用何种参考光和物光无关,空间频率仅随参考光和物光的夹角变化而变化。     

夫琅禾费衍射的光谱特性

基于MATLAB语言,以夫琅禾费衍射为研究对象,数值模拟了夫琅禾费圆孔衍射和单缝衍射光谱特性,通过改变狭缝宽度和入射波的波长,数值模拟得到夫琅禾费单缝衍射的光强变化图和光谱特性图。结果表明,圆孔衍射的光强比单缝衍射的光强曲线在次级明纹的强度更加低,夫琅禾费衍射的结论与实际理论和试验吻合的较好。研究结果为夫琅禾费衍射的研究提供参考。