水中气泡上的体散射函数的模拟与计算

基于几何光学的基本原理,推导出一种可以计算水中大尺度气泡上光散射角度与强度的关系式。推导中避免引入衰减因子G,较Davis模型更为简单。该模型可应用于光在水中单个气泡上散射的数值计算。最后,模拟计算了平行光束入射水中气泡的体散射函数曲线,发现水中气泡的前向散射远大于后向散射;当气泡半径在远大于光波波长的前提下变化时,气泡上散射光强分布规律与气泡半径无关;而介质相对折射率的增大会削弱前向散射而增强后向散射光强。     

水下爆炸特性的一维球对称数值研究

 应用数值模拟方法对水下爆炸产生的诸如气泡脉动规律、脉动周期、水中冲击波压力的变化等特性进行了研究。给出了不同装药水下爆炸产生的气泡半径脉动的一些规律、脉动周期变化规律、气泡与水交界面处的压力曲线、爆炸产生的水中冲击波压力和速度的变化等结果。     

超声场中单气泡的平移和非球形振动

基于摄动理论和广义伯努利方程,推导出单气泡在超声场中径向振动方程、平移方程和气泡形变方程.数值计算这3个方程,可以得到气泡半径、气泡中心的位移和气泡形变随时间的演化图.计算结果表明:当气泡初始半径和驱动声压不变时,气泡中心初始平移速度增大,气泡径向振动几乎不变,但气泡中心位移和形变量增大,气泡非球形振动愈加明显.当初始平移速度比较小时,气泡的R_0-p_a相图中,不稳定区域仅集中在高驱动声压区域.随着气泡中心初始平移速度不断增大,半径和驱动声压均较小的区域开始呈现不稳定性,且整体不稳定空间范围逐渐增大.另外,气泡在声驻波场中不同位置呈现出不同的振动特征.离波腹点越近的气泡,其径向振动幅度越大,但气泡的平移和形变量变化很小,R_0-p_a相图中不稳定性区域平面分数之间的误差小于4%.     

三维格子Boltzmann方法研究上升双气泡的运动特性

应用格子Boltzmann三维模型，对双气泡在静水中的运动进行数值研究.采用八点差分和十八点差分格式分别求解一阶▽φ和二阶▽²φ可以有效避免气液密度比过大造成的数值不稳定问题.结果表明：当两个相同直径的气泡在上升时，位置靠上的气泡形状变化像单气泡上升一样，而位置靠下的气泡会受到前一个气泡尾迹的影响，并有很明显的形状变化.当两个气泡直径不同时，不管初始位置如何，大气泡总会对小气泡造成强烈的影响.     

基于数字图像技术的垂直流化床气泡分析

通过高速摄影系统获得流化床内气固两相流图像,采用数字图像技术进行处理,进而得到垂直流化床中气泡上升过程中形状特性、运动轨迹和气泡面积变化规律,以及气泡聚合过程中形心位置和面积的变化规律。实验结果表明:气泡在上升过程中颗粒越小,空气压差越大,气泡越易呈现球帽状;气泡上升时呈现一定的螺旋上升特性,且空气压差越小,颗粒越大,螺旋性越明显;气泡聚合过程实际上是由于小气泡受大气泡吸引而成。     

复杂微通道内气泡在浮力作用下上升行为的格子Boltzmann方法模拟

本文采用气-液两相流格子Boltzmann方法模拟了复杂微通道内气泡在浮力作用下的上升过程,主要研究障碍物表面润湿性、浮力大小、障碍物尺寸和气泡初始位置对气泡变形、分裂、合并的动力学行为以及对气泡上升速度、终端速度和气泡剩余质量的运动特性的影响.研究发现,障碍物表面接触角较小时气泡能够完整地通过障碍物通道,随着障碍物表面接触角增加,气泡通过障碍物通道时严重变形,并会发生分裂行为,使得部分气泡黏附在障碍物表面,从而导致气泡到达终端时质量减少.相应地,气泡上升速度以及终端速度也随着微通道表面接触角的增加而减小.另一方面,随着浮力的增加,气泡在上升过程中更容易发生分裂和合并现象,且气泡剩余质量和终端速度随着浮力的增加呈对数形式增加.此外,随着微通道障碍物半径增加,气泡剩余质量首先缓慢减小然后快速减小,而气泡终端速度近似呈线性减小.最后,数值结果还表明当气泡初始位置偏离管道中间时,其上升速度、气泡剩余质量以及气泡终端速度都与初始位置在管道中间时的变化趋势一致,然而对应的数值均减小,且气泡在上升过程中变形更严重.     

低频超声空化场中柱状泡群内气泡的声响应

本文在气泡群振动模型的基础上,考虑气泡间耦合振动的影响,得到了均匀柱状泡群内振动气泡的动力学方程,以此为基础分析了低频超声空化场中柱形气泡聚集区内气泡的非线性声响应特征.气泡间的耦合振动增加了系统对每个气泡的约束,降低了气泡的自然频率,增强了气泡的非线性声响应.随着气泡数密度的增加,气泡的自然共振频率降低,受迫振动气泡受到的抑制增强.数值分析结果表明:1)驱动声波频率越低,气泡的初始半径越小,气泡数密度变化对气泡最大半径变化幅度的影响越大;2)气泡振动幅值响应存在不稳定区,不稳定区域分布与气泡初始半径、驱动声波压力幅值、驱动声波频率等因素有关.在低频超声波作用下,对初始半径处在1—10μm之间的空化气泡而言,气泡初始半径越小,气泡最大半径不稳定区分布范围越大,表明小气泡具有更强的非线性特征.因此,气泡初始半径越小,声环境变化对空化泡声响应稳定性影响越显著.     

流体黏性及表面张力对气泡运动特性的影响

基于气泡边界层理论,引入黏性修正,采用边界积分法,考虑黏性效应和表面张力在单气泡以及双气泡耦合作用过程中的影响.首先将建立的数值模型与Rayleigh-Plesset的解析解进行对比,发现二者符合良好,验证了数值模型的有效性;在此基础上,建立考虑流体弱黏性效应的双气泡耦合模型,研究流体黏性和表面张力作用下,气泡表面变形、射流速度、流场能量转换等物理量的变化规律;最后研究雷诺数和韦伯数对于气泡脉动特性的影响规律.结果表明,流体黏性会抑制气泡脉动和气泡射流发展,降低气泡半径和射流速度;表面张力不改变气泡脉动幅值,但缩短了脉动周期,提升气泡势能.     

基于格子Boltzmann方法的二维气泡群熟化过程模拟

Ostwald熟化(ripening)是指局部热力学平衡状态下,颗粒/液滴/气泡系统为了减小界面能而自发地进行颗粒群尺度分布调整的过程,具有重要研究价值.针对目前数值模拟研究不充分的现状,本文采用格子Boltzmann方法,对相变速率主控的二维蒸气泡系统演化开展了数值模拟研究.模拟结果与本文推导的二维气泡群演化标度律符合较好,证实了格子Boltzmann方法对复杂相变-物质输运过程捕捉的准确性.研究同时表明,蒸气泡系统演化过程中物质输运为液相压力不平衡所驱动,并且在小气泡“溃灭”过程中水动力学作用会影响气泡群半径分布函数的局部细节;气-液状态方程参数对熟化过程的影响效果分析显示,气液两相比内能差是驱动相变的核心要素,此差异越大相变速率越快,该结论进一步诠释了化学势驱动熟化过程的物理图像.     

强电场下气泡形变对液体绝缘的影响

 基于液体气泡击穿的椭球模型,推导了气泡形变的流体动力学方程;利用软件Comsol模拟了气泡受力后的形变;根据模拟结果,结合气体击穿的帕邢定律,讨论了气泡形变对液体绝缘的影响。结果表明:气泡在静电引力和表面张力的作用下,沿电场线方向拉伸成椭球,椭球长短轴之比与外加电场强度和气泡初始半径成正比;形变导致电场方向气体通道延长,气泡更容易击穿,外加气压是避免气泡击穿的有效途径之一,外加气压的大小与电场强度和气泡初始半径成正比。     

含气泡液体中气泡振动的研究

研究了含气泡液体中单个气泡在驱动声场一定情况下的振动过程. 让每次驱动声场作用的时间特别短, 使气泡半径发生微小变化后再将其变化反馈到气泡群对驱动声场的散射作用中去, 从而可以得到某单个气泡周围受气泡散射影响后的声场, 接着再让气泡在该声场作用下做短时振动, 如此反复. 通过这样的方法, 研究了液体中单个气泡的振动情况并对其半径变化进行了数值模拟, 结果发现, 在液体中含有大量气泡的情况下, 某单个气泡的振动过程明显区别于液体中只有一个气泡的情况. 由于大量气泡和驱动声场的相互作用, 使气泡半径的变化存在多种不同的振动情况, 在不同的气泡大小和含量的情况下, 半径变化过程分别表现为: 在平衡位置附近振荡的过程; 周期性的空化过程; 一次空化过程后保持某一大小振荡的过程; 增长后维持某一大小振荡的过程等. 所以, 对于含气泡液体中气泡振动的研究, 在驱动声场一定的情况下, 必须考虑气泡含量的因素. 关键词： 含气泡液体 超声空化 散射 数值模拟     

爆炸气泡与自由水面相互作用动力学研究

为探究爆炸水幕形态与水下流场变化之间的联系,设计了小当量RDX装药水箱内爆炸实验系统.采用两台高速录像机同步拍摄了气泡和水幕形态的演变过程,获得了三种典型气泡形态和六种典型水幕形态.通过观察气泡-水面-空气之间的流场变化和理论分析,揭示了六种形态水幕的演变规律及其形成机理,并与电火花形成气泡实验结果进行了对比分析.通过对不同比例深度条件下的气泡横向半径、纵向半径、膨胀时间、脉动周期、气泡边界运动过程等的统计分析,揭示了近水面水下爆炸形成气泡的动力学过程.     

Numerical simulation of 3D bubbles rising in viscous liquids using a front tracking method

The rise of bubbles in viscous liquids is not only a very common process in many industrial applications, but also an important fundamental problem in fluid physics. An improved numerical algorithm based on the front tracking method, originally proposed by Tryggvason and his co-workers, has been validated against experiments over a wide range of intermediate Reynolds and Bond numbers using an axisymmetric model [J. Hua, J. Lou, Numerical simulation of bubble rising in viscous liquid, J. Comput. Phys. 22 (2007) 769–795]. In the current paper, this numerical algorithm is further extended to simulate 3D bubbles rising in viscous liquids with high Reynolds and Bond numbers and with large density and viscosity ratios representative of the common air–water two-phase flow system. To facilitate the 3D front tracking simulation, mesh adaptation is implemented for both the front mesh on the bubble surface and the background mesh. On the latter mesh, the governing Navier–Stokes equations for incompressible, Newtonian flow are solved in a moving reference frame attached to the rising bubble. Specifically, the equations are solved using a finite volume scheme based on the Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations (SIMPLE) algorithm, and it appears to be robust even for high Reynolds numbers and high density and viscosity ratios. The 3D bubble surface is tracked explicitly using an adaptive, unstructured triangular mesh. The numerical model is integrated with the software package PARAMESH, a block-based adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) tool developed for parallel computing. PARAMESH allows background mesh adaptation as well as the solution of the governing equations in parallel on a supercomputer. Further, Peskin distribution function is applied to interpolate the variable values between the front and the background meshes. Detailed sensitivity analysis about the numerical modeling algorithm has been performed. The current model has also been applied to simulate a number of cases of 3D gas bubbles rising in viscous liquids, e.g. air bubbles rising in water. Simulation results are compared with experimental observations both in aspect of terminal bubble shapes and terminal bubble velocities. In addition, we applied this model to simulate the interaction between two bubbles rising in a liquid, which illustrated the model’s capability in predicting the interaction dynamics of rising bubbles.     

Numerical analysis of the effect of bubble distribution on multiple-bubble behavior

Understanding multiple-bubble behavior in a megasonic field is essential for efficient megasonic nanodevice cleaning without pattern damage. In this study, we numerically studied the effects of equilibrium radius and initial void fraction on multiple-bubble behavior and induced pressure. We analyzed the nonspherical collapse, coalescence, and breakup of bubbles in a megasonic field using a compressible, locally homogeneous model of a gas-liquid two-phase medium. Bubbles were simulated with a uniform equilibrium radius or with a bubble size distribution. Our results indicate that the bubble behavior and induced pressure depended mainly on the initial void fraction. For the case of bubbles with uniform equilibrium radius, small bubbles generated high wall pressure at large initial void fractions. When there was a size distribution, bubbles with small equilibrium radii contributed little to the wall pressure because of the damping effect of the oscillation of larger bubbles. Furthermore, the addition of a large bubble suppressed the resonant behavior of the bubbles that induced high wall pressure.     

New insights into the mechanisms of ultrasonic emulsification in the oil–water system and the role of gas bubbles

Ultrasonic emulsification (USE) assisted by cavitation is an effective method to produce emulsion droplets. However, the role of gas bubbles in the USE process still remains unclear. Hence, in the present paper, high-speed camera observations of bubble evolution and emulsion droplets formation in oil and water were used to capture in real-time the emulsification process, while experiments with different gas concentrations were carried out to investigate the effect of gas bubbles on droplet size. The results show that at the interface of oil and water, gas bubbles with a radius larger than the resonance radius collapse and sink into the water phase, inducing (oil–water) blended liquid jets across bubbles to generate oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) and water-in-oil (W/O) droplets in the oil phase and oil-in-water (O/W) droplets in the water phase, respectively. Gas bubbles with a radius smaller than the resonance radius at the interface always move towards the oil phase, accompanied with the generation of water droplets in the oil phase. In the oil phase, gas bubbles, which can attract bubbles nearby the interface, migrate to the interface of oil and water due to acoustic streaming, and generate numerous droplets. As for the gas bubbles in the water phase, those can break neighboring droplets into numerous finer ones during bubble oscillation. With the increase in gas content, more bubbles undergo chaotic oscillation, leading to smaller and more stable emulsion droplets, which explains the beneficial role of gas bubbles in USE. Violently oscillating microbubbles are, therefore, found to be the governing cavitation regime for emulsification process. These results provide new insights to the mechanisms of gas bubbles in oil–water emulsions, which may be useful towards the optimization of USE process in industry.     

两种气泡混合的声空化

将非线性声波方程和改进的Rayleigh-Plesset方程联立可以描述空化环境中的声场及相应的气泡动力学特征. 用时域有限差分方法模拟了圆柱形容器内两种气泡相互混合时的空化情况. 在烧杯内的稳态背景声场形成过程中, 瓶壁耗散吸收扮演了重要的角色. 在稳态背景声场的基础上, 分析了混合气泡与声场的相互作用、气泡之间的相互作用、混合情况下的频谱特性. 结果表明: 两种气泡平衡半径都不太大时, 气泡与声场的相互作用不强, 声场及气泡的行为也比较规律; 相反, 当其中一种气泡平衡半径相对比较大时, 声场与气泡具有较强的非线性相互作用, 声场及气泡的行为表现出复杂的特性.     

耦合双泡声空化特性的理论研究

当双泡中心间距足够小时,由于气泡间辐射压力波的存在,作用在气泡上的压力不等于外部驱动压力.通过考虑双泡之间的辐射压力波,利用改进的Keller-Miksis方程,分别计算了不同大小、不同间距、含不同惰性气体的双泡在声空化过程中半径的变化、次Bjerknes力的变化和双泡内温度的变化.计算结果表明,当双泡大小不同时,小气泡受到的抑制作用较强,温度变化也比较大.随着双泡间距离从100μm增大到1 cm时,气泡间的次Bjerknes力的数量级从10~(-4)N减小到10~(-8)N.含不同惰性气体的耦合双泡在回弹阶段表现出明显不同的振荡规律.     

Dynamics of double bubbles under the driving of burst ultrasound

This paper investigates the pulsations and translation of bubbles in a double-bubble system driven by burst ultrasound. Results illustrate that for two identical bubbles, decreasing the frequency of burst or increasing its amplitude can enhance the pulsations and improve the translation velocities of bubbles. In a certain scope, large bubble brings about fast translation velocity, but the velocity will fall down for too large bubble, such as the bubble with ambient radius over about its resonance radius. When the ambient radii of two bubbles are different, translation of the large bubble is smaller than that of the small bubble. In addition, the effect of initial distance between bubbles is described as well. If burst serials are used, shortening the time interval between each burst and improving the acoustic amplitude of bursts are beneficial for the translations of bubbles.     

Oscillation and Migration of Bubbles within Ultrasonic Field

The oscillation and migration of bubbles within an intensive ultrasonic field are important issues concerning acoustic cavitation in liquids.We establish a selection map of bubble oscillation mode related to initial bubble radius and driving sound pressure under 20 kHz ultrasound and analyze the individual-bubble migration induced by the combined effects of pressure gradient and acoustic streaming.Our results indicate that the pressure threshold of stable and transient cavitation decreases with the increasing initial bubble radius.At the pressure antinode,the Bjerknes force dominates the bubble migration, resulting in the large bubbles gathering toward antinode center,whereas small bubbles escape from antinode.By contrast,at the pressure node,the bubble migration is primarily controlled by acoustic streaming,which effectively weakens the bubble adhesion on the container walls,thereby enhancing the cavitation effect in the whole liquid.     

Effect of static pressure on acoustic energy radiated by cavitation bubbles in viscous liquids under ultrasound

The effect of static pressure on acoustic emissions including shock-wave emissions from cavitation bubbles in viscous liquids under ultrasound has been studied by numerical simulations in order to investigate the effect of static pressure on dispersion of nano-particles in liquids by ultrasound. The results of the numerical simulations for bubbles of 5 μm in equilibrium radius at 20 kHz have indicated that the optimal static pressure which maximizes the energy of acoustic waves radiated by a bubble per acoustic cycle increases as the acoustic pressure amplitude increases or the viscosity of the solution decreases. It qualitatively agrees with the experimental results by Sauter et al. [Ultrason. Sonochem. 15, 517 (2008)]. In liquids with relatively high viscosity (～200 mPa s), a bubble collapses more violently than in pure water when the acoustic pressure amplitude is relatively large (～20 bar). In a mixture of bubbles of different equilibrium radius (3 and 5 μm), the acoustic energy radiated by a 5 μm bubble is much larger than that by a 3 μm bubble due to the interaction with bubbles of different equilibrium radius. The acoustic energy radiated by a 5 μm bubble is substantially increased by the interaction with 3 μm bubbles.