Reactivity of surface and bulk oxygen in La1-xCaxFeO3-y system with respect to methane oxidation

The reactivity and mobility of the surface and lattice oxygen in a La_1-xCa_xFeO_3-y system prepared via a ceramic route were studied by using CH₄-TPR. While the middle-temperature (400-700^oC) oxygen lattice mobility reaches maximum for samples with disordered anion vacancies, the high-temperature lattice oxygen flux appears to be controlled by a rapid transfer along disordered domain walls. In the high-temperature range, a high selectivity to syngas of methane oxidation by the lattice oxygen was achieved both for pure lanthanum ferrite and for samples with a microdomain structure. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Characterization and CO oxidation catalytic behavior of CuO/CeO2 catalysts

Summary Effects of the lattice oxygen mobility, Pt dispersion and the surface features of Pt/Ce_1-xPr_xO_2-y samples on their performance in the selective oxidation of methane into syngas, in the steam and dry reforming of methane at short contact times are considered.     

Influence of the mobility of oxygen in a complex oxide carrier on the mechanism of partial oxidation of methane

The catalytic partial oxidation of methane was studied over single channels of monolith catalysts Pt/PrCeZrO/α-Al₂O₃ and Pt/GdCeZrO/α-Al₂O₃ using the temporal analysis of products (TAP) and kinetic transients. Effects of catalyst composition, oxidation state, time offset between O₂ and CH₄ pulses on activity, selectivity and dynamics of product formation were elucidated. Realization of the direct pyrolysis-CH₄ partial oxidation route was reliably established. This route is favored by optimum lattice/surface oxygen mobility and reactivity controlled by the dopant type (Gd, Pr) and oxidation state of the complex cerium/zirconium oxide.     

NiO and ZrO2-based catalysts in the reaction of complete methane oxidation

The reaction of complete methane oxidation over deposited catalysts (NiO/ZrO₂ and NiO/YSZ) and binary oxides NiO_ZrO₂ produced by co-precipitation, by the sol gel method, and using a bio-template (NiO content in the samples, 10.1 mol %) is investigated. It is shown that binary oxides cause methane oxidation at lower temperatures than their deposited analogue: the temperature of methane half-transformation is 470, 500, and 520°C for binary oxides, while T ₅₀ = 570°C for NiO/ZrO₂. Major factors affecting the activity of binary oxides in the methane oxidation reaction are determined: the dispersion of the active phase (NiO) and the availability of the second component with high mobility of the lattice oxygen.     

烷基膦酸键合的纳米氧化物上甲苯选择氧化制苯甲醛的类酶机理

在传统催化反应中,分子氧催化氧化烷烃生成目标产物的选择性最低,常产生副产物以及大量的COx和水,因需要复杂的分离过程而导致流程的投资成本高.因此,在过去几十年里,针对此类反应的研究以提高选择性为首要目标,但克服这一挑战的任务依然艰巨.在此类反应中,甲苯经O2选择性催化氧化是制备苯甲醛的最佳途径,但从未实现工业化,其中的主要难点在于苯甲醛在临氧条件下的继续氧化反应速率比甲苯氧化高4个数量级以上.因此,在高甲苯转化率下高选择性获得苯甲醛是绿色化学研究中一个极具挑战性的课题.本文发现一种甲苯/水的类皮克林乳液催化体系对甲苯转化为苯甲醛有很高的活性和选择性,其中两性纳米颗粒(十六烷基膦酸,简写为HDPA,键合的纳米铁基氧化物)作为催化剂并处在乳液相界面处.在温和条件下通过O2氧化,苯甲醛的时空产率大于2 g·g-1·h-1,整个过程没有使用H2O2、卤素或其它自由基引发剂.实验发现,用于甲苯氧化反应的相关催化剂HDPA-FeMOx/γ-Al2O3(M:V和Mo等)的作用机制类似甲烷单加氧酶.在传统固定床反应器中和温和的条件下(70～160°C,常压),催化剂能将甲苯单一氧化为苯甲醛.催化剂的活性中心与HDPA以单齿态与氧化物表面键合有关,并且它的另一个磷羟基与氧化物表面在非键合态和键合态之间循环变化,分别对应甲苯反应中催化剂的氧化态和还原态,即HDPA与氧化物表面通过单齿和双齿键合循环变化,极大地提升了该铁基复合氧化物晶格氧的移动性而使得催化剂反应活性得到明显提升.透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射和氮吸附测量结果表明,铁基复合金属氧化物在γ-Al2O3纳米棒上具有良好的分散性和较大的比表面积.X射线光电子能谱、吡啶吸附FT-IR和31P NMR结果表明,与表面键合的HDPA保留了有机膦酸属性,没有与FeMOx/γ-Al2O3生成体相磷酸盐,其中,以单齿状态与表面键合HDPA分子只占总数的2％左右.H2-TPR和CO-TPR结果表明,HDPA的键合强烈影响了晶格氧的流动性或金属氧化物的活性.反应条件下原位FT-IR结果表明,HDPA-FeVOx/γ-Al2O3在70°C下即能催化甲苯氧化成苯甲醛,且不会过度氧化,该催化剂的晶格氧物种可参与甲苯转化为苯甲醛.此外,发现HDPA-Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3对甲苯的吸附具有特殊的分子识别作用,以苯甲醇氧化作为对照反应的研究结果也表明HDPA-Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3对甲苯氧化为苯甲醛的反应存特异催化作用.宏观反应动力学测试结果表明,催化剂上苯甲醛生成的表观活化能仅为～44.5 kJ/mol.在低H2O浓度下,甲苯氧化速率对甲苯浓度为一级反应,对O2浓度为零级反应,基元反应步骤推导出来的动力学方程与实验结果良好吻合,说明了该催化剂上类酶反应基元步骤假设的合理性.     

Ce-Fe-Zr-O/MgO整体型氧载体用于化学链部分氧化甲烷制合成气

以MgO为载体,采用球磨法制备了Ce-Fe-Zr-O/MgO粉末状氧载体,进而采用挤压成型法制备了整体型氧载体。研究了两种氧载体化学链部分氧化甲烷制合成气的性能,并通过XRD、H₂-TPR对氧载体进行表征。结果表明,粉末状氧载体中的储氧组分以Ce-Fe-Zr-O固溶体形式存在,而整体型氧载体的制备过程会导致Zr、Fe游离氧化物的形成。粉末状氧载体和整体型氧载体上均存在表面晶格氧和体相晶格氧,其中,体相晶格氧具有高选择性氧化甲烷的性能,可以将甲烷转化成CO和H₂。粉末状氧载体与甲烷反应活性较高,但其存在高含量的表面氧,易导致甲烷的完全氧化。整体型氧载体上体相晶格氧占据优势,可将甲烷选择性氧化为CO和H₂。氧化还原循环实验表明,粉末状氧载体在还原反应发生短时间内容易引起甲烷裂解导致产物气中的H₂/CO物质的量比显著大于2.0,同时产生大量积炭,制约了其循环性能。而整体型氧载体经10次循环实验后,全程反应过程中合成气H₂/CO物质的量比一直维持在2.0附近,显示了较高的循环稳定性能。     

Low temperature conversion of methane to syngas using lattice oxygen over NiO-MgO

The conversion of methane to syngas (H₂ and CO) is an important route to produce high value-added products. Oxidize methane into syngas in the absence of gaseous oxidants is an economical route. In this work, NiO-MgO composite is successfully synthesized via an impregnation method. At 764 K, methane is directly converted to syngas on the NiO-MgO without gaseous oxidants. A synergistic effect of NiO and MgO was observed, in which NiO induced lattice oxygen of MgO mobility to oxidize methane and suppressed the formation of intermediates for side reaction. As a result, NiO-MgO exhibited enhancement of catalytic activity with the H₂ production rate of 1241.0 µmol g^?1 min^?1, which was 3.4 times higher than that of pure MgO. This work provides a direct guidance to understand of methane oxidation via lattice oxygen under low temperature (< 773 K).     

Propane oxidation with chemically bound oxygen on Pt/TiO2/Al2O3 and Pt/CeO2/Al2O3 catalysts

Possible mechanisms are suggested for propane oxidation on Pt/TiO₂/Al₂O₃ and Pt/CeO₂/Al₂O₃ catalysts in the cyclic reactant supply mode. As compared to the steady-state process, the process conducted as catalyst oxidation-reduction cycles results in a very different product composition: it is more selective toward partial oxidation products and yields much smaller amounts of complete oxidation products. It is established by isothermal and temperature-programmed oxygen desorption that, under the reaction conditions examined, the oxygen desorbed from the catalyst surface into the gas phase makes a negligible contribution to propane oxidation. It is proved by XPS that propane oxidation is due to the chemically bound oxygen of the catalyst. The hypothetical mechanism of the process includes propane activation on Pt followed by the transfer of the activated species to the oxygen-storing component (TiO₂ or CeO₂), where the intermediates are oxidized by chemically bound oxygen.     

Reactivity of La1 ? xSrxFeO3 ? y (x = 0–1) Perovskites in Oxidation Reactions

Oxygen species and their reactivity in La_{1 − x} Sr _x FeO_{3 − y} perovskites prepared using mechanochemical activation were studied by temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) with hydrogen and methane. The experimental data were compared with data on the catalytic activity in oxidation reactions. It was found that the rates of CO and methane oxidation on the perovskites in the presence of gas-phase oxygen correlated (k = 0.8) with the amount of reactive surface oxygen species that were removed by TPR with hydrogen up to 250°C. Maximum amounts of this oxygen species were released from two-phase samples (x = 0.3, 0.4, and 0.8), which exhibited an enhanced activity in the reaction of CO oxidation. In the absence of oxygen in the gas phase, methane is oxidized by lattice oxygen. In this case, the process activity and selectivity depend on the mobility of lattice oxygen, which is determined by the temperature, the degree of substitution, the degree of reduction, and the microstructure of the oxide. Thus, the high mobility of oxygen, which is reached at high concentrations of point defects or interphase/domain boundaries, is of importance for the process of deep oxidation. However, the process of partial oxidation occurs in single-phase samples at low degrees of substitution (x = 0.1–0.2). __________ Translated from Kinetika i Kataliz, Vol. 46, No. 5, 2005, pp. 773–779. Original Russian Text Copyright ? 2005 by Isupova, Yakovleva, Alikina, Rogov, Sadykov.     

Synthesis, hydrothermal stability and thermal reaction behavior of nepheline hydrate i (NH I)

Summary The activity of Pt/Ce_1-xGd_xO_2-y samples in steam and dry reforming of methane at short contact times correlates with the lattice oxygen mobility. For the partial oxidation of methane (POM), the oxygen mobility should be optimized to prevent methane combustion.     

Direct oxidation of methane at low temperature using Pt/C,Pd/C,Pt/C-ATO and Pd/C-ATO electrocatalysts prepared by sodium borohydride reduction process

The main objective of this paper was to characterize the voltammetric profiles of the Pt/C,Pt/C-ATO,Pd/C and Pd/CATO electrocatalysts and study their catalytic activities for methane oxidation in an acidic electrolyte at 25 ℃ and in a direct methane proton exchange membrane fuel cell at 80 ℃. The electrocatalysts prepared also were characterized by X-ray diffraction( XRD) and transmission electron microscopy( TEM). The diffractograms of the Pt/C and Pt/C-ATO electrocatalysts show four peaks associated with Pt face-centered cubic( fcc) structure,and the diffractograms of Pd/C and Pd/C-ATO show four peaks associated with Pd face-centered cubic( fcc) structure. For Pt/C-ATO and Pd/C-ATO,characteristic peaks of cassiterite( SnO_2) phase are observed,which are associated with Sb-doped SnO_2( ATO) used as supports for electrocatalysts. Cyclic voltammograms( CV) of all electrocatalysts after adsorption of methane show that there is a current increase during the anodic scan. However,this effect is more pronounced for Pt/C-ATO and Pd/C-ATO. This process is related to the oxidation of the adsorbed species through the bifunctional mechanism,where ATO provides oxygenated species for the oxidation of CO or HCO intermediates adsorbed in Pt or Pd sites. From in situ ATR-FTIR( Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared) experiments for all electrocatalysts prepared the formation of HCO or CO intermediates are observed,which indicates the production of carbon dioxide. Polarization curves at 80 ℃in a direct methane fuel cell( DMEFC) show that Pd/C and Pt/C electroacatalysts have superior performance to Pd/C-ATO and Pt/C-ATO in methane oxidation.     

Interaction of SO2 with O2 over mixed Pt, Pd, Pt?Pd and Pt?Ru oxidation catalysts and combined treatment of automobile exhaust gases

TPD, XPS IR methods were used to study how the composition of mixed Pt and Pd contacts over Al₂O₃ affects the nature of SO₂ complexes formed in the presence of O₂. Two types of sulfates of different structure and binding strength are formed in SO₂ oxidation by oxygen over Pt and Pd contacts. Introducing elements such as Co and Cr into the composition, one can significantly reduce the formation of weakly binding sulfate-1 as well as sulfate-2 too.     

Intensification of the oxidation of rich methane/air mixtures by O2 molecules excited to the a 1Δg state

Methane oxidation in rich CH₄/air mixtures can be intensified by exciting O₂ molecules to the a ¹Δ_g state. Even small amounts of O₂(a ¹Δ_g) molecules reduce the ignition temperature and shorten the induction period. As compared to the oxidation of ordinary methane/air mixtures, oxidation in the presence of excited oxygen makes it possible to convert methane into synthesis gas (H₂ + CO) at low initial temperatures of ≈600 K and atmospheric pressure and to raise the H₂ and CO yields at a fixed reactor length.     

La1-xSrxFeO3钙钛矿型氧化物中的晶格氧用于甲烷部分氧化制合成气

采用燃烧法制备了Sr掺杂钙钛矿型氧化物La_1-xSr_xFeO₃（x=0,0.3,0.5,0.9）载氧体,对载氧体分别进行X射线衍射、扫描电镜和H₂程序升温还原反应表征,在热重循环装置和固定床反应装置上考察甲烷与载氧体晶格氧的部分氧化反应.结果表明,La_1-xSr_xFeO₃氧化物中的晶格氧适用于甲烷部分氧化制合成气,晶格氧的得失是一个可逆过程,Sr的掺杂提高了载氧体的供氧能力,5次循环后载氧体得失晶格氧的能力没有明显的衰减.从甲烷转化率、n（H₂）/n（CO）比以及H₂和CO的选择性等方面来考虑,x=0.3-0.5比较理想,甲烷转化率维持在70%左右,气体产物中n（H₂）/n（CO）约为2,CH₄没有发生明显的裂解.     

Investigation of concentration hysteresis in methane oxidation on bimetallic Pt–Pd/Al2O3 catalyst by in situ XPS and mass spectrometry

A combination of in situ XPS and mass spectrometry was used to investigate concentration hysteresis in the low- temperature oxidation of methane over a bimetallic Pt–Pd catalyst. It was shown that a decrease in the oxygen concentration leads to a sharp increase in the catalytic activity of the sample under study. The transition of the catalyst to a high/low activity state occurs due to the partial reduction/oxidation of the active component, with both platinum and palladium participating in the methane oxidation reaction.     

Rate determination of the catalytic oxidation of methane and propane in an electrochemical solid-electrolyte reactor

The possibility of using a solid-electrolyte reactor in kinetic studies of the catalytic oxidations of hydrocarbon with molecular oxygen was investigated. A theoretical analysis of processes in a catalytically asymmetric gas-diffusion cell in N₂ + O₂ + CH₄ and N₂ + O₂ + C₃H₈ gas mixtures was performed. Analytical expressions are presented for calculating the oxygen, methane, and propane concentrations and the methane and propane oxidation rates in the inner space of the cell from the emf of the latter. The potentiometric response was studied experimentally after the addition of methane and propane in the gas mixture in a reactor with silver electrodes and samples with applied catalytic materials. The concentrations of the components in the inner space of the reactor and the oxidation rates of hydrocarbons were calculated from the experimental data.     

Selective Coke Combustion by Oxygen Pulsing During Mo/ZSM‐5‐Catalyzed Methane Dehydroaromatization

Non‐oxidative methane dehydroaromatization is a promising reaction to directly convert natural gas into aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrogen. Commercialization of this technology is hampered by rapid catalyst deactivation because of coking. A novel approach is presented involving selective oxidation of coke during methane dehydroaromatization at 700 °C. Periodic pulsing of oxygen into the methane feed results in substantially higher cumulative product yield with synthesis gas; a H₂/CO ratio close to two is the main side‐product of coke combustion. Using ¹³C isotope labeling of methane it is demonstrated that oxygen predominantly reacts with molybdenum carbide species. The resulting molybdenum oxides catalyze coke oxidation. Less than one‐fifth of the available oxygen reacts with gaseous methane. Combined with periodic regeneration at 550 °C, this strategy is a significant step forward, towards a process for converting methane into liquid hydrocarbons.     

Kinetic simulation of the enzymatic oxidation of methane

The kinetics of methane oxidation by methane monooxygenase is simulated numerically. Literature data on the distribution of products of the oxidation of deuterated methane CH_{4 ? n} D _n (CH₃D, CH₂D₂, and CHD₃), as well as on the kinetic isotope effect in the competitive oxidation of CH₄ and CD₄ by methane monooxygenase, are analyzed in the framework of a nonradical multistep mechanism. Kinetic schemes whose first step involves two hydrogen atoms of the oxidation substrate are considered. The kinetic models suggested for methane oxidation are in good agreement with experimental data.     

Mobility and reactivity of lattice oxygen in Gd-doped ceria promoted by Pt

Summary For samples of the Ce_1-xGd_xO_2-y system prepared by the Pechini route and promoted with Pt, the mobility and reactivity of lattice oxygen were found to correlate with the density of surface and bulk anion vacancies.     

碱性条件下Ru/C催化5-羟甲基糠醛选择氧化反应

以活性炭负载金属钌(Ru/C)为催化剂,在碱性水溶液中研究了5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)选择氧化反应.与MgO,Ca(OH)₂和NaOH相比,加入具有合适碱强度的镁铝水滑石有利于生成5-甲酰基-2-呋喃甲酸(FFCA)或2,5-呋喃二甲酸(FDCA).X射线光电子能谱实验表明金属态的钌是活性催化中心.同位素示踪结果则表明水而非氧气提供了5-甲酰基-2-呋喃甲酸及2,5-呋喃二甲酸等羧酸产物的氧源.根据这些结果,并结合HMF和2,5-呋喃二甲醛氧化的动力学研究,我们提出HMF选择性氧化制备FFCA遵循Langmuir-Hinshelwood反应机理.其中,HMF在金属Ru表面饱和解离吸附,在解离吸附的氧原子的协助下发生β-脱氢生成2,5-呋喃二甲醛(DFF)吸附物种.该DFF物种进一步发生水合与氧化形成FFCA产物.