开放型办公室掩蔽语音环境下工作效率的客观评价方法

本文研究了开放型办公室中平稳噪声掩蔽语音环境下噪声可懂度的客观评价指标与工作效率之间的关系。文章通过对三种客观评价指标:Speech Transmission Index(STI),Perceptually Evaluation of Speech Quality(PESQ)和modified Normalized Covariance Method(mNCM)与专门设计的主观实验结果相对比,得到了该条件下客观评价指标与主观烦扰度和工作效率之间的关系。结果显示,客观评价指标与主观实验结果均具有较高的相关性,说明利用客观评价指标来预测、评估工作效率具有可行性。实验结果还初步揭示了噪声的语言可懂度和工作效率之间的变化规律:在噪声的语言可懂度的中间区域,工作效率变化显著;但噪声的语言可懂度高于一定值以后,工作效率趋于稳定。     

环境声质量分类评价体系的实验研究

本文针对我们已提出的环境声质量分类评价体系及与之相应的定量评价指标ESQ，进行了实验验证。研究结果表明：所提分类评价体系和ESQ是有效的，二者的评价结果是一致的。最后，针对整个实验研究过程进行了讨论，并指出有待进一步研究和改善的方面。     

地上地下商场声环境满意度评价与比较研究

为了解地上地下商场消费者对声环境的感受及不同,对哈尔滨四个典型商场进行了现场调研与主观评价。利用主因子法分析了声音识别,结果表明音乐声是主要成分。回归分析表明声环境满意度评价与测试声压级LAeq有较强的相关性,声音总体评价为"一般"。声环境满意度评价,整体上地上商场略好于地下商场,空间开敞、环境较好则评价也较好;同一商场较低楼层不如较高楼层;不同空间则是扁平空间优于长空间、营业空间不如休闲空间。     

健康视角下幼儿园声环境

幼儿园作为学前儿童生活和进行认知活动的主要场所,其声环境对学前儿童的健康成长十分重要.该文首先以Web of Science核心合集数据库为数据来源,综述幼儿园声环境对学前儿童健康的不利影响以及幼儿园声环境现状.其次讨论不同国家幼儿园声学标准,指出其中不足.研究发现幼儿园声环境对学前儿童的健康影响存在于生理、情绪及行为...     

浅海环境下数据同化声层析方法研究

讨论了适用于浅海的基于声速局部测量模型、声传播模型及声压场局部测量模型的声学数据同化方法,并给出了具体的执行算法。该算法根据最优化准则把局部声速和声压场的先验测量信息,以及声传播模型进行了有效地融合,提高了海洋环境参数估计的精度,为浅海声层析提供了新思路。同时,利用实验浅海声速测量数据,通过经验正交函数对实际海洋声速剖面进行了估计,并分析了各类噪声对水体声速场及海底声学参数估计精度的影响,验证了该执行算法的有效性。     

深海海底斜坡环境下的声传播

海底地形变化对声传播具有很大影响,在南海深海区域海底斜坡环境下进行了一次声传播实验,实验显示倾斜海底环境下声传播损失出现了一些不同于平坦海底环境下的现象,分析并解释了海底地形变化对产生声传播差异的原因.结果表明,海底斜坡对声波的反射增强作用可使斜坡上方的声传播损失减少约5 d B.当声波第一次入射到达的海底位置有较小幅度的山丘(凸起高度小于1/10海深)时,海底小山丘即可对声波有反射遮挡作用,导致在其反射区特定传播距离和深度上出现倒三角声影区,比平坦海底环境下相同影区位置处的传播损失增大约8 d B,影响深度可达海面以下1500 m.而海底斜坡对声波的反射阻挡作用使得从海面反射及水体向下折射的会聚区结构消失,只剩下从水体向上折射的会聚结构.因此,海底地形对深海声传播影响较大,在水下目标探测和性能评估等应用中应予以重视.     

人工耳蜗的环境声识别研究

对14位正常听力者开展了环境声的人工耳蜗仿真声识别实验,比较了两类声码器仿真(正弦载波和噪声载波)条件下的环境声识别效果差异,然后对9位讲普通话的成年人工耳蜗植入者开展了环境声识别实验。实验材料是从互联网上搜集,并经过12位正常听力者主观测试验证后,筛选出的67种环境声。结果显示,载波类型没有对67种环境声的平均识别效果产生显著影响,但是声学特征的差异会导致单个环境声的识别效果对载波类型有依赖。另外,人工耳蜗植入者的环境声识别效果较差,有待通过信号处理策略、神经接口和康复手段的改进而得到提高。本研究中开发的环境声材料可以用于评估人工耳蜗环境声识别效果。     

浅海周期起伏海底环境下的声传播

海底粗糙对水下声传播及水声探测等应用具有重要影响.利用黄海夏季典型海洋环境,分析了同时存在海底周期起伏和强温跃层条件下的声传播特性,结果表明:由于海底周期起伏的存在,对于低频(<1 kHz)、近程(10 km)的声信号,传播损失可增大5—30 d B.总结了声传播损失及脉冲到达结构随声源深度、海底起伏周期及起伏高度等因...     

深海海底山环境下声传播水平折射效应研究

声波在深海海底山环境中传播时,海底山会对声传播产生重要影响.2016年在南海深海进行了一次海底山环境下的声传播实验,观测到了由海底山引起的三维声传播效应,本文利用BELLHOP射线理论解释了海底山环境下的三维声传播机理.结果表明：声波在传播过程中与海底山作用后破坏了深海会聚区结构,导致传播损失增大,在海底山后形成具有明显边界的声水平折射区,利用二维声传播模型无法解释实验现象,海底山后声水平折射区实验测量的声场结构与N×2D模型计算结果存在明显差异,实验的传播损失比N×2D模型计算结果大10 dB.通过三维射线模型分析N×2D模型计算结果与实验结果存在明显差异产生的原因,发现由于声波水平折射作用,部分声线无法到达接收器,使得三维声传播效应对海底山后一定角度范围内声场影响较为明显.因此,深海海底山会引起明显的三维水平折射效应,应在水下目标探测和定位等应用中给予重视.     

生态水体景观视觉影响下道路交通声评价的实验研究

采用里克特5级量表(1:非常不舒适;5:非常舒适)实验研究了不同声级的道路交通声评价在生态水体景观视觉影响下的规律。分析发现:与单听觉测试条件相比,生态水体景观将道路交通声级与声评价的相关系数由-0.91降低至-0.81~-0.57,其中30 dBA的道路交通声评价值下降0.13~0.68,而70 dBA的道路交通声评价值升高0.10~0.22。在一定声级范围内景观要素对道路交通声评价的影响不同:人工要素比自然要素影响下的道路交通声评价值高0.33/10 dBA;自然水体远景比近景影响下的道路交通声评价值高0.33/10 dBA;人的活动要素比动物活动要素影响下的道路交通声评价值高0.28/10 dBA,     

The sound attenuation in an open-plan office

Attenuation curves have been measured in an open-plan office without furniture and with a number of different furniture arrangements. The furniture and screens were found to have little influence on the attenuation curves, which fluctuate in level out to distances of approximately 10 m from the source and tend to stay close to the 6 dB per distance doubling attenuation line beyond 10 m from the source.A theoretical model of the office was found to give predictions which agree closely with the above measurements. The same model does predict attenuation curves which deviate from the 6 dB line in the far field for certain floor and ceiling absorptions not found in the above-mentioned office.     

Prediction of the speech intelligibility index behind a single screen in an open-plan office

Improved acoustical privacy is the principal goal of the acoustical design of open plan offices. As the replacement of the Articulation Index (AI), the Speech Intelligibility Index (SII) can be used as a single-number measure of the speech privacy in open-plan offices. In this paper, a mathematical model of the speech propagation over single screens in a large open-plan office space is presented. The calculated effects of the office parameters, such as the screen height, ceiling and floor absorption, etc. on the SII behind the screen are discussed and are compared with measured results. To facilitate the practical use of the model, an empirical correction is derived from a wide range of ceiling tiles to provide values of the effective sound absorption of typical suspended ceilings in open offices. Compared to measured results, SII can be predicted with an RMS error of 0.03.     

Sound propagation between two adjacent rectangular workstations in an open-plan office—part II: effects of office variables

In part I of this paper a general model was developed of sound propagation between adjacent rectangular workstations in a conventional open-plan office. In this paper, the new model is used to investigate the importance of various office design parameters on calculated speech privacy. The additional effects of the side and back panels of complete workstations are examined in detail. Calculations for systematic variations of the principal design parameters show that the separating screen height and the ceiling absorption have the largest effects on expected speech privacy. High speech privacy can only be achieved with the combination of high screens, high ceiling absorption, and high panel absorption. Empirical corrections are developed to estimate how the presence of ceiling lights reduces the effective ceiling absorption. The complete model is shown to accurately predict speech privacy for a range of office design configurations with an RMS error in predicted SII values 0.02.     

Effects of unattended speech on performance and subjective distraction: The role of acoustic design in open-plan offices

Unattended background speech is a known source of cognitive and subjective distraction in open-plan offices. This study investigated whether the deleterious effects of background speech can be affected by room acoustic design that decreases speech intelligibility, as measured by the Speech Transmission Index (STI). The experiment was conducted in an open-plan office laboratory (84 m²) in which four acoustic conditions were physically built. Three conditions contained background speech. A quiet condition was included for comparison. The speech conditions differed in terms of the degree of absorption, screen height, desk isolation, and the level of masking sound. The speech sounds simulated an environment where phone conversations are heard from different locations varying in distance. Ninety-eight volunteers were tested. The presence of background speech had detrimental effects on the subjective perceptions of noise effects and on cognitive performance in short-term memory and working memory tasks. These effects were not attenuated nor amplified within a three-hour working period. The reduction of the STI by room acoustic means decreased subjective disturbance, whereas the effects on cognitive performance were somewhat smaller than expected. The effects of room acoustic design on subjective distraction were stronger among noise-sensitive subjects, suggesting that they benefited more from acoustic improvements than non-sensitive subjects. The results imply that reducing the STI is beneficial for performance and acoustic satisfaction especially regarding speech coming from more distant desks. However, acoustic design does not sufficiently decrease the distraction caused by speech from adjacent desks.     

谢宾斯基分形结构声散射特性与视觉偏好评价*

声扩散界面设计应兼顾声学和美学需求。结合参数化设计方法,谢宾斯基分形的模块化结构具有灵活生成个性化界面的潜力。然而,针对分形结构声学特性与视觉效益尚缺乏综合的量化研究。本文根据谢宾斯基分形的构造规则提出了一种宽频的扩散结构设计方法,分别从声学性能与视觉偏好的角度,研究模块形状、模块高度和随机排布对性能的影响。采用边界元素法的数值仿真与实测验证、结合虚拟仿真技术的主观调查、以及多目标综合分析,探究分形设计要素的作用机制和最佳阈值范围。结果表明,与相同体量的传统二次残差扩散体相比,具有不同平面尺寸和高度模块的分形结构改善了扩散性能,特别是在1 kHz以下的中低频范围。此外,发现在室内使用中高复杂度（迭代三次）、低随机排布、谢宾斯基三角截锥分形结构,有助于提高居住者对环境的偏好度。     

Spectral characteristics of acoustic cavitation

This paper reports on theoretical research into the dynamics, acoustic noise and noise spectrum of a single cavitation bubble affected by non-gradiental acoustic fields. It is shown that all the characteristic features of experimental acoustic cavitation spectra occur in the spectrum of a single bubble.     

激光声信号的频谱特性

构建了激光声实验测量系统,利用脉冲激光聚焦击穿水介质产生声信号,由水听器将声信号转换成电信号并送入数字存储示波器。分析了激光声信号的时频域数学模型,实验研究了激光声信号的频域能量分布,以及激光器重复频率和激光声信号频谱特性的关系。结果表明:激光声信号能量主要集中在200 kHz内,其中100~200 kHz内的能量所占比例约50%。激光声信号的幅频响应极大值点可以受到激光器重复频率的控制。     

激光声信号的频谱特性

构建了激光声实验测量系统,利用脉冲激光聚焦击穿水介质产生声信号,由水听器将声信号转换成电信号并送入数字存储示波器。分析了激光声信号的时频域数学模型,实验研究了激光声信号的频域能量分布,以及激光器重复频率和激光声信号频谱特性的关系。结果表明:激光声信号能量主要集中在200 kHz内,其中100~200 kHz内的能量所占比例约50%。激光声信号的幅频响应极大值点可以受到激光器重复频率的控制。     

The acoustic characteristics of duct bends

The acoustic characteristics of a duct system were studied. The system consisted of a curved bend joined to two straight sections of rigid duct. Solutions of the relevant two-dimensional equations were obtained by numerical methods for a range of bend geometries. The results agreed closely with experimentally obtained data. The effects on the acoustic characteristics of locating a circular arc turning vane in the bend were investigated numerically and experimentally for values of the wave number below that corresponding to the first cut-on mode. Particular attention was paid to the amplitude of the evanescent modes generated at the junction of the bend and the straight sections of duct.     

Visual characteristics of inhomogeneous acoustic waves

Experimentally obtained visualizations of propagating inhomogeneous acoustic waves driven by zero-order antisymmetric Lamb waves (flexural waves) in water are presented. The inhomogeneous waves are visualized by optical holographic interferometry. A series of photographs show the evolution in time of instantaneous acoustic pressure distributions associated with propagating inhomogeneous waves. The photographs reveal characteristic features of flexurally driven inhomogeneous waves such as transversely attenuated wavefronts oriented perpendicularly to the plate boundary and a phase propagation velocity along the boundary approximately equal to the plate wave velocity (250 meters/second). Effects due to the dispersive nature of the flexural plate waves are also noted in the photographic series. Features distinguishing these subsonic, inhomogeneous surface waves (also called trapped or evanescent waves) from the leaky, lateral or head wave and also from incompressible fluid motions associated with low frequency vibrations of fluid loaded plates are identified. The relevance of inhomogeneous acoustic waves driven by subsonic flexural waves to practical sound-structure interaction problems is discussed.