物理奥林匹克竞赛实验专题

1)调灯泡、物屏以及透镜共轴,使灯泡、小孔和透镜在轴线上,且透镜的球面对准物屏(当然也可先使平面对准物屏)。     

几何光学实验中一现象的理论分析和验证

1引言 在用物距像距法测量凸透镜的焦距实验中,从理论上讲在不同的物距范围内,下述两种调节方法均易从像屏上得到清晰像:(1)物和透镜固定(令物距大于焦距),调节像屏成像;(2)物和像屏固定(令二者间距满足成实像的条件),调节透镜成像.     

一种测薄透镜光学参量的简便方法（续）

此法适用于图1所示的等凸、等凹、平凸和平凹透镜光学参量的测量．关于等凸、等凹透镜的测量方法，在本刊曾介绍过[1]，本文则给出平凸、平凹透镜光学参量的测量方法．图1四种形状的透镜一、实验装置与测量方法如图2所示，在光具座上依次放上小灯、毛玻璃、有箭头孔的物屏和待测透镜．图2测量装置简图共轴调节后，使待测透镜贴近物屏，然后逐渐远离物屏，直到在物屏上看到清晰的，与物孔等高倒立之实像为止，设此时透镜与物屏间距离为s．在本文中，s是个重要的量，由它可方便地求出透镜各光学参量．下面给出用s表述的透镜焦距f、透镜玻璃折…     

物理实验的计算机模拟

物理实验的计算机模拟姚建宁（南通纺织工业学校２２６００７）１实验共轭法测定会聚透镜的焦距中Ｌ＞４ｆ问题用共轭法（移动透镜二次成像法）当物与屏的距离Ｌ大于四倍焦距，且保持一定时，由于物、像共轭关系，则透镜放置于物、屏之间可以有两处分别使屏上得到放大或缩...     

一种测薄透镜光学参量的简便方法

此法适用于透镜两球面曲率半径相等的等凸、等凹透镜的测量．一、实验装置与测量方法如图1所示，在光具座上依次放上小灯、毛玻璃、有箭头孔的物屏和待测透镜．图1测量装置简图共轴调节后，使待测透镜贴近物屏，然后逐渐远离物屏，直到在物屏上看到清晰的、与物等高倒立的实像为止，设此时透镜与物屏间距离为S．在本文中，S是个重要的量，由它可以方便地求出透镜的各光学参量．下面给出用S表述的透镜焦距人折射率n。、两球面半径r．因两球面半径相等，故均用r代之；在本文第3节中将证明，当待测透镜为等四透镜，其当符测透镜为等凸透镜，…     

“透镜焦距测量”实验中物屏的改进

针对透镜焦距测量实验中由焦深引起的测量误差,改进了透镜焦距测量实验中的物屏。用此屏测量薄凸透镜的焦距可改善成像焦深现象,同时减小实验所得焦距的离散性。     

对测焦距位移法的一点异议

在几何光学实验中常用物距像距法(简称“u,v法”)和“位移法”测量会聚透镜的焦距,依据的公式分别为f=uv/(u+v)和f=(A~2-l~2)/4A,其中u、v分别为物距和像距,A为物屏与像屏的距离,l为透镜先后两次成像的位移距离,目前国内使用的许多实验教材都定性指出,“位移法”     

半导体制冷片制作的高能激光靶屏

为了用热图法测量高能激光强度的时空分布,设计了将半导体制冷片作为激光靶屏的测量方案。研制了由16个50 mm×50 mm的制冷片组装成的总面积为200 mm×200 mm、总制冷功率超4 800 W的靶屏, 屏四周安装了8个红外标定物用于校正红外图像的畸变。理论上用热传导方程建立了激光辐照半导体制冷片靶屏的加热模型;数值模拟了屏表面温度分布同光强分布的关系,论证了氧化铝陶瓷材料制成的半导体制冷片作为高能激光靶屏的可行性,以及制冷片的制冷功能对测试性能的改善;通过实验验证了研制的靶屏测量光强是可行的。     

半导体制冷片制作的高能激光靶屏

 为了用热图法测量高能激光强度的时空分布,设计了将半导体制冷片作为激光靶屏的测量方案。研制了由16个50 mm×50 mm的制冷片组装成的总面积为200 mm×200 mm、总制冷功率超4 800 W的靶屏, 屏四周安装了8个红外标定物用于校正红外图像的畸变。理论上用热传导方程建立了激光辐照半导体制冷片靶屏的加热模型;数值模拟了屏表面温度分布同光强分布的关系,论证了氧化铝陶瓷材料制成的半导体制冷片作为高能激光靶屏的可行性,以及制冷片的制冷功能对测试性能的改善;通过实验验证了研制的靶屏测量光强是可行的。     

L＞4f′的简单证明

固定物、像屏法(或二次成像法)测量凸透镜焦距的前提是物、像屏之距L必须大于四倍的待测透镜的焦距。但是为什么?学生往往说不清楚。笔者从高斯物像公式出发,证明了在二次成像法中为什么必须要求L>4f′。具体证明如下: 由高斯物象公式可知     

转小鼠金属硫蛋白(MT)基因烟草不同器官中金属离子铅和锌的分布

转金属硫蛋白(MT)基因植物具有清除重金属污染的能力,但是金属离子在植物体内的分布研究较少。文章以多代培育纯合的转MT烟草为材料,研究了转MT基因烟草积累铅和锌以及铅和锌在不同器官的分布情况。结果表明转基因植株的老叶、茎部和根部铅和锌积累量显著高于普通烟草植株,整株的铅和锌含量分别提高了21.8%和27.2%。铅和锌在植物体内的分布也发生了变化,转基因植株老叶和根中的铅含量分别高出普通烟草同位置的30.2%和47.8%,锌在转基因植株老叶、茎和根中的含量分别高出普通烟草同位置的44.7%,29.2%和21.6%,说明铅更容易在转基因植株老叶和根中积累,而锌更容易在转基因植株的老叶和茎中积累。     

Effect of ausforming temperature and strain on the bainitic transformation kinetics of a low carbon boron steel

The effect of ausforming temperature and strain on the bainitic transformation kinetics was investigated in a low carbon boron steel. A new mechanism, which is based on the competition between the increase in nucleation rate and the decrease in average volume of bainite sheaf after deformation, is proposed. The increase in nucleation rate is due to the decrease in boron concentration at the grain boundaries after small deformation and the formation of sub-grain boundaries at the grain interior after large deformation. The decrease in average volume of bainite sheaf is ascribed to the frequent impingement of bainite sub-units after deformation. The increase in nucleation rate after deformation results in the decrease in incubation time, which is confirmed from the experiment. The increase in nucleation rate overcomes the decrease in average volume of bainite sheaf, resulting in the increase in transformation velocity and volume fraction after small deformation. On the contrary, the decrease in the average volume of bainite sheaf overcomes the increase in nucleation rate after large deformation, leading to the decrease in transformation velocity and volume fraction of bainite.     

石墨狭缝中甲烷吸附的分子动力学模拟

用分子动力学模拟研究石墨狭缝中甲烷的吸附,考察狭缝宽度和温度对甲烷吸附的影响.模拟发现甲烷在石墨狭缝中出现分层现象,吸附层中甲烷具有类液特征,第一吸附层内甲烷中总有两个氢原子的连线与另外两个氢原子的连线分别位于平行于狭缝壁的两个平面内,游离层中甲烷呈现气体的特征;碳原子间的平均作用势说明吸附层中甲烷分子间结合能力大于游离层,吸附态是甲烷在石墨狭缝中的主要赋存形式之一;伦敦力以及由吸附层净电荷产生的电场力是甲烷吸附和分层的主要原因;甲烷的吸附量随狭缝宽度增大或温度升高而减少,当狭缝宽度小于16.46Å时,甲烷仅以吸附形态存在.甲烷在第一吸附层中的扩散能力最弱、游离层中最强,甲烷扩散系数随狭缝宽度的增大或温度的升高而增大.     

Changes in ADC caused by tensile loading of rabbit achilles tendon: evidence for water transport

Water diffusion measurements were performed on rabbit Achilles tendons during static tensile loading and tendons in an unloaded state. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was measured along two directions: parallel and perpendicular to the long axis of the tendon. Tendons were studied after being prepared in two ways: (a) after being stored frozen in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and (b) freshly isolated. Statistically significant directional anisotropy was observed in the ADC in all tendons. The ADC was significantly greater in the direction parallel to the long axis of the tendon than in the perpendicular direction. The anisotropy is attributed to the greater restrictions seen by the water molecules in the perpendicular direction and is consistent with the known geometry of the tendon. Storage in PBS caused tendons to swell. This increased the ADC measured along both directions and reduced the anisotropy. The existence of anisotropy in the ADC was not related to the orientation of the specimen in the magnet. The ADC increased along both directions following the application of a 5-N tensile load; the increase was greatest along the perpendicular axis of the tendon. In order to determine whether load-related changes in the ADC reflected changes in interfibrilar spacing, we used electron microscopy to measure load-related changes in fibril spacing. Load-related changes in fiber spacing could not account for the observed changes in the ADC. The increase in ADC caused by loading was attributed to the extrusion of tendon water into a bulk phase along the outside surface of the tendon. In PBS-stored samples, enough fluid was extruded that it could be visualized. The transient response of the ADC to a 5-N tensile load was also studied. The absolute ADC in both directions increased with loading and recovered to baseline upon unloading. The transient changes in ADC, for both loading and unloading, had a mean time constant of approximately 15 min. The magnitude of the load-induced transient ADC changes was comparable to that seen in the static-loading experiments.     

Thermodynamically equilibrium roton states of nanoparticles in molten and vapour phases

We show a possibility for a thermodynamically equilibrium nanocrystalline structure consisting of nanosized solid inclusions to appear in a melt just beyond the melting curve. Thermodynamic stability of the nanocrystalline structure in the melt results from the free energy lowering due to rotational motion of nanoparticles. The main contribution to the reduction of the free energy of the system is due to an increase in the rotational entropy and change in formation energy of nanocrystals, i.e. the nanocrystalline structure in the melt, like vacancies in a crystal, is an equilibrium defect structure of the melt. It is demonstrated that similar nanocrystalline structures can also appear in the vapour phase in the form of liquid nanodrops and in liquid solutions, e.g. in He II.     

降雨对无线激光通信的影响

通过激光信号在雨介质中传输的实验发现,在大雨环境下,激光信号透射率要比在小雨或微雨的情况下大。这说明光信号在小雨时衰减较大,在大雨时衰减较小。这一现象与人们通常所认为的有所不同。针对降雨对激光信号的影响,根据Mie散射理论和Weibull雨滴尺寸分布模型,分析了不同尺寸的粒子对光的散射作用以及对衰减效率因子的影响,推导出单球粒子对光波的衰减公式,得到了衰减与降雨率的确定关系。通过数值计算发现,与小粒子相比大粒子的前向散射光强更大且更加集中;激光信号在雨介质中传输时,衰减系数在小雨时较大,中雨、大雨时较小,暴雨时不断增大。这一结果与实际情况较吻合,为激光在通信系统中的应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

Preparation of the Speech-LanguagePathologist Specializing in Voice: An Educational Survey

This study investigates the academic and clinical preparation a speech-language pathologist receives in the area of voice. The purpose is to determine how to structure continuing education and specialty training in vocology, defined as the science and practice of voice habilitation. Surveys were sent to the graduate programs in speech-language pathology accredited by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) in 1994, and again in 1999. Results from the 1994 survey indicated that students received limited information and clinical experience in handling typical voice cases. Although most programs required a voice disorders course, fewer mandated coursework in normal voice production or clinical experience with voice patients. The follow-up survey showed that the educational environment in 1999 is similar to that in 1994. It is evident that the programs are in compliance with the Educational Training Board model developed by ASHA for basic clinical competence, but no structure for specialty training has yet emerged.     

‘Phase transitions’ in bacteria – From structural transitions in free living bacteria to phenotypic transitions in bacteria within biofilms

Phase transitions are common in inanimate systems and have been studied extensively in natural sciences. Less explored are the rich transitions that take place at the micro- and nano-scales in biological systems. In conventional phase transitions, large-scale properties of the media change discontinuously in response to continuous changes in external conditions. Such changes play a significant role in the dynamic behaviours of organisms. In this review, we focus on some transitions in both free-living and biofilms of bacteria. Particular attention is paid to the transitions in the flagellar motors and filaments of free-living bacteria, in cellular gene expression during the biofilm growth, in the biofilm morphology transitions during biofilm expansion, and in the cell motion pattern transitions during the biofilm formation. We analyse the dynamic characteristics and biophysical mechanisms of these phase transition phenomena and point out the parallels between these transitions and conventional phase transitions. We also discuss the applications of some theoretical and numerical methods, established for conventional phase transitions in inanimate systems, in bacterial biofilms.     

水溶液中微量Cu元素的激光诱导光谱检测

采用普通打印纸作为基底置于含有痕量重金属离子的水溶液中,用于富集溶液中的重金属Cu元素,烘干后用激光诱导击穿光谱进行定量分析。该方法克服了用激光诱导击穿光谱方法直接分析液相样品中重金属含量时存在水的溅射和灵敏度低等不足。实验中选用324.7 nm的光谱线作为分析线,研究了光谱强度与富集时间的关系,建立了用于溶液中Cu元素定量测量的校正曲线,检测限达到0.023 mg·L-1。为水体中重金属检测提供了一个可行的具有良好灵敏度分析技术。