吴家坪煤在流化床热解过程中含硫气体产物的分析

在氧气体积分数分别为3.0%、5.6%、 8.7%的O2 N2混合气，热解温度500℃～800℃, 停留时间30min下，对吴家坪煤在流化床反应器热解过程中的含硫气体进行了分析。热解过程中主要的含硫气体是H2S、COS和SO2, 且它们的逸出规律一致：随着温度和氧气体积分数的增高, 逸出速率加快。 氧气体积分数对煤中的H2S、COS的影响是相似的, 随着氧气体积分数增加, 相对于3.0% O2 N2 气氛, H2S和COS的逸出量占气相中总硫的比例在5.6% O2 N2 气氛下降, 在8.7% O2 N2 气氛下又有所上升; 而氧气体积分数对SO2的影响与之相反, 在5.6% O2 N2 气氛下, 气相中93%以上是以SO2形式逸出的, 在8.7% O2 N2 气氛下, SO2的比例又下降很多。这是由于8.7% O2 N2 气氛下, 更多的氧气参与了C—C键断裂的反应, 使脱去的硫转化到焦油中，从而也生成了大量的CO，使得在8.7% O2 N2气氛下CO/SO2比明显大于5.6% O2 N2气氛下的。     

TG-MS与Py-GC相结合法研究惰性气氛下含硫模型化合物热解过程中硫的脱除及释放行为研究（英文）

采用热重-质谱法(TG-MS)和热解-气相色谱法(Py-MS)相结合的方法对模型化合物(十四硫醇、二丁基硫醚、苯硫醚、二甲基噻吩、苯并噻吩和二苯并噻吩等)在惰性气氛下硫的脱除及释放行为进行研究。惰性气氛下硫的脱除顺序为:十四硫醇二丁基硫醚二甲基噻吩苯并噻吩苯硫醚二苯并噻吩,苯硫醚除外,该顺序与含硫官能团的热分解顺序一致。在热解过程中,所有模型化合物在质谱和气相色谱仪上均被检测到SO2;除苯硫醚和二苯并噻吩外,其他模型化合物中均检测到了COS;而只在十四硫醇、二丁基硫醚和二甲基噻吩中检测到了H2S。且热解气中SO2含量要显著高于H2S和COS。这是由于活性炭作载体时,惰性气氛下内部氢的含量显著小于内部氧的含量,所以大多数的含硫自由基易与内部氧结合以SO2的形式逸出。对于苯硫醚、苯并噻吩和二苯并噻吩中没有检测到H2S,是由于内部氢的不足,使得含硫自由基不能与内部氢结合,所以没有检测到H2S逸出。     

TG-MS与Py-GC相结合法研究惰性气氛下含硫模型化合物热解过程中硫的脱除及释放行为研究

采用热重-质谱法( TG-MS)和热解-气相色谱法( Py-MS)相结合的方法对模型化合物(十四硫醇、二丁基硫醚、苯硫醚、二甲基噻吩、苯并噻吩和二苯并噻吩等)在惰性气氛下硫的脱除及释放行为进行研究。惰性气氛下硫的脱除顺序为：十四硫醇>二丁基硫醚>二甲基噻吩>苯并噻吩>苯硫醚>二苯并噻吩,苯硫醚除外,该顺序与含硫官能团的热分解顺序一致。在热解过程中,所有模型化合物在质谱和气相色谱仪上均被检测到SO2;除苯硫醚和二苯并噻吩外,其他模型化合物中均检测到了COS;而只在十四硫醇、二丁基硫醚和二甲基噻吩中检测到了H2 S。且热解气中SO2含量要显著高于H2 S和COS。这是由于活性炭作载体时,惰性气氛下内部氢的含量显著小于内部氧的含量,所以大多数的含硫自由基易与内部氧结合以SO2的形式逸出。对于苯硫醚、苯并噻吩和二苯并噻吩中没有检测到H2 S,是由于内部氢的不足,使得含硫自由基不能与内部氢结合,所以没有检测到H2 S逸出。     

O_2,H_2S和SO_2对氧硫化镧催化性能影响的原位IR研究

对比研究了O2,H2S和SO2对La2O2S和γ-Al2O3催化剂上羰基硫（COS）水解反应的影响,与传统的氧化铝催化剂相比,氧硫化镧显示出良好的抗氧性能和一定的耐硫能力．一定量的O2或O2与H2S共存气体对La2O2S的活性几乎没有影响,但却使γ-Al2O3的活性明显下降;SO2的存在会导致两种催化剂活性有不同程度的降低,但在La2O2S上随着温度的上升其影响程度逐渐减弱．利用原位IR技术表征了La2O2S表面物种,用程序升温脱附（TPD）技术分别考察了O2,H2S,SO2单独组分及混合组分在两种催化剂上的吸附行为．研究发现,由于各组分在两种催化剂上的吸附行为不同,使COS在γ-Al2O3和La2O2S催化剂上具有不同的水解反应机理,氧硫化镧催化剂上COS水解反应遵循Rideal机理．由于SO2本身对La2O2S中的品格S^2-起输送作用,因而稀土氧硫化物催化剂具有良好的抗SO2中毒性能．     

煤在不同O2/CO2气氛下燃烧硫析出特性研究

研究了煤在不同氧体积分数、混有CO2气氛下燃烧硫析出特性，结果表明，煤在低氧、混有CO2气氛下燃烧，SO2和H2S析出速率曲线均呈现双峰结构，H2S析出率明显增大，硫析出时间延长；在高氧气氛下，SO2和H2S析出速率曲线均呈现单峰结构，硫析出时间缩短。煤在低氧体积分数、混有CO2气氛下燃烧能够改善煤灰自固硫能力，降低硫的最终析出率；煤在高氧体积分数、混有少量CO2气氛下燃烧与空气气氛下燃烧相比，硫的最终析出率无明显变化。     

CO_2气氛对煤热解过程中硫逸出的影响

采用热解-质谱(Py-MS)与热解-气相色谱(Py-GC)相结合的方法对平朔(PS)和义马(YM)原煤、脱灰煤及其脱黄铁矿煤进行了热解实验,考察了CO_2气氛对煤热解过程中硫逸出行为的影响。并采用质谱在线分析H_2S、COS和SO_2的逸出曲线,利用气相色谱分析H_2S、COS和SO_2在气相中的逸出量。结果表明,CO_2气氛有利于H_2S、COS和SO_2进入气相,且逸出量增加,而COS增加幅度更大。同时,CO_2气氛有利于H_2S和SO_2最大逸出峰温提前。另外,CO_2气氛对原煤的H_2S、COS和SO_2逸出温度影响较大,但对脱灰煤的影响较小。在较高的温度下,CO_2有利于煤中稳定有机硫的分解。这进一步验证了在较高温度下COS形成与CO相关,而在较低温度下与CO无关。     

循环流化床燃煤过程NO、N2O和SO2的排放行为研究

在30kW循环流化床装置上进行了中国西部三种煤的燃烧实验，考查了燃烧温度、空气分级、空气过剩系数、固体颗粒循环料率和煤种等因素对NO、N2O、SO2污染物排放的影响。结果表明，强化空气分级可显著降低高挥发分煤种NO的生成量，但对N2O影响不大；增加空气过剩系数同时增加了NO与N2O的排放；增加固体循环料率显著降低NO生成量，但N2O排放略有增加；高阶煤燃烧生成较多N2O，低阶煤生成较多NO。燃烧温度1120K、过剩空气系数1.25下约85%燃料中N转化为N。实验范围内改变操作参数不影响SO2与CO排放量。     

气相色谱法测定合成气中硫化合物

建立了气相色谱法测定合成气中硫化合物的方法。采用能自动进样的六通阀和对硫磷有选择性的FPD检测器,色谱峰面积与硫化合物含量存在很好的双对数线性关系。对H2S,COS及CS2三种气体的线性相关系数依次为0．9995,0．9997及0．9997。     

高硫煤加氢热解脱硫的研究Ⅰ.热解与加氢热解脱硫的对比

以兖州烟煤和红庙褐煤为考察对象，在加压固定床上压力为３ＭＰａ，温度从３５０～６５０℃范围内，研究了加氢热解以及氮气下热解过程中硫在半焦、焦油中的含量以及脱硫率和硫分布的变迁规律。实验表明，加氢热解比氮气下热解有着更好的脱硫作用，有利于降低半焦中的硫含量。这种脱硫作用随煤种的不同而不同，尤其受到煤中矿物质的显著影响。因此红庙煤加氢热解焦油中硫含量显著降低，半焦的硫含量随温度的升高，先逐渐降低然后增加；而兖州煤一直呈下降趋势。ＸＲＤ分析表明，红庙煤在加氢热解条件下，碱性矿物质与Ｈ２Ｓ反应而产生的硫化物主要是ＦｅＳ和ＣａＳ。从兖州煤的脱硫率曲线可以得出，加氢热解不仅有利于易分解脂肪类含硫化合物的脱除，而且可以促使难分解噻吩芳香类含硫化合物的脱除。     

哈密煤温和液化固体产物热解过程中硫的变迁规律

利用固定床反应器研究了哈密煤温和液化固体产物(MLS)在热解过程中含硫气体的释放规律以及不同形态硫的变迁规律,并分析了矿物质对硫变迁规律的影响。结果表明,在实验考察的条件范围内,MLS热解过程中大部分的硫残留在半焦中,仅有不到10%的硫迁移到焦油中或转化为含硫气体逸出。热解生成的含硫气体以H2S为主,当热解温度为400℃时H2S的逸出速率达到最大。通过改进方法测定了M LS及其热解半焦中各种形态硫的含量,发现M LS热解过程中以硫化物硫和有机硫的分解和转化为主。随着热解温度的升高,MLS中有机硫逐渐分解并以含硫气体的形式逸出;当热解温度低于600℃时,M LS中硫化物硫逐渐转化为含硫气体、有机硫和少量的黄铁矿硫;当热解温度高于600℃时,M LS中碱性矿物质吸收气相中的H2S转化为硫化物硫,硫化物硫缓慢增加。醋酸酸洗可以保留M LS中大部分的硫化物硫,且酸洗后M LS热解生成的H2S逸出速率增大,峰温向低温方向移动;当热解温度高于600℃时,有机硫和硫化物硫的脱硫反应速率降低,并且M LS中的碱性矿物质与H2S反应生成金属硫化物,导致H2S逸出速率明显降低。     

Fractionation and redox speciation of antimony in agricultural soils by hydride generation--atomic fluorescence spectrometry and stability of Sb(III) and Sb(V) during extraction with different extractant solutions

This stability of Sb(III) and Sb(V) species was studied during single extraction from soils by water. EDTA, diluted H2SO4 and H3PO4, and oxalic acid/oxalate solutions, with and without ascorbic acid, were used as stabilizing reagent of both Sb species. Antimony redox speciation in soil extracts was performed by selective hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Simulated extraction procedures (without soil) showed that, except in oxalate medium, Sb(III) was oxidized to Sb(V), and this reaction was avoided with ascorbic acid. Recovery studies from a spiked agricultural soil showed that no oxidation but sorption of Sb(III) occurred during the extraction process in water and H2SO4 medium, and quantitative oxidation in EDTA and oxalate medium. With ascorbic acid, this oxidation was totally avoided in EDTA and partially avoided in oxalate solution. A new sequential extraction procedure was proposed and applied to the fractionation and redox speciation of antimony in agricultural soils, using EDTA + ascorbic acid, pH 7 (available under complexing and moderately reducible conditions); oxalic acid/oxalate + ascorbic acid (extractable in reducible conditions) and HNO3 + HCl + HF (residual fraction). The proposed extraction scheme can provide information about the availability and mobility of antimony redox species in agricultural soils.     

pH oscillations in the BrO3--SO3(2-)/HSO3- reaction in a CSTR

Large-amplitude pH oscillations have been measured during the oxidation of sulfur (IV) species by the bromate ion in aqueous solution in a continuous-flow stirred tank reactor in the absence of any additional oxidizing or reducing reagent. The source of the oscillation in this simple chemical reaction is a two-way oxidation of sulfur (IV) by the bromate ion: (1) the hydrogen-ion-producing self-accelerating oxidation to sulfur (VI) (SO4(2-)), and (2) a hydrogen-ion-consuming oxidation to sulfur (V) (S2O6(2-)). In such a way, both the H+-producing and H+-consuming composite processes required for a pH oscillator take place in parallel in a reaction between two reagents in this system. A simple reaction scheme, consisting of the protonation equilibria of SO3(2-) and HSO3-, the oxidation of HSO3- and H2SO3 by BrO3- to SO4(2-), and the oxidation of H2SO3 to S2O6(2-) has successfully been used to simulate the observed dynamical behavior. Simulation with this simple scheme shows that oscillations can be calculated even if only about 1% of sulfur (IV) is oxidized to S2O6(2-) along with the main product SO4(2-). Agreement between calculated and measured dynamical behavior is found to be quite good. Increasing temperature decreases both the period length of oscillations in a CSTR and the Landolt time measured in a closed reactor. No temperature compensation of the oscillatory frequency is found in this reaction.     

Catalytic oxidation of CS_2 over atmospheric particles and oxide catalysts

The catalytic oxidization of CS2 over atmospheric particles and some oxide catalysts was explored through FT-IR, MS and a fixed-bed stainless steel reactor. The results show that atmospheric particles and some oxide catalysts exhibited considerable oxidizing activities for CS2 at ambient temperature. The reaction products are mainly COS and elemental sulfur, even CO2 on some catalysts. Among the catalysts, CaO has the strongest catalytic activity for oxidizing CS2. Fe2O3 is weaker than CaO. The catalytic activity for AI2O3 reduces considerably compared with the former two catalysts, and SiO2 the weakest. Atmospheric particle samples' catalytic activity is between Fe2O3's and AI2O3's. The atmospheric particle sample collected mainly consists of Ca(AI2Si2O8) · 4H2O, which is also the main component of cement. COS, the main product, is formed by the catalytic oxidization of CS2 with adsorbed "molecular" oxygen over the catalysts' surfaces. The concentration of adsorbed oxygen over catalysts' surfaces may be th     

Thiomercurimetric determination of carbon disulphide, carbonyl sulphide, thiols and hydrogen sulphide by use of 1,3-diaminopropane and tributyltin chloride

A new approach to the determination of carbon disulphide and carbonyl sulphide in the presence of each other is based on the reaction with 1,3-diaminopropane (DAP), and titration with o-hydroxymercurybenzoie acid (HMB) before and after the selective decomposition of the COS-derivative at pH 4. Determination of hydrogen sulphide, thiols, carbon disulphide and carbonyl sulphide in the presence of each other in hydrocarbon solvents involves four titrations with HMB, viz. of all compounds after conversion of CS(2) and COS with DAP, of thiols plus H(2)S, of the thiols alone after removal of H(2)S by extraction, and of CS(2) alone after removal of other compounds by shaking with aqueous alkali. For selective trapping of H(2)S, HCN, RSH, CO(2) and CS(2) + COS, the sample gas is passed successively through a potassium antimonyl tartrate filter, a nickel carbonate filter, a tributyltin chloride filter, a bubbler containing 40% potassium hydroxide solution and a bubbler containing a benzene solution of DAP. The analysis is completed by titration with HMB with dithizone or dithiofluorescein as indicator.     

S-oxygenation of thiocarbamides IV: Kinetics of oxidation of tetramethylthiourea by aqueous bromine and acidic bromate

The kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of tetramethylthiourea (TTTU) by bromine and acidic bromate has been studied in aqueous media. The kinetics of reaction of bromate with TTTU was characterized by an induction period followed by formation of bromine. The reaction stoichiometry was determined to be 4BrO(3)(-) + 3(R)(2)C═S + 3H(2)O → 4Br(-) + 3(R)(2)C═O + 3SO(4)(2-) + 6H(+). For the reaction of TTTU with bromine, a 4:1 stoichiometric ratio of bromine to TTTU was obtained with 4Br(2) + (R)(2)C═S + 5H(2)O → 8Br(-) + SO(4)(2-) + (R)(2)C═O + 10H(+). The oxidation pathway went through the formation of tetramethythiourea sulfenic acid as evidenced by the electrospray ionization mass spectrum of the dynamic reaction solution. This S-oxide was then oxidized to produce tetramethylurea and sulfate as final products of reaction. There was no evidence for the formation of the sulfinic and sulfonic acids in the oxidation pathway. This implicates the sulfoxylate anion as a precursor to formation of sulfate. In aerobic conditions, this anion can unleash a series of genotoxic reactive oxygen species which can explain TTTU's observed toxicity. A bimolecular rate constant of 5.33 ± 0.32 M(-1) s(-1) for the direct reaction of TTTU with bromine was obtained.     

硫酸溶液中Ag+离子对Mn2+离子阳极氧化的催化作用

Anodic oxidation of Mn2+ and Ag+ ions and anodic oxidation of Mn2+ ion on platinum electrode in H2SO4 solution catalyzed by Ag+ ion are studied by using RRDE and triangle voltammetry techniques. Mn2+ ion is oxidized on the anode surface with adsorped OH group to form a certain compound containing Mn3+, which causes Mn2+difficult to be oxidized directly on anode. Near the potential of oxygen evolution from H2O decomposition, Ag+ ion is oxidized to form Ag2+ ion. This is the main reaction on anode because of its reversability. At higher potential silver oxide is formed on the anode. The oxide catalyzes the decomposition of H2O strongly. The anodic oxidation of Mn2+ion catalyzed by Ag+ takes place and Ag2+ ion and silver oxide are no longer the product of Ag+ anodic oxidation when Mn2+ exists in solution at the potential for Ag+ anodic oxidation. It is confirmed that the catalysis reaction is homogeneous and very fast.     

氧气和CS自由基反应势能面的密度泛函理论研究

应用量子化学从头计算和密度泛函理论(DFT)对O_2和CS自由基的反应进行了研 究。在B3LYP/6-311G~(**)水平上计算出了各物种的优化构型、振动频率和零点振 动能(ZPVE)。各物种的总能量由CCSD（T）/6-311G~(**)//B3LYP/6-311G~(**)给出 ，并对总能量进行了零点能校正。计算结果表明：CS自由基中的C端沿着O_2的双键 中线方向进攻，进行加成反应，反应的第一步放出大量的热量(450 kJ/mol)，推动 反应继续进行，从稳定的中间体4(Cs)出发，反应主要通过O的相邻位置的迁移生成 P_1(CO+SO)和P_3(COS+O)；通过S的相邻位置的迁移生成了重要的反应复合物 (complex 1)，进一步离解为产物P_2(CO_2+S)。计算结果可以很好地解释反应机理 。     

Spectroscopic study on sorption of hydrogen sulfide by means of red soil

This paper reports the results of the characterization of red soils in relation to the sorption of H2S from coal gas at 500 degrees C by spectroscopic techniques in order to provide more information on red soils' structural change both before and after reaction. In addition, by-products analysis has also been studied using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Before and after the experiments the red soils were characterized with X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), energy dispersion spectrum (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and FTIR spectroscopy. XRPD results indicate that iron oxide species disappear from the original to reacted red soil. EDS analysis shows that a significant amount of sulfur is present in the reacted red soil, which is in agreement with the results of the elemental analysis and the calculated value based on breakthrough curve. XPS regression fitting results further indicate that sulfur retention may be associated with the iron oxides. S 2p XPS fittings point out that the major sulfur species present in the reacted red soil are composed of S(-2), elemental sulfur, polysulfide, sulfite and sulfate. Additionally, the binding energy of iron shifts to a lower position for the reacted red soil, which indicates that iron oxides in the original red soil have been converted into iron sulfide. Appreciable amounts of the by-products CO2, SO2 and COS are detected by on-line FTIR spectroscopy during the initial and later stages of the sorption process. The formation of CO2 is related to the water-shift reaction, and SO2 is probably attributable to the reaction of organic matters and H2S. The concentration of COS is quantified by GC/FPD and found it to be about 350 ppm, which is close to the equilibrium concentration of the reaction of inlet CO and H2S at a temperature of 500 degrees C.     

S-oxygenation of thiocarbamides. 3. Nonlinear kinetics in the oxidation of trimethylthiourea by acidic bromate

The oxidation of trimethylthiourea (TMTU) by acidic bromate has been studied. The reaction mimics the dynamics observed in the oxidation of unsubstituted thiourea by bromate with an induction period before formation of bromine. The stoichiometry of the reaction was determined to be 4:3, thus 4BrO(3)- + 3R(1)R(2)C=S+ 3H(2)O --> 4Br- + 3R(1)R(2)C=O + 3SO(4)(2-) + 6H+. This substituted thiourea is oxidized at a much faster rate than the unsubstituted thiourea. The oxidation mechanism of TMTU involves initial oxidations through sulfenic and sulfinic acids. At the sulfinic acid stage, the major oxidation pathway is through the cleavage of the C-S bond to form a reducing sulfur leaving group, which is easily oxidized to sulfate. The minor pathway through the sulfonic acid produces a very stable intermediate that is oxidized only very slowly to urea and sulfate. The direct reaction of aqueous bromine with TMTU was faster than reactions that form bromine, with a bimolecular rate constant of (1.50 +/- 0.04) x 10(2) M(-1) s(-1). This rapid reaction ensured that no oligooscillatory bromine formation was observed. The oxidation of TMTU was modeled by a simple reaction scheme containing 20 reactions.