应变式压杆压力传感器在冲击波载荷测试中的应用

在近区爆炸冲击波载荷测量中,压电式压力传感器因上升时间短且强度高的高频压力脉冲作用而可能产生疲劳和过载失效。本文根据应力波在细长圆柱弹性杆中的传播特性,设计了一种应变式压杆压力传感器,当圆柱杆的一端受到压力波作用时,产生的弹性应力波沿杆轴向传播,通过测量杆的轴向应变可计算出杆中传播的应力波,从而得到作用在杆端的压力波。为了检验压杆压力传感器的性能,采用一个厚壁圆柱形爆炸容器,并将传感器安装在容器壁面不同位置上,测量中心装药产生的爆炸冲击波载荷,经反复试验,结果表明这种传感器性能是稳定可靠的。     

Biaxial Strain Control Fatigue Testing Strategies for Composite Materials

Experimental Mechanics - Efficient biaxial strain control to study fatigue damage growth in composite materials at the coupon scale level under realistic multi-axial stress states observed in...     

抗核辐射条件的应变计粘贴与防护技术

本文介绍了在重水反应堆中进行应变测量的若干技术成果，主要是较好地解决了用在核辐射条件下，有水流冲刷的环境中的应用变计的粘贴与防护技术。在具有核辐射的环境中测试，通常选用聚酰亚胺胶作粘结剂。但是这种胶需在高温条件下固化，如果被测构件较大，是无法实现的。经测试筛选出具有防水防辐射性能的常温固化胶，并介绍了可用航空导线替代具有抗辐射性能的铠装电缆在堆内进行测量问题。采用有关措施后，经标定，在核辐射前后应     

消除电阻应变片大应变测量计算误差的算法研究

利用电阻应变片进行应变测量,特别在大应变测量时,测试电路输出电压与应变片应变并不是简单的线性关系.为减少或消除计算误差,提出按测试电路输出电压与应变片应变的非线性关系进行精确计算应变值,并提出了相应的改进算法应变计算公式,在单臂应变计感受应变测量场合,对大应变和小应变测量均适用,无计算误差,并得到了实验论证.同时提出了考虑应变片灵敏度系数修正和长导线电阻修正的改进算法应变计算公式,非常容易通过软件实现,可广泛应用于科学实验和工程测量.     

光子晶体应变片的基本原理

光子晶体是人造的周期性结构材料。作为一种复合材料,各组份的介电性质及其空间排列方式决定了光子晶体具有独特的光带隙性能。光子晶体受力变形后必然会改变各组份的空间排列方式,从而改变其光带隙性能。本文利用数值方法模拟了一维光子晶体承受正应变时对其光带隙性能的影响,发现应变的大小与禁带起始波长及截止波长之间存在简单的线性关系。既通过测量光子晶体的光带隙性能就可以得知应变的大小,从而验证了制造光子晶体应变片的可行性。这种应变片的优点是不需要导线相联,而且没有活动部件。     

混凝土动态力学量的应变计直接测量法

本文介绍了用应变计直接测量混凝土动态应力一应变曲线的试验研究。讨论了分离式Hopkinson压杆装置间接测量混凝土材料动态应力一应变曲线存在的问题。试验分析了材料不均匀性和撞击端面接触不均匀对应变计记录信号的影响。在此基础上，用应变计直接测量应变法得到了无骨料钢纤维增强混凝土的两个应变率下的应力一应变曲线，并与传统方法的结果进行了分析比较。新方法适用于损伤演化较小的初始阶段，可以获得更可靠的加载应力一应变曲线。随着损伤的加剧，产生较大的随机应变，导致新方法的失效。     

我国电阻应变计技术的现状及存在问题

本文主要介绍我国电阻应变计技术近十年来的发展情况以及目前存在的主要问题,供有关方面人士参考.     

Universal Calibration Constants for Strain Gauge Hole-Drilling Residual Stress Measurements

Experimental Mechanics - There is a large geometrical variation among the commercially available strain gauge rosettes used for hole-drilling residual stress measurements. Detailed calibration data...     

间接骨折的应变片测量

本文设计的实验把离体猪股骨埋入明胶中,实现了更近实际的创伤模拟和实施了应变片测量技术在生物组织上的直接应用。证实了间接骨折是由应力波造成,而不是由空腔效应引起的。观察到骨的断裂表现出极强的脆性性质。     

电测虚拟实验探讨

介绍了自行研制的多媒体教学软件虚拟电测实验系统。该系统是在采集真实的实验图片和真实的实验数据基础上使用Visual Basic编制而成的。它完全模拟实际的实验环境和实验过程,能够完成电测的基本实验,如电阻应变片灵敏系数测定、材料弹性常数的测定、纯弯曲梁截面正应力分布的测定、主应力的测定等实验项目。制作该虚拟实验系统的目的是为了给学生提供一个预习的工具,让学生在进入实验室做实验之前就基本掌握实验的全过程,提高其对实验课的学习兴趣,同时也可以缓解实验教学设备不足与实验教学设备利用率低下的矛盾。实践证明:使用该系统教学与传统的教学过程有着明显的不同,它使学生由被动地参与教学过程变成主动地学习,这有利于知识的获取与掌握,此外,对于实验条件不足的困境也起到了一定的缓和作用。     

Bearing Load Measurement in a Hydropower Unit Using Strain Gauges Installed Inside Pivot Pin

To determine a machine’s mechanical condition it is of importance to know the radial bearing forces in the machine. Radial forces are caused by magnetic pull forces in the generator, clamped shafts, mass unbalance and flow properties around the turbine. Measuring the shaft displacement in the bearing or the bearing housing acceleration is not sufficient for status determination of a vertical hydropower unit. It is the magnitude and frequencies of the radial forces in combination with structure properties which give information as to whether a measured value is harmful or not. This paper presents an alternative method for measurement of radial bearing load in a hydropower unit. The method presented in this paper is based on strain measurements on pivot pins. The pivot pins are placed behind the bearing pad and the radial loads acting on the pad propagate through the pivot pin. New pivot pins were purchased and equipped with strain gauges. The new pivot pins were calibrated and a transfer function between applied load and measured output voltage was identified for each pivot pin. After calibration the pivot pins were installed in a vertical hydropower unit. Measurements were performed for several different operating modes of the hydropower unit. To verify that the measured load levels were of right order of magnitude, the radial bearing loads were calculated from numerical simulations of bearing properties and shaft eccentricity measurements. The two methods for determining bearing load showed almost the same results. This indicates that either method can be used to determine bearing load.     

Plated and Intact Femur Strains in Fracture Fixation Using Fiber Bragg Gratings and Strain Gauges

This paper presents an experimental methodology to determine plated and intact femur strains using fiber Bragg gratings and strain gauges. A plated and an intact synthetic femur were used and loaded under a simplistic static load of 600 N. A stainless steel (316L) plate was used to fixate a simulated 45° fracture on one femur. Strains were recoded at the same sites on both femurs. Strain shielding is shown to be more pronounced at the distal region of the plated femur. The experimental methodology based on fiber Bragg grating sensors is a novel approach to assess bone plate strains, which could also be used to obtain biologic tissue and implant surface strains in locations where conventional strain gauge use is not technically feasible.     

Dual-Light-Path Optical Strain Gauge Using Diffraction Grating and Position-Sensitive Detectors for Deformation Measurement

In this paper, a dual-light-path optical strain gauge (DOSG) that measures surface deformation in real time using diffraction grating and position-sensitive detectors (PSDs) is proposed. In the DOSG, a beam splitter cube is utilized to divide an incident beam into two beams. One is applied in the main light path to measure specimen deformation, while the other is used in the assistant light path to eliminate disturbances from out-of-plane rotation and displacement of the specimen. Further, the disturbances as systemic errors are theoretically analyzed, and eliminated with the assistant light path during the experiment. Meanwhile, random errors, which are primarily due to ambient light, beam power, irradiation position and incidence angle, are studied to improve measurement accuracy. Benefiting from the utility of PSDs, the developed system achieves a strain resolution of 1 με. In experiments, uniaxial tensile tests of aluminum alloy and Ni-based alloy confirm that the relative error of its elastic moduli is less than 3.4%, and the stress-strain curve exhibits a R-square value greater than 0.9951. In addition, the DOSG is extended to determine the mechanical behavior of Ni-based alloy at high temperatures up to 800 °C by combining it with an induction-heating apparatus and a tensile testing machine. These results verify that the proposed DOSG is feasible and reliable, with good potential for high-precision deformation measurement in both room temperature and high-temperature environments.     

Algorithms for Nanoindentation Strain Rate Jump Testing and Analysis

Experimental Mechanics - Understanding the dynamics of deformation processes is of interest for determining the dominant thermally activated processes during plasticity [1] and fracture [2, 3]....     

Mechanical Properties of Microcapsules Used in a Self-Healing Polymer

The elastic modulus and failure behavior of poly(urea-formaldehyde) shelled microcapsules were determined through single-capsule compression tests. Capsules were tested both dry and immersed in a fluid isotonic with the encapsulent. The testing of capsules immersed in a fluid had little influence on mechanical behavior in the elastic regime. Elastic modulus of the capsule shell wall was extracted by comparison with a shell theory model for the compression of a fluid filled microcapsule. Average capsule shell wall modulus was 3.7 GPa, regardless of whether the capsule was tested immersed or dry. Microcapsule diameter was found to have a significant effect on failure strength, with smaller capsules sustaining higher loads before failure. Capsule size had no effect on the modulus value determined from comparison with theory.     

中应变率材料试验机的研制

本文全面介绍了自行研制的中应变率材料试验机的基本情况,此试验装置可在0.1s^-1-50s^-1应变率范围内对哑铃状圆柱试件和哑铃状扁平试件进行拉伸及加卸载实验,对圆柱状态 试件进行了压缩及加卸载试验,通过采用液压驱动、分级调速、缓冲撞击等技术产生上升沿陡峭的平衡加载脉冲,从而实现中应变率试验;通过自定心夹具、液压缸的精密共轴保证试验的可靠性;辅以定位装置实现对试件的加卸载;同时通过力传感器及配套研制的高动态应变仪、光学引伸仪完成应力、应变的测量,经实验考评,表明装置是可靠的。     

DIC Strain Measurements at the Micro-Scale in a Semi-Crystalline Polymer

To improve physical motivation of mechanical modeling for semi-crystalline polymers, a better understanding of micro-mechanisms and a quantification of the mechanical response at the microstructure scale are needed. Strain field evolutions during deformation would be useful information but experimental techniques are still lacking for these materials. In this paper, an in-situ Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique in the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was developed to access strain fields at the spherulitic scale of a polypropylene. The evolution of strain heterogeneities during deformation were analyzed and correlated to the microstructure.     

复合V形切口脆断的形状改变能密度因子准则

沿袭裂纹尖端附近的形状改变能密度因子概念思路,定义V形切口尖端附近的形状改变能密度因子.基于V形切口尖端附近的奇异应力场,建立了Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合V形切口脆性断裂的形状改变能密度因子准则.应用该准则对复合载荷下双边切口试件进行了理论预测,并把预测结果与实验结果、应变能密度因子准则的预测结果进行了比较.结果表明,形状改变能密度因子准则预测的起裂角和断裂曲线与实验值更吻合.