磨合表面形貌特征参数的提取及分析

在销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机上对船用柴油机活塞环-缸套材摩擦副进行磨合磨损试验,采用光学显微镜对不同磨损阶段的磨损表面形貌进行观察分析,应用小波分析和奇异值分解提取磨损表面统计特征的低频特征参数和高频特征参数.结果表明:低频特征参数和高频特征参数刻画了磨合表面的形貌特征,可以作为磨合表面的特征参数;低频特征参数反映了磨合表面的接触面积,其值愈大,接触面积愈大;高频特征参数反映了磨合表面的粗糙度,其值愈大,粗糙度愈小.     

滚动轮胎表面红外成像测温的偏差及其修正

使用红外热像仪从三个方向测量了滚动轮胎的表面温度,结果表明从不同方向对同一表面的测温结果不相同。根据几何光学和热辐射原理,造成这一偏差有两个原因:一是轮胎表面点的像面照度按其辐射入射角α的余弦四次方定律变化;二是轮胎表面点的发射率与β(该点入射方向与其法向之间的夹角)有关。本文首先采用余弦四次方定律对三个方向下的轮胎表面红外测试结果进行了与α相关的修正,然后依据轮胎表面任意点温度的同一性(即与测量方向无关)进行了与β相关的进一步修正,并给出了一个轮胎表面发射率与β的经验关系。具体表现为发射率在法向上最大,当β在60°以内时其变化相对平缓,超过60°则急剧下降,最终得到了一个表征轮胎表面点红外像面照度下降的双角度(α和β)修正函数以及相应的温度修正公式。 修正后不同方向下的温度分布趋于一致,其平均结果即可视为轮胎表面真实的温度分布。     

A Methodology for Obtaining Material Properties of Polymeric Foam at Elevated Temperatures

A new methodology to characterise the elastic properties of polymeric foam core materials at elevated temperatures is proposed. The focus is to determine reliable values of the tensile and compressive moduli and Poisson’s ratio based on strain data obtained using digital image correlation (DIC). In the paper a detailed coverage of the source of uncertainties in the experimental procedure is provided. The uncertainties include those associated with the load introduction, the measurement and the data processing. The design of the specimens and loading jigs are developed and assessed in terms of the introduction of uniform strain. It is shown that due to the mismatch in stiffness between the jig material and the foam the introduction of a uniform strain through the cross section of the specimens is difficult to obtain. A means for correcting for the non-uniform strain across the specimen cross section is developed. To validate the methodology, tests are firstly conducted at room temperature on Divinycell PVC H100 foam. It is shown that the material is highly anisotropic with a stiffness of 50% less in the plane of the foam sheet compared to the through-thickness direction. It is also shown that because of the compliance of the foam, jig misalignment causes large errors in the measurement, and a means for correcting for this is defined. Tests are then conducted in a temperature controlled chamber at elevated temperatures ranging from 20°C to 90°C. A nonlinear reduction in Young’s modulus is obtained with significant degradation occurring after 70°C. The Poisson’s ratio remains fairly stable at different temperatures. A strong theme in the paper is the accuracy and precision of the DIC data and the factors which introduce scatter in the data, along with the uncertainties that this introduces. Particular attention is paid to the affect of the correlation parameters on the derived strain data.     

基于响应面方法的桁架截面敏度分析和优化

把响应面方法引入桁架截面优化中,将应力和位移约束近似表达为桁架截面倒变量的线性函数。为拟合响应面,基于中心复合和单纯形试验设计方法开发了中心对称和拟单纯形试验设计两种方法,既可保证约束近似精度,又降低了结构分析计算量。对于桁架结构重量目标函数,直接推出倒变量的二阶形式,以桁架重量最小为目标的优化问题构造为标准的二次规划模型。将响应面方法计算的位移对设计变量的敏度与莫尔积分方法的近似显式进行了对比。以MSC.Patran为平台的数值算例表明:结合响应面方法,应用序列二次规划对问题进行寻优,其收敛精度及稳定性都可获得保障。     

仿生非光滑表面铸铁材料的常温摩擦磨损性能

模仿动物体表形态,在试样表面通过激光雕刻出有规则分布的凹坑以及条纹等非光滑单元体,研究了具有非光滑表面材料的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:非光滑表面材料的耐磨性较光滑表面提高1倍以上,摩擦系数提高66%以上;当非光滑表面的单元体硬度越高、直径越大和间距越小时,其耐磨性能越好,摩擦系数越大.这是由于激光加工的单元体相当于在母体上增加了许多强化质点,比母体具有较高的硬度和致密性,能够提高抗磨性,增加表面粗糙度,所以其耐磨性提高,摩擦系数增大.     

高速球铣加工表面微沟槽形貌形成方法及其减摩性能研究

高速球铣加工表面通常具有一定的残留形貌,采用Matlab形貌仿真与切削加工试验研究了高速球铣加工表面微沟槽形貌的形成方法;并基于流体动压润滑理论,通过Fluent流体仿真与润滑工况下的滑动摩擦试验,研究了表面微沟槽形貌的承载能力关于滑动速度和径向切深的响应规律,并分析了减摩机理. 结果表明:当给定每齿进给量后,随着径向切深的增大,可以获得具有微沟槽特征的表面形貌. 微沟槽承载能力随着滑动速度的提高而逐渐增大;随着径向切深的提高,承载能力呈现先增后减的趋势,这是由于其与楔形效应和逆流现象交互作用影响相关,当径向切深较小时,楔形效应占主导地位,承载能力较强,随着径向切深的进一步增大,逆流现象会严重减弱楔形效应,导致微沟槽承载能力下降.      

一种利用静力试验数据修正有限元模型的方法

基于代数特征值逆问题理论，提出了一种利用静力试验数据修正有限元模型方法。由于修正后的模型为满阵，根据有限元模型的力学特征对修正后的模型加以约束，使其不仅是对称的，而且还保持稀疏、带状特性，其计算过程简洁，计算结果表明该方法可靠，效果令人满意。     

A General Methodology for Full-Field Plastic Strain Measurements Using X-ray Absorption Tomography and Internal Markers

Probing the strain locally and throughout the bulk of various materials has long been of interest in Materials Science. This article presents a general methodology for assessing the plastic strain in terms of the displacement gradient tensor throughout the bulk of opaque samples. The method relies on a homogenous distribution of marker particles throughout the bulk of a sample, markers which are detected through the application of synchrotron X-ray tomography. Making use of the morphology of individual markers, motion of individual markers is tracked during deformation allowing the local displacement field to be determined throughout the bulk. The local displacement gradient tensor is derived from the displacement field. Spatial resolution is directly related to marker particle density in the sample, here 30 μm. The accuracy of the displacement gradient tensor calculation is dependent on the accuracy with which each marker position is determined and is shown to be in the range from 0.005 to 0.012. The software implementation of the procedures and algorithms presented in this work has been collected to form the “3Dstrain” program package which is intended to be free for use by the scientific community. It is available at under GNU General Public License.     

一种表面裂纹高温断裂韧性测试方法

提出了一种表面裂纹高温断裂韧性测试方法，包括试样加热、温控和裂纹嘴张开位移测试方法．该方法适合于在相对简单的条件下测试表面裂纹高温断裂韧性．最后给出了铝合金焊缝表面裂纹高温断裂韧性的测试结果．     

Correction to: A Novel Approach for the Determination of Surface Tilt Angles in Two-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation Experiments

Experimental Mechanics - The original article has been corrected on the line “These two parameters are the average…” and on Eqs. 19, 20, 21 and 23.     

Design and Development of a Collapsible Wheel for Wheelchair-Based Applications Using Aluminum 6061 Material

International Applied Mechanics - A wheelchair is perhaps the most important equipment to support patients with disorders in the lower limbs. With the advent of technology, more emphasis is being...     

A Novel Technique for the Determination of Surface Biaxial Stress under External Confinement Using Raman Spectroscopy

Bi-axial compressive stress induced as a result of mechanical confinement within a zirconium diboride-silicon carbide (ZrB₂-SiC) ceramic composite has been quantified using micro Raman spectroscopy and then validated using two independent experimental methods. First a relationship relating the Raman peak-shift on a confined silicon carbide (SiC) particle to magnitude of imposed confinement stress was developed by utilizing phonon deformation potentials for 3C-SiC diamond and zinc-blende crystal structures. ZrB₂-5wt%SiC samples, prepared using spark plasma sintering were subjected to different confinement pressure on the lateral surface by thermal shrink fitting metallic sleeves. The relationship between Raman peak-shift and confinement stress was then verified by comparing the measured stress in this method with that calculated from analytical expressions readily available for thick walled cylinders. The relationship was further validated independently using digital image correlation (DIC) by measuring the displacements for unknown levels of progressively increasing confinement stress induced by a shaft-collar ring on similar specimens. The Raman peak-shift relation derived for SiC phase also correctly predicted process-induced residual stresses due to a mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion between the matrix phase and SiC particles. The derived Raman peak-shift relationship can also be generalized and can be a valuable tool to experimentally determine unknown bi-axial stress in a Raman active structure.     

Analysis and Artifact Correction for Volume Correlation Measurements Using Tomographic Images from a Laboratory X-ray Source

The effects of three artifacts (reconstruction, beam hardening and temperature of the X-ray tube) associated with the use of a lab tomograph are analyzed in terms of their induced biases for Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) from a series of reconstructed volumes acquired successively. The most detrimental effect is due to spurious dilatational strains induced by temperature variations in the tomograph. If they are not accounted for, any quantitative kinematic measurement is impossible for strain levels below 0.5%.     

用三维光弹法确定轴表面横向半椭圆裂纹应力强度因子及其修正系数

用三维光弹法测定了轴表面横向半椭圆裂纹的应力强度因子，并分析计算了应力强度因子修正系数，结果表明，应力强度因子的分布型式对加载条件和裂纹几何不敏感；修正系数对裂纹深度呈现对称分布趋势，仅取决于裂纹几何参数。     

A Framework and Methodology for the Study of Nonlinear,Self-Organizing Family Dynamics

Family systems theories have emerged over the past 30 to 40 years primarily through clinical observations, resulting in diverse and internally inconsistent views of family structures, development, dynamics, and pathology; as well as a separation from more empirically based small group research. The 5-R's model is intended to unify the various family systems theories and render them more empirically testable using concepts and methodologies from non-linear dynamical systems theory. The conversation of one family was analyzed using orbital decomposition as a pilot test of the most basic assumptions of the 5-R's model. An optimal string length of three was found along with evidence of coherent complexity (chaos), with Lyapunov dimensionality equal to 1.7 and Shannon's entropy equal to 8.68. Results are discussed with respect to further empirical validation of the 5-R's model and clinical uses of the model and orbital decomposition methodology in conjoint therapy.     

用双视场电子散斑干涉实现检测表面的变尺度同时测量

结构或材料中所含的微小缺陷对其宏观力学性能具有重要的影响，探讨这些微小缺陷引起的微变形及其在结构整体变形中所占的份额，对于有效地评估结构和材料的整体性能及局部演化过程都具有重要的理论和工程价值，本文应用双视场电子散斑干涉技术，实现了对被测对象表面的全场变形和局部微观场变形的同时实时检测，给出了宏观及局部位移场分布，并结合有限元数值分析与实验结果进行了比较。     

织物表面摩擦特性测试装置及试验研究

为了评价织物表面的摩擦特性,表征织物和皮肤接触过程中摩擦力的动态变化信息,研制了一种能测试织物表面动态摩擦特性的机械测试装置,该装置集成了机械装置、传感器及控制系统,能一次性测试织物的静、动摩擦系数.基于测试过程中采集的原始数据,定义了摩擦功、静摩擦系数及动摩擦系数3个指标来评价织物表面的摩擦特性.试验采用12种典型的织物样本,对织物的表面摩擦特性进行了客观测试及主观评价,并在日本Kawabata KES-FB4系统上进行了对比试验.结果表明:针对12种典型的织物样本,3个评价指标均存在着显著的差异,牛仔布具有最大的静摩擦系数,经编网眼针织布具有最小的静摩擦系数,与常理相符.客观测试得到的动态指标摩擦功和主观评价的结果具有一致性.本测试装置得到的动态摩擦系数和KES-FB4测试得到的平均摩擦系数也具有一致性.该测试装置可以为相关领域的研究提供一种新的测试手段.     

A novel method for residual strength prediction for sheets with multiple site damage: Methodology and experimental validation

A unified method for solving the strip yield model for collinear cracks in finite and infinite sheet is proposed. The method is based on the weight function of a single crack. Two collinear cracks in finite and infinite sheets are used to apply and verify this method. The plastic zone size, crack opening displacement and stress distribution along the ligament between cracks obtained by using the present method are extensively compared with existing available results and finite element solutions, and very good agreements are observed. Combined with the Crack Tip Opening Angle (CTOA) criterion, the unified method is used to predict the crack growth behavior and residual strength for 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheet with Multiple Site Damage (MSD). Thirty-two sheets with four types of MSD are designed and tested to verify this method. It is shown that the present method is able to predict various crack growth behaviors observed in experiment. The predicted residual strengths are within 9% of the corresponding test results. Compared to the elastic–plastic finite element method, the present method is much more efficient.     

A Novel Method for Uncertainty Inverse Problems and Application to Material Characterization of Composites

A novel method is suggested to deal with so-called uncertainty inverse problems (UIPs) which are a class of inverse problems with uncertainty in the system parameters of the forward model. Interval which represents a closed bounded set of real numbers is used to model and characterize the uncertainty in our formulation, and hence only the bounds of the uncertainty of the system parameters are needed. For a specific input vector, the possible values of the outputs form an interval vector because of the uncertainty. An error function is defined using the measured interval vector of the outputs and those computed using a forward model. The UIP is then formulated as an optimization problem which minimizes the error function. To improve the optimization efficiency, an interval forward model is constructed based on the interval analysis method which can calculate very efficiently the bounds of the outputs caused by the uncertainty of the system parameters. The present method is applied to a complex inverse problem, namely material characterization of composite laminates using elastic waves. Uncertainty of load is considered, and the hybrid numerical method (HNM) is used to compute the transient displacement responses. The engineering constants of two kinds of laminates are successfully identified using the simulated measurements of the outputs.