Crystal structure and ab initio calculations of a cyano-carbamimidic acid ethyl ester

The structure of one tautomer (amine form) of cyano-carbamimidic acid ethyl ester or (amino-ethoxy-methylidene)aminoformonitrile (CAS: 13947-84-7) was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Ab initio quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP, MP2 and G3 levels were performed to investigate the stability and the formation of the different tautomers and conformers. The calculations indicate that the amine form is the more stable tautomer, showing a high degree of electron conjugation. The most stable amine conformer located by the calculations corresponds to the crystallized structure. On the contrary, in the less stable imine form, the conjugation is separated by a N2–C2 single bond.     

Anion-molecular interaction through CH3 groups: Model ab initio studies

3-21G, 6–31G and 6–31 +G calculations have been performed on Cr…H₃CCl and LiCl…H₃CCl complexes with two different configurations each. Optimized geometries, stabilization energies, CH force constants and harmonic vibrational frequencies for CH₃Cl and its complexes are reported. Comparison of the calculated frequency shifts of CH-stretching bands of CH₃C1, on complexation, with experimental results of related systems indicate that the interaction of Cl^- with CH₃ group takes place in a linear manner with the CH bond. A lower frequency shift for LiCl…H₃CX with reference to the C1^-…H₃CX complexes is explained on the basis of the reduction of the basicity of Cl^- ion in the presence of counter ion in the former complex considered.     

Ab initio molecular orbital calculations of the infrared spectra of hydrogen-bonded complexes of water,ammonia and hydroxylamine

Summary The geometries of three hydrogen-bonded dimers of hydroxylamine have been optimized, at the MP2 level of theory, using the 6-31G** basis set. These calculations yielded three separate local minima on the dimer potential energy surface. The interaction energies of these three species have been calculated, and corrected for basis set superposition error. The infrared band wavenumbers and intensities have been computed, and the monomer-dimer wavenumber shifts and intensity enhancements rationalized in terms of the types and strengths of hydrogen bonds present. The predicted wavenumbers have been correlated with those measured in a recent matrix isolation spectroscopic study, and an argument for the structure of the preferred dimer has been presented.     

Ab initio direct dynamics studies on the hydrogen abstraction reactions of CF2H2 and CF3H with F atom

The dynamic properties of the hydrogen abstraction reactions of CF₂H₂ and CF₃H with F atom are investigated in the temperature range of 182–2000 K. The minimum-energy path (MEP) is optimized at MP2/6-311 G(d, p) level, then the energy profiles are refined at the CCSD(T)/6-311++G(3df, 2pd) level (single-point). The theoretical rate constants, which are calculated by the variational transition state theory (VTST) including the small curvature tunneling (SCT) correction, are in good agreement with the experimental ones. It is found that the rate constant of the CF₂H₂ + F reaction are larger than that of the CF₃H + F reaction and the activation energies exhibit in the just opposite order. This phenomenon can be rationalized by the hardness η of the halomethane molecules. The comparison of the two reactions with the CFH₃ + F reaction is made. It is found that the rate constants decrease in the order of CFH₃ + F > CF₂H₂ + F > CF₃H + F. The effect of fluorine substitution leads to a dramatic increase in the activation energy and a decrease in the preexponential factor. We hope that present theoretical studies for these compounds can give further information concerning how fluorine substitution affects the rate constants of hydrogen abstraction reactions.     

Theoretical studies of uracil–(H2O)n (n = 1–7) clusters by ab initio and ABEEMσπ/MM fluctuating charge model

Uracil–(H₂O)_n (n = 1–7) clusters were systemically investigated by ab initio methods and the newly constructed ABEEMσπ/MM fluctuating charge model. Water molecules have been gradually placed in an average plane containing uracil. The geometries of 38 uracil–water complexes were obtained using B3LYP/6-311++G** level optimizations, and the energies were determined at the MP2/6-311++G** level with BSSE corrections. The ABEEMσπ/MM potential model gives reasonable properties of these clusters when comparing with the present ab initio data. For interaction energies, the root mean square deviation is 0.96 kcal/mol, and the linear coefficient reaches 0.997. Furthermore, the ABEEMσπ charges changed when H₂O interacted with the uracil molecule, especially at the sites where the hydrogen bond form. These results show that the ABEEMσπ/MM model is fine giving the overall characteristic hydration properties of uracil–water systems in good agreement with the high-level ab initio calculations.     

Ab initio, density functional theory and structural studies of 4-amino-2-methylquinoline

The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and FT-Raman spectra of 4-amino-2-methylquinoline (AMQ) have been recorded in the range 4000–400 and 4000–100 cm⁻¹, respectively. The experimental vibrational frequency was compared with the wavenumbers obtained theoretically by ab initio HF and DFT–B3LYP gradient calculations employing the standard 6-31G** and high level 6-311++G** basis sets for optimised geometry of the compound. The complete vibrational assignment and analysis of the fundamental modes of the compounds were carried out using the experimental FTIR and FT-Raman data, and quantum mechanical studies. The geometry and normal modes of vibration obtained from the HF and DFT methods are in good agreement with the experimental data. The potential energy distribution of the fundamental modes was calculated with ab initio force fields utilising Wilson's FG matrix method. The NH-π interactions and the influence of amino and methyl groups on the skeletal modes are investigated.     

Implementation of ab initio multiple spawning in the Molpro quantum chemistry package

The ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) method has been developed to solve the electronic and nuclear Schrodinger equations simultaneously for application to photochemical reaction dynamics. We discuss some details of the implementation of AIMS in the Molpro program package. A few aspects of the implementation are highlighted, including a new multiple timescale integrator and a scheme for solving the coupled-perturbed multiconfiguration self-consistent field (CP-MCSCF) equations in the context of ab initio molecular dynamics. The implementation is very efficient and we demonstrate calculations on the photoisomerization of ethylene using more than 5000 trajectory basis functions. We have included the capability for hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations within AIMS, and we investigate the role of an argon solvent in the photoisomerization of ethylene. Somewhat surprisingly, the surrounding argon has little effect on the timescale of non-adiabatic quenching in ethylene.     

Revised vibrational band assignments for the experimental IR and Raman spectra of 2,3,4-trifluorobenzonitrile based on ab initio, DFT and normal coordinate calculations

In the present study, a systematic vibrational spectroscopic investigation for the experimental IR and Raman spectra of 2,3,4-trifluorobenzonitrile (TFB), aided by electronic structure calculations has been carried out. The electronic structure calculations – ab initio (RHF) and hybrid density functional methods (B3LYP) – have been performed with 6-31G* basis set. Molecular equilibrium geometries, electronic energies, IR intensities, harmonic vibrational frequencies, depolarization ratios and Raman activities have been computed. The results of the calculations have been used to simulate IR and Raman spectra for TFB that showed excellent agreement with the observed spectra. Potential energy distribution (PED) and normal mode analysis have also been performed. The assignments proposed based on the experimental IR and Raman spectra have been reviewed. A complete assignment of the observed spectra has been proposed.     

Proton and protonic entities in solid heteropoly compounds: An ab initio calculation of the environmental effect on the ion

Systematic experimental investigations of heteropoly compounds, particularly their structure and activity, led to the conclusion that most of their characteristics are governed by the presence of protons and protonic entities. Special attention has been paid to two forms of 12-tungstophosphoric acid: hexahydrate (WPA-6) and dehydrated phase (WPA-0). It was postulated that in WPA-6 dynamic equilibrium of protonic entities exists, and that dehydrated phase is stabilized by protons. To confirm the role of the “free protons” or “proton gas” derived on the basis of thermal, structural and spectroscopic experimental studies, we carried out also ab initio calculations on a number of systems containing ion. We were not able to perform direct calculations on the real systems investigated experimentally since the structure of heteropoly compounds is too complex. However, it has been found that ion in WPA-6 definitely is not planar and the results obtained indirectly support the postulated dynamic equilibrium, i.e. possibility of existing of free protons.     

Ab initio calculations, electronegativity equalisation and group electronegativity

A correspondence betweenab initio calculations, the principle of electronegativity equalisation and group electronegativity has been established within the framework of Mulliken population analysis. Using this we have calculated electronegativities of some 37 groups/atoms. These electronegativities show excellent linear correlation with¹ J _CC coupling constants in monosubstituted benzenes and Inamoto’si scale and a satisfactory one with Wells’ group electronegativity data. The correspondence however required a scaling of charge (obtained byab initio calculations) and a proportionality between the electronegativity of the neutral group and its hardness. It is shown that using these electronegativity values it is possible to calculate group charges in molecules where groups under consideration interact with each other through σ bond only.     

Ab initio molecular orbital calculations on ion pair-water complexes of metal halides and oxides

Ab initio MO calculations are performed on a series of ion-molecular and ion pair-molecular complexes of H₂O + MX (MX = LiF, LiCl, NaCl, BeO and MgO) systems. BSSE-corrected stabilization energies, optimized geometrical parameters, internal force constants and harmonic vibrational frequencies have been evaluated for all the structures of interest. The trends observed in the geometrical parameters and other properties calculated for the mono-hydrated contact ion pair complexes parallel those computed for the complexes of the individual ions. The bifurcated structures are found to be saddle points with an imaginary frequency corresponding to the rocking mode of water molecules. The solventshared ion pair complexes have high interaction energies. Trends in the internal force constant and harmonic frequency values are discussed in terms of ion-molecular and ion-pair molecular interactions.     

Ionic dissociations of chlorosulfonic acid in microsolvated clusters: A density functional theory and ab initio MO study

Ionic dissociation of chlorosulfonic acid (HSO₃Cl) in the molecular clusters HSO₃Cl-(H₂O) _n (n = 1–4) and HSO₃Cl-NH₃-(H₂O) _n (n = 0–3) was investigated by density functional theory and ab initio molecular orbital theory. The equilibrium structures, binding energies, and thermodynamic properties, such as relative enthalpy and relative Gibbs free energy, and were calculated using the hybrid density functional (B3LYP) method and the second order M?ller-Plesset approximation (MP2) method with the 6-311++G** basis set. Chlorosulfonic acid was found to require a minimum of three water molecules for ionization to occur and at least one water molecule to protonate ammonia. The corresponding clusters with fewer water molecules were found to be strongly hydrogen-bonded. The related properties and acid strength of chlorosulfonic acid were discussed and compared to the acid strengths of perchloric acid and sulfuric acid in the context of clusters with ammonia and water. The relative stabilities of these clusters were also investigated. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 20273046), the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation (Award No. TH-00-028) of California State University, Fullerton, and the Younger Teacher Foundation of Suzhou University (Grant No. Q31094040)     

Na2O-P2O5系晶体微结构形态的拉曼光谱研究及其ab initio计算

本文采用激光拉曼光谱仪测量了磷酸钠二元系(1-x)Na₂O·xP₂O₅(x=0.25,0.33,0.50,1.0)几种晶体的拉曼光谱,比较并解释了随化学组成而变化微结构单元的拉曼振动模。同时用Gaussian 98W量子化学软件从头计算了这几种化合物的拉曼光谱。实验和计算均表明,磷酸盐晶体的基本结构单元为磷氧四面体[PO₄],并且晶体中磷氧四面体的伸缩模振动频率与连接中心磷原子的桥氧数密切相关,随桥氧数增加而升高。此外还解释了模拟图谱与实验谱差异的原因。     

钒邻苯二酚双齿配合物从头算研究

运用Gaussian 94W量子化学程序包,采用LanL2DZ基组,对钒邻苯二酚双齿配合物结构单元V(cat)₃^n-(n=1,2)进行从头算研究。探讨这些配合物的稳定性、分子轨道能量、原子净电荷布居规律以及处于前沿的一些分子轨道的组成特征,为过渡金属双齿配合物的合成、分子组装及其在酶和蛋白质中的活性部位研究提供理论参考。     

PM3 semiempirical study and its comparison with X-ray crystal structure of 2-methyl-4-(4-methoxyphenylazo)phenol

The crystal and molecular structure of 2-methyl-4-(4-methoxyphenylazo)phenol have been determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction technique. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁/c with a=9.7763(8) Å, b=11.3966(8) Å, c=11.9531(8) Å and β=108.752(6)°. In addition to the molecular geometry from X-ray experiment, its optimized molecular structure has been obtained with the aid of PM3 semiempirical quantum mechanical method, and then the corresponding geometric parameters were compared with those of X-ray crystallography. To determine conformational flexibility and crystal packing effects on the molecules, molecular energy profile of the title compound was obtained with respect to two selected degrees of torsional freedom, which were varied from ?180° to +180° in steps of 10°. Crystal structure of the title compound is a fibroid structure constructed by C–H···O and O–H···N type intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The most favorable conformer of the title compound has been determined by the crystal packing effects and there is no steric hindrance during rotation around the selected torsion angles.     

Ab initio evaluation of oxidation numbers in some substituted benzenes

Giambiagi’s definition of oxidation number of an atom in a molecule has been applied successfully in theab initio SCF theory to calculate oxidation numbers using STO-3G and 4–31G basis sets for some substituted benzenes involving -F, -OH, -CH₃ and -NH₂ as substituents. The present study suggests that the oxidation numbers also seem to be indicative of their orientational behaviour like the net atomic charges.     

Umbrella inversions of cyclononatetraenylidenes at ab initio and DFT

Barriers of umbrella inversions for non-planar triplet 2-, 3-, 4-, or 5-X-2,4,6,8-cyclononatetraenylidenes, inverting through planar transition states, appear roughly four times lower in energy than their corresponding singlet states, at ab initio and DFT levels (X = H, F, Cl, Br). Relative activation energies for these racemization (), follow electronegativity for both singlet and/or triplet states of 2-X-2,4,6,8-cyclononatetraenylidenes (F > Cl > Br > H). This trend does not hold for species with halogens further away from the carbenic center: 3-, 4-, or 5-X-2,4,6,8-cyclononatetraenylidenes. Frequency calculations show one negative force constant for all planar species (transition states), while they appear positive for non-planar minima.     

Structures and energies of seleno derivatives of biuret.Ab Initio comparative studies of diselenobiuret, selenobiuret, and selenothiobiuret

Ab initio studies (LCAO-MO method) on conformers of three seleno derivatives of the biuret molecules diselenobiuret [I], selenobiuret [II], and selenothiobiuret [III] were carried out at the Hartree-Fock (HF) and MP2 levels. The molecular geometries of these species were fully optimized at the HF level and characterized by analysis of the harmonic vibrational frequencies using a split-valence triple-zeta basis set augmented by a set ofd polarization functions on heavy atoms andp polarization functions on hydrogen atoms [TZP(d, p)]. The total energies of the HF-optimized structures were calculated at the MP2 (frozen core) level using a larger TZP (2df, 2pd) basis set. The potential energy searches revealed a total of 11 minimum-energy conformers (assigned astrans-trans, trans-cis, cis-trans, andcis-cis) and seven transition-state species for the title molecules. The two predicted conformers for diselenobiuret (Ia=trans-trans andIc=cis-cis) are characterized byC ₂ and the third byC _s symmetry. For selenothiobiuret two forms (IIIa=trans-trans andIIId=cis-cis) possessC ₁ and two (IIIb=trans-cis andIIIc=cis-trans) possessC _s symmetries, respectively. For selenobiuret, four formsIIa=trans-trans (C₁),IIb=trans-cis (C _s),IIc=cis-trans (C ₁), andIId=cis-cis (C₁), were obtained as a result of gradient optimization. Comparison of the relative energies for the considered species indicated that thecis-trans forms are the most stable conformations for all three systems at both the HF and MP2 levels of theory.     

Oxidative addition of dihydrogen to Ni(II) complexes.ab initio MO/MP4 calculations of the electronic structure of NiH2Cl2(PH3)2 complex

Electronic state d⁶ Ni(IV) in the complex [NiH₂Cl₂(PH₃)₂] was studied by means ofab initio MO/MP4 calculations.