复合磁场引导的小型化二极管初步设计

设计了一种非浸没式小型化轴向无箔二极管,其阴极发射区位于螺线管中心孔以外,采用螺线管、永磁体和软磁体构成的复合引导磁场系统。采用CST优化设计二极管结构,使其满足800 kV电压下绝缘要求; 优化设计磁场系统结构及物理参数,使其满足引导强流相对论电子束高效率传输的要求。采用粒子模拟(PIC)软件仿真电子束产生及传输过程,验证其高传输效率。设计的阳极筒直径比原结构缩小约40%,在产生同样均匀区轴向磁场强度情况下,引导磁场重量和功耗比原结构降低约40%,仿真结果显示主引导磁场0.85 T下,8 kA电流能够实现100%传输效率。     

磁场引导双电子束传输模拟和实验研究

 利用外加纵向磁场把单台加速器驱动双阴极二极管产生的同步双电子束引出双漂移管,是双电子束实用化的关键环节。在实心束情况下,对双电子束约束磁场进行了3维PIC模拟。在粒子模拟的基础上搭建了双电子束磁场引导系统,进行了磁场引导环形双电子束传输实验研究,在二极管电压约380 kV时,环形双束流值分别为5.10 kA和4.92 kA。实验结果表明,所设计磁场系统能够对环形双电子束进行有效约束,有效约束磁场约0.5 T。     

多脉冲强流真空电子二极管研究

研究了猝发脉冲串条件下真空强流电子二极管状态和输出电子束参数的变化规律, 建立了阴极等离子体膨胀效应的强流电子二极管参量的方程组, 并提出了阴极等离子体柱状膨胀模型. 实验研究了猝发多脉冲电子二极管输出多脉冲强流电子束的能力和束品质的变化, 给出了以天鹅绒为阴极发射体, 阴极等离子体膨胀速度小于1cm/μs时二极管输出的双脉冲电子束包络的变化和电子束的发射度及亮度.     

重复脉冲强流电子束传输技术研究

分析并推导出了环形强流电子束的稳定传输条件，通过静电磁场模拟计算对CHP01强流电子加速器二极管引导磁场的位形分布、幅值大小及磁场电源进行了优化设计.经实验调试及束斑测量，表明设计的1秒磁场满足束流稳定传输条件，能使电压800kV、电流8kA、脉冲宽度40ns、脉冲重复频率100Hz的环形强流电子束稳定传输，并已成功运用于CHP01强流电子加速器束流传输系统. 关键词： 束流传输 引导磁场 二极管 重复脉冲 电子束     

x强流相对论环形电子束在低磁场中传输分析

 用理论和粒子模拟相结合的方法分析了强流薄环形相对论电子束在低磁场导引下，在均匀波导，无箔二极管，以及锥形波导和渐减磁场位形条件下的传输过程，研究了束包络的波动和如何减少波动的问题。分析表明：在无箔二极管中一个适当渐增的磁场位形可以有效地抑制束电子的径向运动，从而减少电子在波导中的波动幅度；电子束在锥形波导和渐减磁场位形中运动，不会增加束电子的波动。因此适当的磁场位形可以降低微波器件对导引磁场的要求，有利于实现永磁包装微波器件。     

低阻抗二极管产生的强流电子束能谱分布的数值模拟

 给出了低阻抗二极管产生的电子束能谱分布及外加磁场对二极管阻抗影响的数值模拟研究结果。结果表明，即使在外加电压恒定的条件下，二极管产生的电子束也具有一定的能谱分布，这说明用二极管电压、电流波形计算脉冲电子束能谱分布是不正确的。另外,外加磁场对低阻抗二极管的阻抗特性具有较大影响，其阻抗随外加磁场的增大而减小。分析认为这是由于外加磁场强度的变化改变了二极管中束电子的运动轨迹。当没有外加磁场或外加磁场较小时，低阻抗二极管产生的电子束发生自箍缩，此时二极管电流是自箍缩饱和顺位流；当外加磁场足够强时，电子束的自箍缩被抑制，二极管电流是没有箍缩时的空间电荷限制电流。束电流小于自箍缩临界电流的二极管其阻抗将不随外加磁场的变化而变化。     

脉冲强流电子束的发射度测量

本文描述了利用多孔板测量脉冲强流电子束发射度的原理和方法。考虑了空间电荷和轴向磁场对测量的影响。实验参量是阴极形状、阳极网孔、二极管距离和电压、电流幅值。在直线感应加速器上、用天鹅绒平面阴极和腐蚀的钨网阳极,当束能为1.32MeV、束流为2kA时,测得均方根发射度ε_(rm)=79cm.mrad,相应规一化亮度B_n=4.8×10~3A/(cm.rad)~2。     

同轴引出电子束相对论返波振荡器的粒子模拟

 设计了一种L波段同轴引出电子束相对论返波振荡器,采用KARAT 2.5维全电磁粒子模拟程序研究了器件内束-波作用的物理过程,分析了二极管电压和导引磁场对产生微波频率和束-波转换效率的影响。模拟结果表明:该器件在小型化,中等磁场的条件下具有较高的束-波作用效率。在电子束能量700 keV,电子束流10 kA,导引磁场为1.0 T时,器件在频率1.62 GHz处获得较高的微波输出,饱和后微波的平均功率达2.2 GW,平均效率约为30%,器件最大径向半径仅为5.0 cm。     

周期会切磁场聚焦强流相对论带状电子束的理论分析和粒子模拟

对低幅值、短周期、有偏置磁极的周期会切磁场中300 keV,3 kA带状电子束的传输进行了理论分析和粒子模拟。给出了将波导宽度考虑在内的轴向均匀带状电子束的空间电荷场和作用在有限厚度的带状电子束的短边和宽边上的聚焦力的表达式,并利用束匹配的方法得到了磁场的幅值和周期,以及电子束通道的宽度和高度等参数。最后根据理论计算的结果进行了3维粒子模拟验证,结果表明:束宽边上聚焦良好,而在短边上带状电子束的轴向有限长效应使得聚焦力与散焦力沿轴向不能完全匹配,在束包络上产生了Betatron振荡,但在300 mm的距离上传输效率仍能达到98%以上,说明有偏置磁极的周期会切磁场聚焦强流带状电子束在理论上是可行的。     

小型化长脉冲二极管设计与实验

在长脉冲高功率微波源研究中关键的部件是二极管，由于阴极爆炸发射产生的阴极等离子体的热扩散，为防止二极管短路，长脉冲二极管通常比一般二极管阴阳极间距大，尺寸也相应较大。原有的长脉冲加速器使用的二极管如图1所示，这也是美国BANSHEE加速器采用的二极管结构。使用的二极管是为满足L波段高功率微波器件的需要，产生电子束电压500kV，电流3kA，脉宽1．5μs，束截面内外径为φ5．7，φ7．3cm。现在为了满足开展S波段相对论速调管研究需要，设计了新的小型化二极管，产生电子束环内外直径约φ4.3，φ3．7cm。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.     

Fiber Modal Index Measurements Based on Fiber Gratings

A novel method based on fiber gratings for measuring the effective indices of fiber modes is proposed. The effective index difference between the core mode and a cladding mode was obtained by analyzing the interference fringe of a pair of cascaded long-period fiber gratings. In order to extract the core mode index from the measured index difference, an index matching oil immersion method is proposed. By analyzing the interaction between the cladding mode and the oil applied on the cladding surface, the mode order and the effective index of the involved cladding mode might be calculated. Experimental results about the interference fringe shifts induced by the oil index and the oil-applied length are also presented.     

Optical Pulse Compression Schemes That Use Nonlinear Bragg Gratings

Nonlinear optical pulse compression of picosecond pulses typically requires long lengths of optical fiber and multiple components. Periodic structures, such as fiber Bragg gratings, are highly dispersive at wavelengths outside of the photonic bandgap. This implies that such gratings can be used as very short all-fiber compressors. In this paper a number of such compression schemes are reviewed involving uniform and nonuniform fiber Bragg gratings, relying on both soliton and nonsoliton compression principles. Experimental results supporting the corresponding underlying theory are also presented. Finally, an extension of one of the compression schemes is shown, which allows the generation of adjustable high-repetition rate soliton trains.