宽波段高分辨率Dyson成像光谱仪设计研究

主要对一种远心成像光谱仪系统,即Dyson成像光谱仪进行了设计研究。这种成像光谱仪结构简单紧凑,仅由一个半球透镜和一个凹面光栅组成。在Rowland圆与折射理论的基础上,分析了Dyson成像光谱仪在宽波段下可消除像散的重要条件,即光栅半径与半球透镜半径之比,并获得了具备极高光学性能的光学系统参数计算条件。为了使这种成像光谱仪更适宜于工程化应用,又在其基础之上设计和分析了探测器表面脱离半球透镜的方法。设计实例获得了数值孔径0.33,工作波段0.38~1.7 μm,狭缝长度15 mm,像面表面成像斑均方根值半径小于2.5 μm的Dyson成像光谱仪结构和改进后的像斑均方根值半径小于8 μm的改进型Dyson成像光谱仪结构。该设计方法和设计结果合理可行,优化结构性能优越,并可用于工业及遥感等多个领域。     

薄透镜焦距测定实验中像屏的改进

运用各光学元件(如透镜、面镜……)组合成特定的光学系统成像时,要想获得优良的像质,必须保持光束的同心结构,即要求该光学系统符合或接近理想光学系统的条件.这样,物方空间的任意物点,经过该系统成像时,在像方空间必有唯一的共轭像点存在,而且符合各种理论计算公式.     

成像光谱仪同心光学系统的研究

介绍了Offner凸面光栅成像光谱仪和Dyson凹面光栅成像光谱仪两种常用的同心光学系统。Offner凸面光栅成像光谱仪采用全反射的形式,使用光谱范围很宽,加工、装调较为简单,受外界环境影响较小;Dyson凹面光栅成像光谱仪在体积和尺寸上的优势较为明显,易于实现整体结构的小型化。给出了这两种成像光谱仪的具体设计实例,两种光学系统的成像质量均能达到较为理想的结果,其结构畸变均＜0005%,在使用光谱范围内,光谱分辨率均能到达3 nm,具有高质量的光学传递函数。最后,给出了配合成像光谱仪使用的多种前置光学系统的结构形式,并讨论了消除系统杂散光的方法及消除光谱级次重叠的方法。     

红外成像光谱测量中Dyson光学系统的研究进展

传统的红外成像光谱仪难以同时实现弱遥感信号下的高信噪比和仪器小型化的要求,基于Dyson同心光学结构的新型遥感红外成像光谱仪具有数值孔径大、信噪比高、结构简单、体积小、重量轻的优点,用于强背景信号下的微弱红外成像光谱信号测量时,可实现传统的红外成像光谱仪难以实现的高信噪比测量。本文概述了Dyson同心光学结构的产生、发展及最新研究动态,重点介绍了Dyson同心光谱仪的原理、研制过程中的难点以及在高性能遥感红外成像光谱测量中的应用,为高性能红外成像光谱仪的研究提供了参考。     

用于沿海水色探测的机载宽谱段小F数高光谱成像仪光学系统

为解决传统Dyson成像光谱系统结构过于紧凑而难于实际应用的缺点,通过减薄半球透镜厚度和偏置狭缝位置的办法,将狭缝、像面与半球透镜之间拉开了足够的轴上距离和垂轴距离;结合光程进行分析,获得了改进后Dyson系统的消像散条件;在半球透镜和凹面光栅之间增加两个球面透镜,对轴上距离带来的额外球差和色差进行校正.结合改进的Dyson成像光谱仪和Schwarzschild双反射镜系统,设计了宽波段、小F数高光谱成像仪光学系统.对一工作波段为320~1 000nm的实例设计结果进行分析可知,F数为1.8的全系统像差得到充分校正,全视场全波段调制传递函数值在0.5以上,光谱分辨率达到3.6nm.该系统可用于沿海环境的高光谱观测.     

宽视场大相对孔径高光谱成像仪光学系统设计

宽视场大相对孔径高光谱成像仪已成为航空海洋水色遥感等领域的应用需求。根据宽视场和大相对孔径的研究目标,采用离轴Schwarzschild望远成像系统和改进型Dyson光谱成像系统匹配的结构型式,设计了一个视场为40°、相对孔径为1/1.8、工作波段为0.35~1.05μm的航空遥感高光谱成像仪光学系统。基于像差理论,分析了改进型Dyson光谱成像系统球差校正原理,运用光学设计软件Zemax对高光谱成像仪光学系统进行了光线追迹和优化,并对设计结果进行了分析。分析结果表明,设计的光学系统在各个波长的光学传递函数均不小于0.82,谱线弯曲和谱带弯曲均小于像元尺寸的5%。这便于光谱和辐射定标,完全满足设计指标要求,且系统体积小、重量轻,适合于航空遥感应用。     

一种光栅型成像光谱仪光学系统设计

 成像光谱仪是一种“图谱合一”的光学遥感仪器。从光栅型成像光谱仪的使用要求出发,利用Zemax软件设计了一种光栅型成像光谱仪光学系统。其中,前置望远物镜采用反射式结构,传统的卡塞格林结构在主次镜均采用非球面时校正像差的能力依然有限,设计时采用改进后的卡塞格林结构对像差进行校正,最终设计的望远镜头传函在50 lp/mm处达到0.5,场曲控制在0.078以内,且不存在畸变。针对光谱成像系统通常采用的基于平面光栅的Czerny-Turner结构由于像差校正能力有限、成像质量较差不能满足仪器的使用要求。采用基于凸面光栅的光谱成像系统,该系统结构紧凑、可实现宽波段内像差的同时校正。最终设计的光谱成像系统光谱分辨率<5 nm,MTF在50 lp/mm时升至0.75。将前置望远物镜与光谱成像系统根据匹配原则进行组合优化后光栅型成像光谱仪系统点列图RMS半径随波长的变化均小于0.2,波长的80%的能量集中在Φ6 μm范围内,波长各视场在特征频率50 lp/mm处的光学传递函数均大于0.5。整个光学系统具有结构简单、像差校正能力强、结构尺寸较小的优点。     

电离层遥感远紫外成像光谱仪光学系统设计

基于Czerny-Turner分光结构的成像光谱仪光学系统,介绍了一种用于电离层观测的远紫外成像光谱仪光学系统设计方法。分析了该结构的像差来源,提出了使用发散光照明光路的消像差方法,计算了像差校正条件。设计了工作在120～180nm波长范围内的远紫外成像光谱仪光学系统,视场角为6.0°×0.1°,焦距为121.8mm,F数为6.2。利用调制传递函数(MTF)和成像仿真分析的方法对该系统的主要性能参数进行了评价,验证了设计的成像光谱仪的光谱分辨力优于1.0nm,空间分辨力优于0.1°,完全满足电离层观测的应用要求。与同类设计相比,该系统不含非球面光学元件,加工装调简单且易于工程实现。     

基于Offner中继结构的机载棱镜色散成像光谱仪系统设计

考虑到机载遥感平台对成像光谱仪小型化、轻量化要求的逐渐提高,在分析了主要几种成像光谱仪特点的基础上,重点阐述了技术成熟度较高的光栅色散和棱镜色散型成像光谱仪,研究了基于Offner中继成像结构的紧凑型成像光谱系统。结合Offner同心光学系统成像特点,在给定系统指标的情况下,设计出了两种在发散和会聚光束中使用色散元件的全球面光谱系统,给出了系统的调制传递函数、点列图以及系统谱线弯曲、色畸变曲线。结果表明,两种结构的Offner成像光谱仪,实现了遥感仪器小型化的目的,具有接近衍射极限的优良成像性质。同时,很好地控制了系统的谱线弯曲和色畸变,保证了获取光谱数据的一致性。     

用于空间外差光谱技术的Offner成像系统设计

Offner反射式成像镜头相比于透射成像镜头具有适用波段范围宽、像差小、相对数值孔径较大、结构简单紧凑以及空间适应性良好的优点。结合空间外差技术特点和要求,给出了一种Offner成像镜头的设计方法和光路结构。该设计通过在出射光路中加入透镜改变缩放比,离轴装配消除像差的方法,可以满足空间外差光谱仪中对定域面干涉条纹进行任意比例缩放的要求。在系统要求数值孔径为0.042、缩放比为-0.8622…1的条件下,给出了设计实例,且点列图最大均方根半径优于1.81μm。最后对该系统进行了像质评价和公差分析,分析结果表明其成像质量可以满足空间外差光谱仪对成像镜头的要求,在现有加工和装配水平条件下可工程化实现。     

Analysis of aberrations of an image formed by a system of noncentered optical surfaces

In the general case of an arbitrary arrangement of optical surfaces in space, it is proposed to take a straight line passing through the center of the entrance pupil perpendicularly to its plane as an assembly base. The coordinates of a point in the object plane and in the entrance pupil plane uniquely determine the position of the incident ray in the space. The wave aberration in the image of a point is represented by a power series of the general form as a function of these coordinates with terms of up to the fourth order. Aberrational analysis of individual components of this series is carried out. A particular case of decentering of an individual component in an axially symmetric optical system is considered. A new kind of aberration is shown to appear in this case.     

光束斜入射的折反射组合光学系统的像差计算

基于平面对称光栅反射镜系统的像差理论,根据光学元件材料折射率对成像光束波像差进行修正,将像差理论扩展到平面对称折射光学系统,使得该理论可应用于光束斜入射的折反射组合光学系统的像差计算;指出在折反射组合光学系统中考虑物像方空间折射率的关系,以及入射角方向的定义,使得波像差的计算表达式保持统一;应用扩展后的像差理论对折反射...     

Wave-front curvature compensation of polarization phase-shifting digital holography

An on-axis polarization phase-shifting digital holographic microscope, based on a normal upright optical microscope, is constructed to quantitatively measure both the amplitude and phase distributions of specimen. The condenser lens and microscope objective employed in the object beam path enhance the illumination and magnification of the image, however, they induce additional phase aberration of the object wave. The physical formation of the phase aberration is theoretically analyzed, and a formula for the object wave front involving the phase aberration in the CCD plane is derived. The phase aberration can be eliminated in the reconstruction procedure by measuring a specimen-free hologram and then fitting the aberration phase with a least square ellipsoidal model to determine the parameters of the system. This phase aberration compensation procedure also reduces some of noises in the reconstructed phase of the specimen. The practicability of this method is demonstrated by a test experiment on microlenses.     

Focusing for laser hole drilling

The power intensity distribution of a laser beam across the focal plane is important for producing good hole geometry. To examine the power intensity distribution in the region of the image plane of a practical lens, a diffraction integral method is employed. Lens aberration is accounted for by the intensity of the appropriate phase changes. In the analysis, a free-running pulsed multimode solid-state laser is considered and the lens is assumed to have aberrations. Since an on-axis object is examined, only spherical aberration is taken into account.     

大工作距大相对孔径高分辨率的改进型Dyson光谱成像系统设计

基于反/折射球面罗兰圆建模和宽波段Dyson象散校正方法,解释了大相对孔径高光谱分辨率的Dyson光谱成像系统存在的大工作距设计难题。从工作距的角度,比较了已有文献中报道的三种Dyson光谱成像系统改进思路。在大工作距要求下,采取第一种思路,即在传统型Dyson光谱成像系统结构基础上,引入球面弯月透镜和平面-非球面透镜。建立了平面-非球面校正透镜的三阶像差模型,给出了改进型Dyson光谱成像系统。设计结果表明:改进型Dyson光谱成像系统具有12mm工作距,F/1.8相对孔径,在0.38~0.9μm谱段范围内光谱分辨率约为0.45nm,以及接近衍射极限的优良成像性质,MTF在全波段全视场100lp·mm~(-1)线处大于0.7,最大像面均方根值半径小于1.2μm。同时,系统的Smile(谱线弯曲)和Keystone(色畸变)得到了很好的控制,保证了获取光谱数据的一致性。改进型Dyson光谱成像系统具有大相对孔径和高光谱分辨率的特点,而且系统焦平面探测器和系统入射狭缝两者的彼此间隙位置合适,易于装配。解决了传统型Dyson光谱成像系统实际应用中工作距不足的问题,可为大气遥感、农林调查、海洋生物等领域的高光谱成像信息探测提供一个新型的高光谱成像系统,对光谱成像系统的发展具有良好的促进意义。     

A Variation of Schwarzschild Telescope: Golden Section Solution with Two Concentric Spheres and Its Extension to Finite Distance Solutions

Imaging by two concentric spheres is studied by geometrical method. As the system is symmetric with respect to the common center of curvature, peripheral aberrations, namely coma, astigmatism, and distortion, do not appear. The imaging surface is a sphere that shares the center of curvature with two mirrors. As we solve the zero spherical aberration condition for imaging of an object at infinite distance, the golden section number appears as the ratio of the distance between two mirrors and the radius of the primary mirror. For imaging of an object at finite distance, we have to increase the radius of the second mirror. This system also has no peripheral aberrations. Making the object surface spherical, we can obtain a flat image surface. As the spherical aberration is zero in the original system, spherical aberration, coma, and astigmatism remain zero when the object surface is curved.     

Non-approximate method for designing Offner spectrometers

The so-called non-approximate method was adopted to design two-mirror three-reflection concentric Offner configuration for an dispersive spectrometer, which was using geometry and ray tracing method to derive the deviation between the arbitrary ray's image point and the principal ray's image point, the system aberration was evaluated based on this deviation, then each parameter was optimized and designed to meet the using conditions by computer software. The optimal object's position with minimal aberration, which also is known as the optimal imaging annular field, could be found in a different condition. Moreover, it presented that the ratio of the radius of convex grating to the radius of concave mirror ought to be close to 0.5∼0.6, the ratio r/R changed slightly with different wavelengths, but the bigger the wavelength was, the larger the ratio r/R would be.     

Diffraction patterns of off-axis gaussian beams in the presence of third-order spherical aberration in the optical system

The intensity distribution of diffraction patterns for off-axis gaussian beams at the image plane of an optical system with third-order spherical aberration is calculated by using the concept of the beam aberration function previously introduced by the present authors. The results show how the peak intensity of the diffraction patterns diminishes and how the transversel focal shift occurs as a function of the incident position of the beams at the pupil plane and their beam size.