林药复合种植滇龙胆红外光谱鉴别研究

林药复合种植是一种缓解中药资源减少及提高土地利用率的方法。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱法对70份不同种植模式的滇龙胆进行研究,通过Omnic8.0软件对原始光谱进行基线校正、归一化、二阶导数光谱预处理;对样品与龙胆苦苷标准品的二阶导数光谱进行分析;利用各类样品的平均光谱建立两个光谱数据库Lib1和Lib2,其中Lib1在1 800~600 cm~(-1)光谱范围内进行专家检索,Lib2在全谱范围内进行相关性和平方微分差检索。结果表明,样品的红外光谱较为相似,难以直观分析鉴别;样品与龙胆苦苷标准品具有多个共有峰,其中1 611和1 076 cm~(-1)为标准品的特征峰,各样品在1 076 cm~(-1)处峰形差异较小,通过对1 611 cm~(-1)处峰面积的比较,种植于核桃林下的样品龙胆苦苷含量最高,荒坡种植及与木瓜复合种植的样品有效成分含量最低;不同种植模式样品中有效成分的不同表现为光谱匹配值之间的差异,与核桃树、旱冬瓜、桉树、茶树、杉树复合种植的样品间匹配值的差异小于与木瓜复合种植及荒坡种植的样品,专家检索法对样品的误判数为11,相关性检索和平方微分差检索法对样品的误判数分别为4和9,即在全谱范围内相关性检索法对样品鉴别效果最佳,正确识别率为94.29%。红外光谱法结合二阶导数光谱、光谱检索对不同复合种植模式滇龙胆的鉴别效果较好,为不同复合种植中药药源鉴别提供理论依据。     

常见野生蘑菇的红外光谱及其二维相关红外光谱的鉴别

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱结合相关性分析、二阶导数谱和二维相关谱对13种常见野生蘑菇进行鉴别研究。结果显示13种野生蘑菇的红外光谱光谱特征相似,主要由蛋白质、多糖的吸收组成,13种样品的相关系数最小为0.779,最大值为0.960。在1 700~1 400和1 400~800 cm-1范围的二阶导数光谱中,各样品吸收峰的强度、位置和形状均有明显差异。二维相关红外光谱在1 380~1 680 cm-1范围的强自动峰整体相近,但自动峰和交叉峰位置、形状存在差异;在920~1 230 cm-1的范围,各样品的自动峰和交叉峰的数量、强度和位置差异明显。结果表明傅里叶变换红外光谱结合相关性分析、二阶导数谱和二维相关谱有望发展为区分不同种类蘑菇的快速方法。     

藏药川西獐牙菜及其不同提取物的红外光谱分析

利用红外光谱三级鉴定方法对藏药川西獐牙菜及其不同溶液提取物进行分析研究。选择川西獐牙菜中含量相对较高的药用成分龙胆苦苷作为不同溶液提取物的对照成分进行红外光谱和二阶导数光谱的分析;同时对不同浓度乙醇提取物进行二维相关光谱分析。结果显示,龙胆苦苷红外光谱中1 611和1 075cm-1处的两个主要特征峰强度的变化趋势,和川西獐牙菜不同溶剂提取物中龙胆苦苷含量变化趋势一致;提取溶剂极性相近时,提取物的红外光谱图相似;随着提取溶液极性的逐渐降低,提取物的红外谱图中2853,1 733,1 464,1 277和1 161cm-1等处吸收峰强度逐渐增强,提取物中酯类化合物含量逐渐增加,萜类化合物的提取率逐渐增加;红外光谱图极为相近的不同浓度乙醇提取物在二维红外光谱图中有很明显的差异。龙胆苦苷特征峰强度的变化趋势和不同提取物中龙胆苦苷含量变化趋势的一致性说明红外光谱分析结果能体现分析对象中所含有成分的含量变化;川西獐牙菜原药材,水提物和不同浓度乙醇提取物谱图的相似性和相似度的变化规律,说明传统用药水煎液和低浓度醇提物的科学性;红外光谱技术可成为川西獐牙菜不同提取物后期药理活性成分宏观控制,和多以复方入药的藏药研究中准确、快速、有效的分析方法。     

滇龙胆不同炮制品的傅里叶红外光谱鉴别

中药炮制是中医临床用药的关键,炮制具增效、减毒、缓和药性等作用,为了临床安全、合理、有效地使用中药,开展中药炮制品的鉴别研究具有重要意义。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱,对五种不同炮制样品(包括龙胆、生龙胆、酒龙胆、醋龙胆、盐龙胆)60份滇龙胆进行鉴别分析。采集样品的中红外光谱图,用基线校正和归一化法对原始光谱进行预处理,去除光谱噪音明显部分,选择3 400~600cm~(-1)范围内的光谱,利用多元散射校正(MSC)和标准正态变量(SNV)法进行处理,样品按3∶1分为校正集和预测集,并建立主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和判别分析(discriminant analysis,DA)模型。结果显示,滇龙胆不同炮制品的红外图谱具有差异,主要吸收峰有3 378,2 922,1 732,1 610,1 417,1 366,1 316,1 271,1 068,1 048cm~(-1)。1 738,1 643,1 613,1 420,1 051cm~(-1)附近为龙胆苦苷的特征吸收峰,1 068,1 048,935cm~(-1)处为糖类物质的吸收峰;主成分分析表明,前三个主成分方差累积贡献率为94.05%,能够反映原始数据的大部分信息,酒龙胆和醋龙胆与其他样品之间存在明显的差异,龙胆与盐龙胆所含化学成分差异较小;经基线校正和归一化法处理后的光谱结合多元散射校正法,在主成分数为10的条件下,判别分析模型可对所有样品进行正确识别,具有良好的预测性能。结果表明,傅里叶红外光谱法是一种快速、无损、有效的方法,可用于滇龙胆炮制品的鉴别,为中药炮制品的鉴别研究提供了借鉴。     

刺五加不同部位的红外光谱分析与鉴定

采用红外光谱三级宏观指纹鉴定的方法对刺五加不同部位根、茎、叶原药材及总苷提取物的红外光谱图进行了整体的分析。原药材谱图显示,根和茎谱图较为相似,主要体现草酸钙和淀粉特征峰,而叶的草酸钙特征峰几乎消失,淀粉特征峰的峰形也变得不明显。总苷提取物的一维谱图显示根、茎、叶在1 602,1 514,1452 cm-1(苯环骨架振动)和1 271 cm-1(CO)附近均有特征吸收,因此,推测三者共有的成分为酚苷类化合物。二阶导数谱图给出叶在1 656 cm-1(黄酮的CO)附近特征峰明显强于根和茎,说明叶中黄酮类成分高于根和茎。二维谱图在1 350～1 700 cm-1波段根和茎均体现苯环骨架振动的5个自动峰1 636, 1 600,1 521,1 462,1 453 cm-1,叶除了苯环骨架振动峰外还出现1 656 cm-1黄酮类成分的CO振动,进一步证实叶中黄酮类成分高于根和茎。     

叶片衰老影响木兰科植物聚类的FTIR研究

傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结合聚类分析技术应用于木兰科植物不同亚族分类,研究了叶片衰老对聚类分析效果的影响。测试了木兰科三个亚族14种植物的幼叶、成叶、老黄叶红外光谱,结果显示三个亚族植物叶片红外光谱差异不大;同种植物叶片不同生长期的红外光谱吸收峰位置基本一致,但一些特征峰的峰强有变化;用1 800～700 cm-1范围二阶导数光谱结合聚类分析,发现成叶二阶导数光谱聚类分析能够正确对样品分类,幼叶和老黄叶二阶导数谱聚类分析效果不如成叶,说明叶片衰老过程化学成分变化影响聚类分析效果,聚类分析时取成叶样品为好。     

甘草的红外光谱研究

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱法对59份来自中国6个不同产地的野生和栽培甘草原药材及其提取物进行了分析研究。通过比较甘草原药材及其提取物与甘草的指标成分甘草酸和甘草苷的一维及其二阶导数光谱,发现1 100～1 000 cm-1范围内的峰是甘草多糖类成分的特征峰;1 318 cm-1是草酸钙的特征峰;1 745,1 386和1 612,1 512 cm-1分别是甘草酸和甘草苷的特征指纹峰;特征峰的强度可代表相应化学成分的含量。根据上述特征峰强弱对所有样品进行横纵向比较,结果显示：野生甘草特征峰强,相应指标成分含量高;栽培甘草特征峰弱,相应指标成分含量低;甘草药材质量与生长年限密切相关。     

红外光谱结合光谱检索对石斛品种的鉴别研究

用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术结合光谱检索的方法对石斛茎进行品种鉴别研究。测试了23个品种,165株石斛茎样品的红外光谱,光谱显示,各样品的红外光谱非常相似,石斛茎中的主要成分是纤维素等多糖物质。利用光谱软件Omnic8.0建立了三个光谱数据库Lib01、Lib02和Lib03,Lib01由每个品种前4株样品的平均光谱组成,Lib02由平均光谱的一阶导数光谱组成,Lib03由平均光谱的二阶导数光谱组成。各样品光谱分别与Lib01进行指定在1 800～500 cm-1光谱范围的相关性、平方差和平方微分差检索,相关性检索的正确率达到92.7%,平方差检索的正确率达到74.5%,平方微分差检索的正确率达到92.7%。各样品光谱的一阶导数光谱和二阶导数光谱分别与Lib02和Lib03进行指定在1 800～500 cm-1光谱范围的平方微分差检索,一阶导数光谱的检索正确率达到93.9%,二阶导数光谱的检索正确率达到90.3%。结果表明,平方微分差算法的一阶导数红外光谱检索更适合于石斛的品种鉴别。红外光谱结合光谱检索的方法能较好的鉴别不同品种的石斛,有望成为简便、易行的植物品种鉴别方法。     

基于红外光谱的苹果叶病害的快速诊断

基于傅里叶变换红外光谱技术,利用光谱检索的方法对苹果叶病害进行病害类型的鉴别研究。测试了正常苹果叶片和4种病害叶片共75份样本的红外光谱,光谱显示,各类样品的红外光谱非常相似,主要由纤维素、木质素、蛋白质和脂类的吸收带组成。利用omnic8.5软件依次建立了由每类样品的平均红外光谱、一阶导数光谱和二阶导数光谱组成的光谱库Lib1、Lib2、Lib3。各样品红外光谱分别与光谱库Lib1进行专家检索和绝对微分差算法检索,专家检索的正确率为80%,绝对微分差检索的正确率为82.7%。各样品红外光谱的一阶导数光谱和二阶导数光谱分别与光谱库Lib2、Lib3在全谱范围进行绝对微分差检索,基于一阶导数光谱的检索正确率为93.3%,二阶导数光谱的检索正确率为82.7%。结果表明:基于一阶导数红外光谱的绝对微分差算法的检索更适合于苹果叶病害的鉴别。基于红外光谱技术的光谱检索的方法能较好地鉴别苹果叶病害,有望成为简便、快捷、低成本的植物病害的鉴别方法。     

蜡样芽孢杆菌的二阶导数红外光谱研究

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱非破坏性地分析了蜡样芽孢杆菌,在获得完整全细胞组分的红外光谱信息基础上,进行了二阶导数光谱转换。结果表明,根据二阶导数光谱特征吸收峰可区分蜡样芽孢杆菌细胞的荚膜、芽孢、贮能物质等特殊结果物质。以1 654 cm-1附近的α-螺旋结构的蛋白酰胺带吸收峰与在1 601和1 403 cm-1附近显示的强羧基伸缩振动吸收峰可探测到细胞荚膜结构;根据1 617,1 372和1 569 cm-1附近的吡啶二羧酸(DPA)的吸收峰可认定细胞内芽孢的存在;此外,可在二阶导数红外谱图中同时找到多聚β-羟基丁酸(PHB)细胞粒、荚膜、芽孢的吸收峰。由二阶导数红外光谱可分辨重叠光谱来探测细胞多种结构物质,为从分子生物学与细胞生物学角度,为研究蜡样芽孢杆菌提供参考信息。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.