含苯并硒二唑聚咔唑/芴类共轭聚电解质及其前驱体的合成与性能研究

采用Suzuki偶合反应合成了一系列新型的咔唑、芴和2,1,3-苯并硒二唑的共聚物——聚[3,6-(N-(2-乙基己基))咔唑-2,1,3-苯并硒二唑-9,9-双(N,N-二甲基胺丙基)芴](PCzN-BSeD)及其相应的聚电解质衍生物——聚[3,6-(N-(2-乙基己基))咔唑-2,1,3-苯并硒二唑-9,9-(双(3′-(N,N-二甲基)-N-乙基铵)丙基)芴]二溴(PCzNBr-BSeD).在聚咔唑和芴中引入不同比例的2,1,3-苯并硒二唑(BSeD)单元,引起了由咔唑和芴链段向窄带隙苯并硒二唑(BSeD)单元有效的能量转移.通过对聚合物电致发光性能的研究,发现用聚(3,4-亚乙基二氧基噻吩)(PEDOT)或聚(3,4-亚乙基二氧基噻吩)/聚乙烯咔唑(PEDOT/PVK)作为空穴传输层时,器件的性能相差不大,表明咔唑的引入较明显的改善了聚合物的空穴注入性能.而且几乎所有的聚合物用高功函数铝作阴极的器件和用钡/铝作阴极的器件具有相近的发光性能,表明这类聚合物具有良好的电子注入性能.     

侧链含氨基的聚(对亚苯基亚乙炔基-对亚苯基-咔唑)三元共聚物的合成及其聚集态下荧光特性

通过Sonogashira偶联反应制备了含有4-[2-(对苯胺)乙烯基]苯(M1)、2,5-二戊烷氧基-1,4-二乙炔基苯(M2)和9-辛基咔唑(M3)3种结构单元的三元共轭聚合物PPEC,并通过核磁共振氢谱确定了3种结构单元的比例为0.54∶1.00∶0.46(M1∶M2∶M3).由于在PPEC的侧链中含有氨基基团,通过在PPEC的THF溶液中分别加入水、甲醇和正己烷,诱导其产生聚集,其聚集后的荧光性质表现出明显的不同,在THF与水的混合溶剂中,PPEC发光强度会随着水含量的增加先是急剧降低,而后在高水含量时发光强度又显著增强;在THF与甲醇的混合溶剂中,PPEC发光强度随着甲醇的加入只是逐渐降低;在THF与正己烷的混合溶剂中,PPEC的发光强度则会随着正己烷的增加而增强.该结果表明氨基通过与水,或者自身所形成氢键作用,改变了PPEC分子链之间的聚集态结构,降低了分子内旋转非辐射能量效率,从而有效改善共轭聚合物的主链发光性质,这为设计聚集态下(或固态下)高性能的荧光共轭聚合物提供了一种新思路.     

新型含silole聚咔唑的合成及其高效率红色发光二极管研究

合成了一种3,4-位为三苯胺的新型silole单体(TST)及其与N-己基-3,6-咔唑(Cz)组成的共聚物PCz-TST,其中TST的含量变化为1%~20%.PCz-TST的重均分子量介于9000~10600之间,而多分散系数在1.3~1.5之间.研究了共聚物的吸收光谱、电化学性质、光致发光光谱、以及电致发光性能.PCz-TST的主吸收峰位于305 nm,归属于咔唑链段的贡献,而TST单元的吸收出现在498 nm.4种PCz-TST的光学带隙在2.06~2.18eV之间,其光致发光光谱具有明显的能量转移特征,固态薄膜能发出单一的橙光,而电致发光峰位进一步红移,在604~645 nm之间.PCz-TST的HOMO能级在-4.99~-5.12 eV之间,与典型的空穴阻挡层TPBI能形成大于1.0 eV的空穴势垒.在器件结构为ITO/PEDOT/PCz-TST/TPBI/Ba/Al的聚合物发光二极管中,TPBI层能限制激子复合区域并提高复合效率,表现了来自silole单元的高效率电致红光,其中5%TST含量的共聚物获得了1.94%的最大外量子效率.TPBI的引入还导致了电致发光光谱的红移,从而改善了红光的色纯度.     

胺基功能化咔唑共轭聚合物的合成及其光电性能研究

发展了新型含有胺基的支化烷基修饰的咔唑单元,并且与芴、咔唑、苯等单元通过Suzuki偶联反应共聚得到不同主链结构的水/醇溶共轭聚合物界面修饰材料,研究了主链结构的变化对材料光物理、电化学性能的影响.所有聚合物均被用作阴极界面材料应用于器件结构为ITO/PEDOT：PSS/P-PPV/界面层/Al的聚合物发光二极管中.在相同器件制备条件下,系统比较了不同主链结构的界面修饰材料在器件中的性能,并研究了性能差异的原因.器件研究结果表明,在高功函数金属Al阴极的聚合物发光二极管中,含胺基功能化咔唑单元的水/醇溶共轭聚合物材料由于界面偶极的形成,均表现出很好的电子注入/传输性能,与之对应的器件性能得到大幅提升.     

供体-受体型共轭聚合物电子结构和导电性能的理论设计

以苯并[1,2-c:4,5-c']二[1,2,5]噻重氮和吡嗪并[2,3-g]喹喔啉为电子受体(A),噻吩、噻吩并[3,2-b]噻吩和二噻吩并[2,3-b:2',3'-d]噻吩为电子供体(D),设计了6种D-A型共轭聚合物.采用B3LYP方法,研究了这6种聚合物的几何结构和电子性质.D-A型共轭聚合物的几何结构和电子结构与电子供体和电子受体的性质,特别是与其提供电子和接受电子的能力密切相关.聚合物的能隙主要受键长交替控制,键长交替越小,能隙越窄.所设计的6种聚合物中,p-BBT-TT具有较窄的能隙(0.48 eV)、较小的载流子有效质量和相对较大的能带宽度,具备理论上的良好导电性能,可能是潜在的优良导电聚合物材料.     

苯并[1,2-b:4,5-b']二噻吩和二噻吩邻苯二甲酰亚胺的平面型交替共聚物的合成及其光伏性能

通过Stille聚合反应合成了含有苯并[1,2-b:4,5-b']二噻吩和二噻吩邻苯二甲酰亚胺的D-A结构平面共聚物PBDTPhBT.该聚合物热稳定性和在常见有机溶剂中的溶解性良好、在380～580nm范围内有强吸收.分子模拟计算的结果表明,聚合物主链具有较好的平面型.PBDTPhBT的光学带隙为2.10eV、用电化学方法测量的HOMO能级为5.23eV.以聚合物PBDTPhBT为给体、PC70BM为受体(给受体重量比为1:1)、Ca/Al为负极制备了本体异质结聚合物太阳能电池.在AM1.5,100mWcm2光照条件下器件的开路电压和短路电流分别为0.79V和5.63mAcm2,能量转换效率达到了1.76%.     

D-A型环金属铱(Ⅲ)配合物磷光材料的合成及其光电性能的研究

为获得非共轭连接的供体(D)与受体(A)结构对环金属配合物的光电性能影响的关系,设计合成了一类新型的基于咔唑和嚼二唑功能基的D-A型环金属铱配合物,并研究了这类材料的光电性能.研究结果显示:这类磷光材料与母体化合物二[2-(4',6'-二氟苯基)吡啶-C2,N'](吡啶-2-甲酸)合铱(Ⅲ)[(dfppy)2Ir(pi...     

基于三苯胺和芴的D—A型高分子信息存储材料的合成及性能

设计和合成了一种高度可溶的基于三苯胺和芴的D—A型高分子信息存储材料PFTD（Poly{[4,4L（4．4’-（9H—fluorene一9,9-diyl）bis（4,1-phenylene））bis（oxy）diphthalonitrile][triphe—nylamine]E9,9-dioctyl-9H—fluorene]}）。随着溶剂极性的增加,荧光强度逐渐减弱,荧光发射谱带变宽且发生红移,最大发射峰分别位于426nm（甲苯）,432nm（四氢呋喃）,r142nm（苯腈）,445nm（N,N-二甲基甲酰胺）。PFTD在THF稀溶液中的绝对荧光量子效率为47．8％,由于固体时强的荧光淬灭效应,旋涂在石英玻璃片上的薄膜绝对荧光量子效率仅为5．5％。通过电化学实验估算得到的HOMO、LUMO、能隙、离子化势和电子亲和势分别为-5．43、-2．62、2．81、5．69、2．88eV。由该聚合物制备的薄膜器件（器件结构：ITO／PFTD／A1）表现出典型的一次写入、多次读出（WORM）型记忆特性,电流开关比大于10^4,开启电压为-1．5V。     

主链含有非共轭结构的聚芴类蓝光聚合物的合成与性能研究

通过Suzuki偶合反应合成出了主链中含有非共轭烷氧基组分(-O-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-O-)的聚芴类衍生物聚- 2,7-(9,9-二辛基芴)-co-4,4’-丁氧基二苯(PFP)和聚-2,7-(9,9-二辛基芴)-co-4,4’-丁氧基二苯-co-N-苯基-4,4’-二苯胺(PFTP11)并通过相同的条件合成出主链由芴和三苯胺交替相连的聚合物聚-2,7-(9,9-二辛基芴)-co-N-苯基-4,4’-二苯胺(PFTPA)作为参比材料. 通过1H NMR和FT-IR分析对这些聚合物的化学结构进行了表征. 这三种聚合物在常用的有机溶剂中具有很好的溶解性, 可通过溶液加工的方式制备聚合物薄膜. 这些聚合物均具有较高的热分解温度(＞400 ℃), 聚合物PFP具有较高的玻璃化转变温度(～130 ℃)而PFTP11和PFTPA则未出现明显的玻璃化转变过程. 通过对聚合物的吸收特性进行测试得知它们具有较大的光学带宽(2.89～3.29 eV). 所有聚合物在固体薄膜状态下均发射出蓝色荧光, PFP, PFTP11和PFTPA的最大PL发射分别位于425, 437和440 nm. 通过对其电化学性能进行测试可知由于三苯胺基团的引入聚合物的HOMO能级明显提高, 这意味着聚合物的空穴传输能力得到了有效的改善.     

D-π-A型共轭聚合物的合成及其光伏性能

设计合成了3种主链相同、侧基不同的Donor(D)-π-Acceptor(A)型共轭聚合物:聚[(4,8-二辛氧基苯[1,2-b;3,4-b]二噻吩)-(9-(4-氰基苯基)-9H-咔唑)](PBDTCz-CN)、聚[(4,8-二辛氧基苯[1,2-b;3,4-b′]二噻吩)-(9-(4-醛基苯基)-9H-咔唑)](PBDTCz-CHO)和聚[(4,8-二辛氧基苯[1,2-b;3,4-b]二噻吩)-(9-(4-硝基苯基)-9H-咔唑)](PBDTCz-NO_2)。通过调变侧基上的受体基团,比较了氰基、醛基、硝基对聚合物光学和电学性能的影响,讨论了影响聚合物光电转换效率的主要因素。3种聚合物的光学带隙和线性吸收系数依次分别为2.32 eV,152.0 L/(g·cm);2.43 eV,58.5 L/(g·cm)和2.25 eV,85.5 L/(g·cm)。在这些聚合物中,彼此间的最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)能级差距很小,PBDTCz-NO_2的最低未占据分子轨道(LUMO)能级最低(-3.38eV)。在100 W/m~2模拟太阳光的照射下,基于这些聚合物的光伏器件(器件结构:ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Polymer:[70]PCBM(1:2)/Ca/A1)的光电转换效率分别为0.44%(PBDTCz-CN)、0.001 8%(PBDTCz-CHO)和0.23%(PBDTCz-NO_2)。低的光电转换效率主要归因于低的短路电流,而影响短路电流的主要原因有自身吸光性能的限制和弱的π-π堆砌作用。     

The Effect of Random and Block Copolymerization with Pendent Carbozole Donors and Naphthalimide Acceptors on Multilevel Memory Performance

Polymeric materials have been widely used in the fabrication of data‐storage devices, owing to their unique advantages and defined conduction mechanisms. To date, the most‐functional polymers that have been reported for memory devices were synthesized through random copolymerization, whilst there have been no reports regarding the memory effect of block polymers. Herein, we synthesized a random copolymer (PMCz₈‐co‐PMBNa₂) and its corresponding block copolymer (PMCz₈‐b‐PMBNa₂) to study the effect of the method of polymerization on the memory properties of the corresponding devices. Interestingly, both devices (ITO/PMCz₈‐co‐PMBNa₂/Al and ITO/PMCz₈‐b‐PMBNa₂/Al) exhibited ternary memory performance, with threshold voltages of ?1.7 V/?3.3 V and ?2.7 V/?3.8 V, respectively. However, based on comprehensive measurements, the memory properties of PMCz₈‐co‐PMBNa₂ and PMCz₈‐b‐PMBNa₂ were found to be owing to the operation of different conduction mechanisms, which resulted from different molecular stacking in the film state. Therefore, we expect that this work will be helpful for improving our understanding of the conduction mechanisms in polymer‐based data‐storage devices.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Different Spatial Constructions Based on Hexaphenylbenzene Derivatives

In recent years, low‐bandgap polymers have attracted much attention in a wide range of fields. The synthesis of these compounds has been focused on three factors according to the Roncali bandgap theory: 1) the degree of bond‐length alternation (E ^δr), 2) the aromatic resonance energy of the cycle (E ^Res), and 3) the substituted groups (E ^Sub). Herein, we have designed and prepared low‐bandgap polymers in a different way by using the factors E ^θ (the deviation from planarity of the polymer chain) and E ^Int (the interaction of the molecular chains in the solid state). Thus, three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with different spatial constructions, based on hexaphenylbenzene derivatives, were prepared in this work: linear ( P1‐OX ), V ( P2‐OX ), and zigzag ( P3‐OX ) types. These well‐defined polymers exhibited interesting optical and electrochemistry behavior due to their different extents of planarity. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry gave the incremental orderly molecular weight distributions of P1 , P2 , and P3 , the weight‐average molecular weights ( ) of which were 9000, 5500, and 69 000, respectively. Their lamellar layer structures and π–π intermolecular stacking were demonstrated by using two‐dimensional grazing‐incidence X‐ray diffraction, which revealed the edge‐on chain conformation. Finally, the materials were perfectly adapted to fabricate high‐performance organic field‐effect transistor devices, which revealed that these compounds could have great prospects as semiconductors.     

Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Polyfluorene With Dipicolylamine Groups on the Side Chain: Highly Selective and Sensitive Detection of Histidine

Two new polyfluorenes with dipicolylamine (DPA) pendant, PF‐TDPA and PF‐HDPA, are designed and synthesized by pre‐ and post‐functionalization, respectively. PF‐TDPA with a rigid side chain shows a selective fluorescence quenching upon the addition of Cu²⁺ in a mixture solution of tetrahydrofuran and 4‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐1‐piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer. What is more, the PF‐TDPA/Cu²⁺ complex can selectively detect histidine over other amino acids with a fluorescence recovery. In contrast, PF‐HDPA with a flexible spacer exhibits a fluorescence quenching to Cu²⁺ but slightly fluorescence recovery after the addition of histidine. This indicates that the proper distance between the two DPA groups play an important role in the detection of histidine.     

Surface Engineering of ITO Substrates to Improve the Memory Performance of an Asymmetric Conjugated Molecule with a Side Chain

Organic multilevel random resistive access memory (RRAM) devices with an electrode/organic layer/electrode sandwich‐like structure suffer from poor reproducibility, such as low effective ternary device yields and a wide threshold voltage distribution, and improvements through organic material renovation are rather limited. In contrast, engineering of the electrode surfaces rather than molecule design has been demonstrated to boost the performance of organic electronics effectively. Herein, we introduce surface engineering into organic multilevel RRAMs to enhance their ternary memory performance. A new asymmetric conjugated molecule composed of phenothiazine and malononitrile with a side chain (PTZ‐PTZO‐CN) was fabricated in an indium tin oxide (ITO)/PTZ‐PTZO‐CN/Al sandwich‐like memory device. Modification of the ITO substrate with a phosphonic acid (PA) prior to device fabrication increased the ternary device yield (the ratio of effective ternary device) and narrowed the threshold voltage distribution. The crystallinity analysis revealed that PTZ‐PTZO‐CN grown on untreated ITO crystallized into two phases. After the surface engineering of ITO, this crystalline ambiguity was eliminated and a sole crystal phase was obtained that was the same as in the powder state. The unified crystal structure and improved grain mosaicity resulted in a lower threshold voltage and, therefore, a higher ternary device yield. Our result demonstrated that PA modification also improved the memory performance of an asymmetric conjugated molecule with a side chain.     

Synthesis of Imidazole Derivatives and Study of the ON‐Based Different Memory Performances

We report the synthesis of two imidazole‐based small molecules with different planarity of terminal aromatic rings and their application in memory devices with a sandwich configuration. The optical, electric, and the on‐based device performances were systematically investigated. Surprisingly, the device based on BT‐PMZ exhibited volatile static random access memory (SRAM) behavior, whereas that based on BT‐BMZ showed nonvolatile write‐once‐read‐many‐times (WORM) behavior. Further studies on the film morphology and the molecular electronic structure were carried out to investigate the underlying mechanism for the large difference in their performance. Moreover, the performance of the device that incorporates a LiF buffer layer (5 nm) embedded at the interface between the BT‐BMZ active layer and the Al top electrode as well as that of the device with a cold‐deposited top electrode of mercury droplet was further investigated. At that point a dramatic change in memory performance of the devices from the WORM to SRAM type was observed. The intrinsic volatile SRAM performance for the two molecules results from the moderate electron‐withdrawing strength of the acceptor moieties and thus weak trapping of the charge carriers.     

Synthesis and Photovoltaic Properties of Two‐Dimensional Low‐Bandgap Copolymers Based on New Benzothiadiazole Derivatives with Different Conjugated Arylvinylene Side Chains

A new series of 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole (BT) acceptors with different conjugated aryl‐vinylene side chains have been designed and used to build efficient low‐bandgap (LBG) photovoltaic copolymers. Based on benzo[1,2‐b:3,4‐b′]dithiophene and the resulting new BT derivatives, three two‐dimensional (2D)‐like donor (D)–acceptor (A) conjugated copolymers have been synthesised by Stille coupling polymerisation. These copolymers were characterised by NMR spectroscopy, gel‐permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. UV/Vis absorption and cyclic voltammetry measurements indicated that their optical and electrochemical properties can be facilely modified by changing the structures of the conjugated aryl‐vinylene side chains. The copolymer with phenyl‐vinylene side chains exhibited the best light harvesting and smallest bandgap of the three copolymers. The basic electronic structures of D–A model compounds of these copolymers were also studied by DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6‐31G* level of theory. Polymer solar cells (PSCs) with a typical structure of indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS)/copolymer:[6,6]‐phenyl‐C₆₁(C₇₁)‐butyric acid‐methyl ester (PCBM)/calcium (Ca)/aluminum (Al) were fabricated and measured under the illumination of AM1.5G at 100 mW cm^?2. The results showed that the device based on the copolymer with phenyl‐vinylene side chains had the highest efficiency of 2.17 % with PC₇₁BM as acceptor. The results presented herein indicate that all the prepared copolymers are promising candidates for roll‐to‐roll manufacturing of efficient PSCs. Suitable electronic, optical and photovoltaic properties of BT‐based copolymers can also be achieved by fine‐tuning the structures of the aryl‐vinylene side chains for photovoltaic application.     

Synthesis and chiroptical properties of optically active photochromic methacrylic polymers bearing in the side chain the (S)-3-hydroxypyrrolidinyl group conjugated with the trans-azoaromatic chromophore

Novel optically active polymethacrylates, namely poly[(S)-3-methacryloyloxy-1-(4-azobenzene)pyrrolidine] and poly[(S)-3-methacryloyloxy-1-(4′-nitro-4-azobenzene)pyrrolidine], have been synthesized by radical polymerization of the corresponding monomers, prepared in turn through a synthetic route preserving the asymmetric center by any racemization reaction. These homopolymers are characterized by the presence in the side chain of an optically active pyrrolidinyl ring linked to the trans-azoaromatic system through the nitrogen atom. The optical activity of the polymers in solution appears much higher than that observed with the low molecular weight models, purposely synthesized for comparison. Circular dichroism spectra of the synthesized products demonstrated that, in solution, the macromolecules assume highly homogeneous conformations with a prevailing chirality to a larger extent with respect to analogous systems previously investigated. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 3257–3268, 1999     

侧链接有噁二唑的硅氧烷嵌段聚对苯乙烯撑衍生物的合成及其性能研究

在强碱条件下,单体2-(4-辛氧基苯基)-5-[4-(2,5-二溴甲基苯氧基)苯基]-1,3,4-噁二唑和二甲基二对溴甲基苯氧基硅烷发生Gilch脱卤聚合反应,成功合成了一种新型的侧链接有噁二唑的硅氧烷嵌段聚对苯乙烯撑衍生物(8),其结构经FT-IR表征。用UV-Vis,FL和DSC研究了8的光学性能和热稳定性。结果表明,8的热稳定性较单体有所改善;最大发射峰在480 nm。     

Synthesis,optical and electrochemical properties of arylenevinylene‐based π‐conjugated polymers with imidazolium units in the main chain

Arylenevinylene‐based π‐conjugated polymers containing imidazolium cationic units in the main chain and their model compounds were synthesized and characterized in terms of optical and electrochemical properties. 9,9‐Bisoctylfluorene, 2,5‐bisdodecyloxybenzene, and 3‐dodecylthiophene were introduced as arylene units with different donor characteristics to evaluate the effect on the highest occupied molecular orbital‐lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO‐LUMO) gap energy. The UV–vis and fluorescence spectra of cationic polymers and model compounds with iodide counter anion exhibited a significant blue shift with respect to the parent neutral molecules. X‐ray single crystal analysis for model compounds revealed that the effective π‐conjugation length of cationic model compounds decreased compared to the neutral model compounds by means of twisted conformation directed by CH‐π interactions between N‐methyl groups of imidazolium and neighboring aryl units. The cyclic voltammetry measurement suggested the negative shift of LUMO levels by the conversion of imidazole to imidazolium, indicating the electron‐accepting characteristics of cationic imidazolium unit. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011