土壤全氮反射光谱估算机理研究

反射光谱技术具有快速、便捷等特点,过去几十年中将其应用于土壤科学的研究呈指数增长,且广泛用于土壤属性估算。土壤全氮含量是一项非常重要的肥力指标,光谱估算全氮含量可以为实现精准农业提供重要支持。但反射光谱估算土壤全氮含量是基于全氮与有机碳的相关性还是基于氮本身的吸收特征仍然存在争议。本文以江苏滨海土壤为研究对象,利用偏最小二乘法分别构建全氮和有机碳在相同建模样本量、不同全氮含量及变异程度情况下的估算模型,通过分析模型精度变化规律及全氮与有机碳估算模型系数的相关性,探讨土壤全氮反射光谱估算机理。结果表明,该地区土壤为1 000年来滨海滩涂经人为耕作发育形成,全氮含量不高,有机碳含量偏低。全氮与有机碳之间存在较强的相关性,相关系数高达0.98。土壤全氮含量估算精度随样本集全氮含量的平均值、标准差增大出现先增加后略有减小的变化规律,与变异系数的变化规律相一致。当全氮含量较低时(样本平均值小于0.27 g·kg-1),土壤全氮与有机碳相关系数也较小,实现反射光谱估算全氮是基于氮的吸收特征;当全氮含量较高时(样本平均值大于0.29 g·kg-1),全氮与有机碳相关性较强且有机碳模型精度高于全氮,说明有机碳对光谱曲线的影响随其含量增加而增大,并掩盖了氮的吸收特征,实现反射光谱估算全氮是基于其与有机碳的相关性。该研究揭示了土壤反射光谱估算全氮含量的机理,从而为反射光谱快速估算土壤全氮含量提供理论依据。     

室温下单个甘氨酸分子在Cu(111)表面的操纵研究

先用低能电子衍射(LEED)证明了甘氨酸(NH₂-CH₂-COOH)能在室温下在Cu单晶表面产生比较稳定的吸附，然后用扫描隧道显微镜(STM)进一步研究了其吸附情况，看到单个甘氨酸分子在Cu(111)面上吸附稳定并至少有三种吸附状态.分子操纵研究结果表明，甘氨酸分子是被针尖“推着”移动的，它在Cu(111)面有固定的吸附位，并且移动时其吸附状态可以不变.研究结果表明，甘氨酸适合做室温下小分子的可控操纵研究，并且也说明室温下小分子的可控操纵是可能的. 关键词：     

施加有机肥对农田有机质和氮素演化影响的光谱学分析

施用有机肥是改善土壤物理结构、提升土壤肥力、调控养分平衡的的有效手段之一,但目前有机肥施用对农田有机质和氮素演化的影响尚不清楚。研究了施入有机肥后土壤总有机碳(TOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、无机氮含量的变化特征,并利用三维荧光光谱分析了施加有机肥后土壤DOM光谱学特性的变化规律,结合PARAFAC分析法分析了施加有机肥后不同时期土壤水溶性有机物(DOM)各组分相对含量的变化,利用2D-COS技术分析各荧光组分随时间的变化顺序,此外采用典型相关度分析法研究了DOM各组分相对含量与土壤氮素的响应关系,以探究施入有机肥对土壤有机质和氮素演变的影响。结果表明：(1)施加有机肥提高了土壤总有机碳、水溶性有机碳和硝态氮含量,降低了铵态氮含量;(2)土壤DOM三维荧光光谱图出现了A峰(UV类腐殖酸)、 M峰(UVA类腐殖酸)、 T峰(类色氨酸), PARAFAC分析结果显示试验土壤DOM主要由陆地源类腐殖酸(C1)、典型类腐殖酸(C2)、类色氨酸(C3)组成。结果还显示,施加有机肥能提高土壤C1, C2和C3组分的相对含量,试验期间,施加有机肥处理后土壤C1, C2和C3组分的相对含量均呈现先上...     

低氮胁迫下苦荞根际土壤纤维素酶活性的响应机制：荧光光谱法测定

土壤纤维素酶参与土壤中养分的循环过程,分解纤维素为小分子糖分微生物生命活动提供能源物质,并且对生态系统有重要的指示作用。如何快速、精确的测定纤维素酶活性对土壤生态系统诊断、恢复等有重要指示意义。自然界中不同的氮肥处理及种植不同的苦荞品种均会对土壤纤维素酶活性产生影响。利用德国进口全自动进样酶标仪(InfiniteR 200 PRO),以4-Methylumbelliferyl β-D-cellobiopyranoside (Cel) 纤维素荧光物质为底物,将不同耐瘠性苦荞(迪庆苦荞-耐低氮;黑丰1号-不耐低氮)根际土壤以悬液形式用排枪吸取微量和荧光底物混合加入到96孔微孔板进行充分反映、培养测定土壤中纤维素酶活性,其中将对照板和样品放在同一个板块上,减少培养空间占用和操作时间。结果表明,除了苦荞成熟期的常氮处理,苗期和开花期的低氮处理条件下,纤维素酶活性均表现为迪庆苦荞根际土壤显著高于黑丰1号,迪庆根际纤维素酶活性在苗期低氮处理下高于黑丰39.50%;纤维素酶活性在迪庆苦荞的开花期和成熟期氮处理间有显著性差异,表现为常氮高于其他处理,而黑丰1号仅在开花期时常氮处理和其他处理之间有显著差异;灭菌处理酶活性显著低于常氮处理的54.29%,说明迪庆苦荞根际纤维素酶一部分来源于微生物的贡献,养分充足时微生物的活性更高,贡献越大。荧光光谱法分析出的纤维素酶活性表明耐瘠性品种迪庆苦荞可以通过增加根际土壤酶活性的方法来抵抗外界环境的胁迫,面对黄土高原养分贫瘠的土壤,可以考虑选种耐贫瘠的品种来降低成本增加收益。试验过程中,荧光标记的酶标仪测定方法与传统的测定方法相比更加快捷、准确和节约,同样适合大批量样品测定,可以为未来精准农业生产,测土配方施肥提供及时的数据支持。     

交联淀粉微球酶降解过程的FTIR和XRD分析

以可溶性淀粉为原料,N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,采用反相悬浮聚合得到了一种交联淀粉微球(CSM)。为了深入了解交联淀粉微球(CSM)的降解过程,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线粉末衍射(XRD) 等光谱分析手段,对可溶性淀粉、CSM及其CSM在模拟肠液中不同时间的降解产物进行了分析。FTIR和SEM的研究结果表明, CSM在消化液中3 h内可稳定维持其交联结构,降解后3和12 h之间1 090 cm-1处的C—O—C弯曲振动峰减弱,酰胺的Ⅰ带吸收峰和Ⅱ带吸收峰强度的减弱说明了淀粉分子链被降解, 交联结构开始解聚,12 h后酰胺的Ⅰ带吸收峰和Ⅱ带吸收峰完全消失,说明交联结构已完全被除去;XRD结果表明,CSM在消化液中降解12 h后的情况与可溶性淀粉的降解情况相似,非结晶性部分被分解,结晶度随降解过程的进行而提高,但是仍然小于可溶性淀粉的结晶度。     

SERS-稳定同位素标记技术研究氮相关功能/活性微生物

氮是维持生命活动最重要的营养元素之一,环境微生物在氮的生物地球化学循环中起着重要作用,但由于大部分微生物不可培养,对其认识非常有限。本文结合表面增强拉曼光谱(Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy,SERS)与~(15)N稳定同位素标记,证明~(15)N可引起细菌SERS谱峰明显偏移。偏移谱峰可作为细菌同化氮的良好指示。另外~(15)N比例与SERS谱峰呈现良好的线性关系,说明SERS可以用于研究氮相关的功能和活性微生物,并根据偏移程度判断活性。我们也比较了~(15)N、13 C、氘代葡糖糖和氘水引起的SERS谱峰偏移,结果显示位于腺嘌呤环上的C和N引起的偏移要大于氘重同位素引起的偏移。以上研究有助于选择合适的拉曼-稳定同位素标记方法,针对不同元素进行研究。     

荧光法研究β-环糊精(CD)体系中有机小分子对萘酚离解常数的影响

本文研究了 9种有机小分子存在下两种萘酚在 β CD超分子体系中的离解常数 (Kc)及不同有机小分子与 β CD、两种萘酚的相互作用。实验表明 :小分子的加入可有效改变 β CD空腔的极性。对 1 萘酚而言 ,KC 随乙腈、甲醇、乙醇、丁酮加入而减小 ;对 2 萘酚而言 ,KC 则随丁酮、乙腈、丙酮、乙二醇、正丁醇、甲醇的加入而增大。有机小分子与萘酚 / β CD包合物的作用机理可从形成氢键和溶剂效应得到合理的解释。     

谷胱甘肽比率荧光探针分子的设计合成及其光谱性能

将喹啉和丹磺酰胺两种荧光基团同时引入配体L1,利用L1与锌离子自组装构筑三核锌有机-金属大环化合物H-1(比率荧光探针),实现了对生物分子谷胱甘肽(GSH)的有效识别。利用紫外光谱、荧光光谱、~1H NMR、ESI-MS等表征方法研究了H-1对生物分子谷胱甘肽(GSH)的光谱识别作用。紫外滴定光谱表明,当向H-1中加入谷胱甘肽分子后,425 nm处的吸收峰强度降低,320 nm处的吸收峰强度增大,等吸收点为355 nm。利用320 nm处的吸光度值模拟计算平衡常数,lg K为4.03±0.11,说明H-1与GSH形成了1∶1的包合物。荧光光谱分析表明,当向H-1中加入GSH后,以340 nm光激发,波长为513 nm处丹磺酰胺的荧光强度下降,并且发生红移,而396 nm处喹啉基团的荧光强度增大。利用喹啉基团与丹磺酰胺基团荧光发射峰强度变化的比值可以精准检测谷胱甘肽分子,检测限可达到2.5×10~(-6)mol·L~(-1)。     

苝四甲酸二酐在Au(111)表面的取向生长及电子结构研究

利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS),同步辐射紫外光电子能谱(SRUPS),近边X射线吸收精细结构(NEXAFS)以及原子力显微镜(AFM)等技术研究了苝四甲酸二酐(PTCDA)与Au(111)的界面电子结构、PTCDA分子取向及有机薄膜的表面形貌.SRUPS价带谱显示,伴随PTCDA分子的微量沉积(0·5ML),位于费米能级附近Au的表面电子态迅速消失,但却观察不到明显的界面杂化态,这说明PTCDA分子和Au(111)界面间存在弱电子传输过程,但并没有发生明显的化学反应.角分辨NEXAFS以及SRUPS结果证明PTCDA分子是平铺在衬底表面.根据Au4f7/2和C1s峰积分强度随薄膜厚度的变化以及AFM图像可知,PTCDA分子在Au(111)表面是一种典型的Stranski-Krastanov生长模式,即先层状生长,再岛状生长,并且在层状生长到岛状生长的转变过程中,存在有机分子的去润湿过程.     

GaNxAs1－x(x<0.01)中合金态的光学特性

应用多种光谱手段研究了分子束外延生长在半绝缘的(001)GaAs衬底上的低氮含量的GaNAs中 三元合金态的光学特性.变温PL谱揭示了合金态的本征特性以及其与氮的杂质态的根本区别 ，而脉冲激发的光荧光谱则进一步显示了合金态的本征光学特性.最后还研究了GaNAs的吸收 光谱特征.     

纤维素菌体残留物提取类腐殖质的红外光谱研究

微生物驱动下,纤维素分解及转化在腐殖质形成中具有重要作用。采用红外光谱辅以元素分析的技术手段对单一真菌(木霉、青霉和黑曲霉)及复合菌液体摇瓶培养70 d后菌体残留物的类腐殖质(类胡敏酸HLA和类胡敏素)结构进行了分析对比。结果表明：(1)两技术手段的结合有助于菌体残留物HLA分子结构的阐明,然而在表征残留物类Hu结构方面,尚需进一步探讨;(2)木霉有利于其所形成菌体残留物HLA分子的缩聚作用,而青霉则更有利于该组分的降解;(3)青霉和复合菌对残留物HLA分子表现为氧化降解作用;(4)复合菌和黑曲霉均有助于培养液无机氮化合物向残留物HLA和类Hu组分中有机氮成分的转移,促使其氨基C含量增加,为腐殖化进程提供氮源。     

Incorporation of carbon originating from CO2 into different compounds of soil microbial biomass and soil organic matter

In general, soils without the vegetation growing on them are regarded as sources of CO2. However, there are indications that CO2 is also fixed by soil microorganisms. Although this process is not significant from a quantitative point of view, it may change the isotopic composition of soil organic matter. Therefore, we conducted an incubation study with soil and 13C-labeled CO2 to investigate this process. We found that the label was transferred from CO2 into organic compounds in soil. At the end of a 61-day incubation period, 1.3 micromol C g(-1) soil, corresponding to approximately 0.08% of the soil organic carbon, had been fixed. CO2 may, therefore, be an additional source of soil organic carbon. Compound-specific analysis of amino sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids indicated that the label is incorporated into microbial, mainly bacterial, biomass. All groups of microorganisms were involved in the assimilation of CO2, but the relatively high enrichment of mono-unsaturated and mid-chain branched fatty acids indicates that gram negative bacteria and actinomycetes may be slightly more important in this process than other groups of microorganisms.     

13C and 15N distributions in three spodic dystric cambisols under beech and spruce

The study of natural isotopic abundance signatures is useful to gain further insights in the processes resulting in depthwise changes in the composition of soil organic matter (SOM). Objectives were to describe the delta 13C and delta 15N abundances of SOM with depth in soils from a 153-year old beech (B1), a 119-year old spruce (F1) and a 61-year old spruce (F2) stand at Solling, north-west Germany, and to study, how podzolisation affects the isotopic abundances of 13C and 15N in the SOM. The degree of podzolisation decreased in the order F1 > B1 > F2. At the surface of the humus layer of all three sites, delta 13C values are approximately 1 to 4/1000 higher than in the leaves and needles, probably mainly due to the discrimination of 13C by microbial decomposition. 13C abundances in the organic layers of B1 and F2 increased only slightly from -27.6/1000 PDB (B1, L) to -27.2/1000 PDB (B1, Oh) and from -26.3/1000 PDB (F2, L) to -25.9/1000 PDB (F2, Oh), suggesting that biotic activity resulted in mixing of organic matter. At F1, however, 13C abundance increased from -27.5/1000 PDB (L) to -26.0/1000 PDB (Oh) which reflects the lack of mixing by animals. In the upper 2-4 cm of the mineral soil, i.e., in the eluvial horizons Aeh, 13C values showed a minimum at the spruce sites which was presumably related to a translocation of 13C enriched fulvic acids. Depthwise changes in delta 15N values were not related to podzolisation processes. At all three sites, a 13N enrichment with depth occurred in the mineral soil which is the result of the discrimination of 15N by microbial decomposition.     

15N tracing model SimKIM to analyse the NO and N2O production during autotrophic, heterotrophic nitrification, and denitrification in soils

An adjusted model was developed to analyse measured data of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide fluxes from an arable black earth soil. The existing models for kinetic isotope studies ignore N-trace gas fluxes. The novel model includes both N-gas production by heterotrophic and autotrophic nitrification and N-gas production and consumption by denitrification. Nitrous oxide and nitric oxide production through nitrification was simulated following the 'hole-in-the-pipe' model (4: M.K. Firestone et al. Microbiological basis of NO and N2O production and consumption in soil), N-gas production by denitrification was described with first-order kinetics.The model has been evaluated in a triplicate laboratory experiment, which involved three treatments (glycine, , or -pool labeled) to distinguish the different sources of N2O and NO. Heterotrophic nitrification was negligible, whereas autotrophic nitrification and denitrification occur simultaneously in soils. Nitrification was the main source of NO and N2O in the black earth soil by field capacity (water content: 0.22 g H2O g(-1) soil). The NO release was higher than the N2O release, the N2O/NO ratio was 0.05 in this soil.     

Use of 13C and 15N mass spectrometry to study the decomposition of Calamagrostis epigeios in soil column experiments with and without ash additions

The dynamics of C and N in terrestrial ecosystems are not completely understood and the use of stable isotopes may be useful to gain further insight in the pathways of CO2 emissions and leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) during decomposition of litter. Objectives were (i) to study the decomposition dynamics of Calamagrostis epigeios, a common grass species in forests, using 13C-depleted and 15N-enriched plants and (ii) to quantify the effect wood ash addition on the decomposition and leaching of DOC and DON. Decomposition was studied for 128 days under aerobic conditions at 8 degrees C and moisture close to field capacity in a spodic dystric Cambisol with mor-moder layer. Variants included control plots and additions of (i) Calamagrostis litter and (ii) Calamagrostis litter plus 4 kg ash m-2. (i) Decomposition of Calamagrostis resulted in a CO2 production of 76.2 g CO2-C m-2 (10% of added C) after 128 days and cumulative DOC production was 14.0 g C m-2 out of which 0.9 g C m-2 was Calamagrostis-derived (0.1% of added C). The specific CO2 formation and specific DOC production from Calamagrostis were 6 times higher (CO2) and 4 times smaller (DOC) than those from the organic layer. The amount of Calamagrostis-derived total N (NH4+, NO3-, DON) leached was 0.7 g N m-2 (4.8% of added N). Cumulative DON production was 0.8 g N m-2 which was slightly higher than for the control. During soil passage, much of the DOC and DON was removed due to sorption or decomposition. DOC and DON releases from the mineral soil (17 cm depth) were 6.3 g C m-2 and 0.5 g N m-2. (ii) Addition of ash resulted in a complete fixing of CO2 for 40 days due to carbonatisation. Afterwards, the CO2 production rates were similar to the variant without ash addition. Production of DOC (98.6 g C m-2) and DON (2.5 g N m-2) was marked, mainly owing to humus decay. However, Calamagrostis-derived DOC and Calamagrostis-derived total N were only 3.9 g C m-2 (0.5% of added C) and 0.5 g N m-2 (3.4% of added N). The specific DOC production rate from the organic layer was 6 times higher than that from Calamagrostis. The results suggest that with increasing humification from fresh plant residues to more decomposed material (OF and OH layers) the production ratio of DOC/CO2-C increases. Addition of alkaline substances to the forest floor can lead to a manifold increase in DOC production.     

Antibody and DNA dual-labeled gold nanoparticles: Stability and reactivity

Gold nanoparticles labeled by both antibody (IgG) and single stranded DNA (ss-DNA) have been synthesized and characterized. The stability and reactivity of the dual-labeled nanoparticles were compared with the conventional IgG or ss-DNA modified nanoparticles. It was found that the IgG adsorption significantly improved the stability of the nanoparticles in aqueous solution, which is beneficial for attaching ss-DNA. The presence of IgG also effectively prohibits the desorption of ss-DNA against dithiothreitol (DTT) displacement. The coverage on dual-labeled nanoparticles was found to be 50 ± 15 ss-DNA/nanoparticle and 10 ± 2 IgG/nanoparticle, respectively, compared to the value of 70 ± 15 ss-DNA/nanoparticle of only ss-DNA-labeled gold nanoparticles. Dot-immuno and cross-linking experiments confirmed that both the IgG and ss-DNA retained their bioactivity on the nanoparticle surface. The dual-labeled nanoparticles have potential to be used as novel bio-probes for ultrasensitive detection.     

The effect of soil temperature and moisture on organic matter decomposition and plant growth

The effect of soil temperature and moisture on plant growth and mineralisation of organic residues was investigated using 15N-labelled soybean residues and temperature-controlled tanks in the glasshouse. Treatments were arranged in a factorial design with: three soil temperatures (20, 26 and 30 degrees C), two soil moisture regimes (8% (-800 Kpa) or 12% (-100 Kpa)), soybean residues added (enriched at 1.82 atom % 15N excess) or no residues; and either sown with ryegrass or not sown. Pots were sampled six weeks after planting and 15N-enrichment and delta13C of the plant and soil fractions were determined. Soil inorganic N was also periodically measured. Available inorganic N increased significantly with addition of residues and generally decreased with increasing temperature. Plant dry matter decreased significantly with increase in soil temperature and increased with increasing moisture. Root-to-shoot ratio declined with increased temperature and moisture. Percentage nitrogen derived from residues (%Ndfr) increased linearly with increased temperature and moisture. Delta13C decreased linearly with increasing temperature and decreasing moisture status. There was a significant correlation between transpiration and dry matter production, but there was no correlation between water use efficiency and delta13C. The results suggest that C: N ratio of the root material effects the root turnover and in turn the water supply capacity of the root system.     

基于荧光光谱分析秸秆深埋还田黑土剖面DOC组分结构变化特征

以黑土为研究对象,分析不同深度玉米秸秆还田(0～2, 3～10, 11～20, 21～30和31～40 cm)后可溶性有机碳(DOC)的荧光特性差异,探讨秸秆深还田后腐殖化程度的变化特征。结果表明：秸秆还田可提高土壤DOC的含量。三维荧光光谱特征表明,土壤DOC的荧光组分均为2种,CK～T4处理分别为类腐殖质物质组分(Ex/Em=250～275/455 nm)和类色氨酸物质组分(Ex/Em=225～237/340～350 nm),而T5处理分别为类腐殖质物质组分(Ex/Em=250～275/455 nm)和类酪氨酸物质组分(Ex/Em=225/304 nm),还田31～40 cm深度有较小的自生成分,且腐殖化系数最高。土壤DOC组分C1的荧光强度有随着秸秆还田深度的加深而增大的趋势,C2组分则呈波动性的状态,荧光强度先增强再减弱。土壤DOC受自生源和外生源共同作用(FI>1.4, 0.6相似文献   

甘氨酸水热液化原位拉曼光谱观测及反应动力学分析

随着社会经济的飞速发展，能源短缺问题在世界范围内日益突显。目前，开发利用可再生能源已被我国列为能源发展的优先领域。藻类植物蕴含丰富的生物质能，同时又具有光合效率高、固碳能力强、生长速度快、来源分布广等优势，是公认的可持续绿色清洁能源的发展方向。甘氨酸是藻类水热液化过程中的重要过程反应物，其液化过程中的热动力学性质是认识和优化藻类水热液化技术的基础要素，通过研究甘氨酸水热液化过程可为分析复杂的生物质水热液化反应奠定基础。研究基于熔融石英毛细管反应器（FSCR）高温高压可视反应腔，结合Linkam FTIR600控温台与Andor激光拉曼光谱仪联用，对甘氨酸水溶液在270~290 ℃（压力同于实验环境温度下水饱和蒸气压）条件下的液化过程运用拉曼光谱分析技术开展了原位研究。通过观测5 Wt%甘氨酸溶液中C—C伸缩振动峰（897 cm-1）、C—N 伸缩振动峰（1 031 cm-1）和COO-反对称伸缩峰（1 413 cm-1）在液化过程中的相对拉曼强度变化，深入分析了温度及反应时间对甘氨酸溶液各官能团热分解的影响。运用Avrami的反应动力学模型分析，获取了量化温度对甘氨酸分子中骨架碳链ν（C—C）的特征振动模式热解过程影响的活化能，357 kJ·mol-1，和不同实验温度下的反应速率常数k等一系列相关参数，定量地揭示了甘氨酸液化过程的热动力学性质。实验中发现，在设定相同的液化反应时间（10 min）内，当温度低于290 ℃时，降温后反应腔内能观测到甘氨酸水溶液中ν（C—C），ν（C—N），ν_as（COO-）的特征峰，而温度高于290 ℃时则不然，表明甘氨酸的完全液化温度约为290 ℃。该研究运用高温高压可视化实验技术，结合原位拉曼光谱分析技术，厘清了甘氨酸水热液化过程中的不同温度下特征官能团拉曼峰强的变化规律，为深入了解藻类水热液化过程机理、推进生物质能的开发利用提供必要的实验依据，具有重要的科学意义和现实意义。     

长期定位施肥对黑土养分平衡和胡敏素分子结构动态变化的影响

以黑土长期定位试验(始于1979年)为基础,根据土壤养分的输入和输出分析长期不同施肥处理的土壤养分收支状况。利用红外光谱和核磁共振光谱分析胡敏素(Humin,Hu)分子结构的动态变化特征并分析土壤养分收支状况与Hu结构变化之间的关系。结果表明：不同施肥措施在改变黑土养分含量的同时,影响了土壤中惰性组分Hu的分子结构。1980年-2014年有机无机肥配施(MNPK)处理可以满足作物对养分的吸收,土壤总养分含量有盈余,且较不施肥(CK)处理增加土壤有机碳含量,降低土壤C/N比,同时土壤Hu的2 920/1 620和2 920/2 850、脂族C/芳香C、烷基C/烷氧C和疏水C/亲水C比值均增加,表明黑土Hu分子结构变得脂族化、简单化,施肥可以增加土壤活性有机碳,减少惰性有机碳组分含量。有机肥(M)和氮磷钾化肥(NPK)处理不能满足作物对养分的吸收,土壤养分出现亏缺状况。红外光谱显示,施肥年限增加,有机肥(M)和氮磷钾化肥(NPK)处理土壤Hu的2 920/1 620下降,表明其脂族C含量降低;核磁共振光谱显示,氮磷钾化肥(NPK)和不施肥(CK)处理烷基C/烷氧C降低,表明其活性有机碳含量下降。虽然各施肥处理较不施肥(CK)处理整体增加土壤Hu的脂族C含量,降低芳香C含量,但随着施肥年限的增加,氮磷钾化肥(NPK)处理使土壤Hu结构有变复杂化的趋势。各养分盈亏量与土壤Hu的结构特征参数之间具有相关性,N,P₂O₅和K₂O养分盈亏量和总养分盈亏量与2 920/1 620、脂族C呈正相关,与芳香C呈负相关,表明养分状况可以影响土壤Hu的结构。节约经济成本情况下,轮作周期内施入一次有机肥,每年结合氮磷钾化肥的施入可以满足作物对养分的吸收,在提高作物产量的同时,改善土壤腐殖质惰性组分结构,培肥地力。