环氧丙烷聚醚三元醇/左旋聚乳酸三枝链嵌段共聚物的结晶行为

采用DSC对环氧丙烷聚醚三元醇/左旋聚乳酸三枝链嵌段共聚物(PPO-b-PLLA)的熔体结晶行为进行了研究. 在388～407 K范围内, 分别采用Avrami方程和Arrhenius方程进行了结晶动力学计算. Avrami指数n值约为2.2, 表明共聚物以二维生长方式进行晶体生长. 基于LH结晶理论, 对三枝链嵌段共聚物的结晶机理进行了探讨. 实验发现该体系共聚物的Regime II和Regime III转变温度随着n(PO)∶n(LA)的增大而变化, Kg (III)/Kg (II)＝2.0～2.2, 与LH理论预期值吻合. 实验结果表明三枝链的PPO链段对PLLA链段的结晶有很大影响, 使其成核较均聚物困难. 链折叠自由能σe和链折叠功q均高于PLLA的值.     

聚乳酸-聚乙二醇嵌段共聚物晶行为研究

用1H NMR, SEC, XRD和DSC对聚乳酸(PLLA)-聚乙二醇(PEG)二嵌段共聚物进行了表征. 由于共聚物中两种组分比例的不同, 表现出某组分单独结晶或两种组分共同结晶. 用DSC和POM方法, 对两组分含量相当的共聚物进行了熔体结晶行为研究, 并采用Avrami方程进行了结晶动力学计算. 用Lauritzen-Hoffmann理论对PLLA-PEG结晶机理进行了分析. 在70~94 ℃范围内, 得到成核参数Kg(POM)=5.23×105 K2. 共聚物的Kg和链折叠自由能σe都比均聚物的文献报道值高, 表明PEG链段的存在影响了PLLA的结晶, 使得其成核较均聚物困难.     

镧配合物对等规聚丙烯等温结晶性能的影响

利用Avrami方程和Lauritzen-Hoffman结晶动力学理论研究了一种镧配合物LaC对等规聚丙烯(iPP) 等温结晶行为的影响. 差示扫描量热法(DSC)和X射线衍射技术(XRD)研究表明, LaC的加入并未改变iPP的结晶形态, 但LaC的存在能提高体系的结晶度并显著加速iPP的结晶过程. 在130 ℃进行等温结晶时, 含0.5%LaC(质量分数)的iPP与纯iPP相比, Avrami指数n值无显著差异, 但前者总的结晶速率常数k值比后者提高约4倍,而半结晶时间t1/2值减少到后者的62%, Avrami方程分析结果表明LaC的存在主要起到增加晶核的作用. 利用Lauritzen-Hoffman结晶动力学理论, 通过对iPP在121 ℃、124 ℃、127 ℃和130 ℃下等温结晶的数据进行分析可知, 加入0.5%的LaC后, 体系的成核常数kg从纯PP的3.3×105 K2增加到PP/LaC的3.8×105 K2, 而结晶生长时大分子在垂直于分子链方向折叠的界面自由能σe从纯PP的0.223 J·m-2降低到PP/LaC的0.154 J·m-2, 表明LaC在iPP结晶过程中不仅起到增加晶核的作用, 同时使大分子链更易排入晶格, 即起到促进结晶成长的作用.     

光学纯度对聚左旋乳酸结晶与熔融行为的影响

通过示差扫描量热仪(DSC)和广角X射线衍射仪(WAXD)研究了聚左旋乳酸(PLLA)的光学纯度(91.6%、93.3%、94.0%、97.0%、98.4%)对聚乳酸结晶和熔融行为的影响。 在非等温结晶过程中,随着光学纯度的提高,聚乳酸的结晶峰值温度、熔点、熔融焓均提高。 在等温结晶过程中,PLLA的半结晶时间(t_1/2)随着光学纯度的增加而减少,在结晶温度100~110 ℃区间内半结晶时间均达到最小值;含有不同光学纯度PLLA的Avrami指数n≈3,表明光学纯度的变化不能改变聚乳酸以三维球晶生长的异相成核机理。 随着光学纯度的增加,聚乳酸δ-晶型转变为α-晶型的临界温度升高。 聚乳酸的结晶和熔融行为对光学纯度具有依赖性。     

2,4-二硝基苯甲醚熔体及其在介质中的非等温结晶

采用低温差示扫描量热技术(DSC)研究了2,4-二硝基苯甲醚(DNAN)熔体及其分别在RDX和AP介质中的非等温结晶行为.结果表明,AP能够有效降低DNAN结晶过冷度,消除自加热.DNAN及其在RDX和AP介质中的非等温结晶过程可以用Avrami方程描述,获得的Avrami指数n表明DNAN在RDX和AP两种介质的结晶...     

非等温结晶对PLLA的热行为和形貌的影响

将聚L-乳酸(PLLA)熔化非等温熔融结晶, 采用DSC、POM、SEM等技术研究了降温速率对PLLA的热行为和形貌的影响. PLLA在低降温速率(2 ℃·min-1)下的结晶在118 ℃伴随有结晶机制的转变. 玻璃化温度和结晶度随着降温速率的降低而增大. 随着降温速率的降低, 球晶尺寸增大, 当降温速率为10 ℃·min-1 时, PLLA 为无定型材料. 采用模压成型的方法并控制降温速率制备了具有球晶结构的条状PLLA 生物材料, 与高降温速率下制备的PLLA相比,低降温速率下获得的具有球晶结构的PLLA材料的断面更光滑和致密, 但脆性增强.     

聚丙烯-g-聚氨酯共聚物的非等温结晶动力学研究

用DSC法研究了聚丙烯 (PP)和聚丙烯接枝聚氨酯的共聚物 (PP g PU)在不同冷却速率下的非等温结晶动力学 .用Avrami方程和莫志深改进法对DSC测定结果进行了处理 ,结果表明 ,PP g PU的动力学参数能很好的符合Avrami方程和莫志深改进方程 .PP接枝了聚氨酯支链后 ,结晶速率增大 ,球晶的生长和成核机制也相应发生改变 ,而其变化规律与接枝物的组成和结构密切相关     

PLLA-PEG共聚物的非等温结晶行为

采用熔融共聚法制备PLLA-PEG嵌段共聚物, 用WAXD和DSC方法研究其结晶行为, 并用Avrami方程的Jeziorny修正分析了非等温结晶动力学行为. 结果表明, PLLA结晶明显, 而PEG结晶难以观察到, PEG的柔性能促进PLLA结晶. PEG分子量的增加和投料量的增加都能使得结晶温度升高, 结晶度增大, 结晶速度加快.     

不同初始条件下聚乳酸的等温结晶动力学

用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究聚乳酸(PLA)从熔体及玻璃态两种初始状态下的等温结晶行为,考查结晶动力学参数与结晶温度(Tc)及初始状态的关系.实验结果表明:从玻璃态结晶活化能(359 kJ/mol)较从熔体结晶活化能(103 kJ/mol)高;相应的Avrami指数n(2.3～2.7)小于从熔体的(2.5～3.1);所测得的平衡熔点是一致的,分别为155.7℃(玻璃态)、156.4℃(熔体);从玻璃态结晶诱导时间(ti)随着Tc升高而逐渐减小,从熔体结晶Tc=95℃时,出现最小ti为9.47min;在整个Tc区间,从玻璃态结晶速率(G)都受生长控制,从熔体低温时G受生长过程控制,高温时受成核过程控制.     

聚对苯二甲酸1,3-丙二酯的自晶种成核等温结晶动力学

研究了自晶种成核对聚对苯二甲酸1,3-丙二酯(PTT)结晶行为的影响.示差扫描量热结果表明,经过自晶种成核处理后,PTT的结晶温度明显增加.应用Avrami方程分析了PTT等温结晶动力学,Avrami指数n的平均值为3.34,表明初级结晶为三维球晶生长.自晶种成核导致结晶活化能和链折叠功减小,促进PTT的结晶.     

等规聚丙烯自成核的等温结晶动力学

近年来 ,有关等规聚丙烯 (i PP)的自成核研究已引起了人们的关注 [1 ] ,但有关其结晶动力学的报道并不多见 .Carfagna等 [2 ]用膨胀计法研究了 i PP在未完全熔融重结晶情况下的等温结晶动力学 ,得到的 Avrami指数远远小于 3 .张新远等[3 ] 研究了 i PP未完全熔融情况下的非等温结晶动力学 .到目前为止 ,i PP自成核的熔体降温等温结晶动力学尚未见报道 .本文在 i PP自成核研究的基础上 [4] ,用 DSC方法研究了 i PP自成核在较高温度下的等温结晶动力学 ,讨论了结晶机理 .结果表明 ,在本实验的自成核条件下 ,i PP依然是三维球晶生长 ,…     

Crystallization kinetics study of poly(L‐lactic acid)/carbon nanotubes nanocomposites

Effects of carbon nanotubes (CNT) on the isothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(L ‐lactic acid) (PLLA) were quantitatively investigated using the Avrami equation and the secondary nucleation theory of Lauritzen and Hoffman. CNT via grafting modification with PLLA could well disperse in the PLLA matrix and give significantly enhanced crystallization rate and crystallinity of PLLA as analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy. Analysis of isothermal crystallization kinetics using the Avrami equation demonstrated that CNT significantly enhanced the bulk crystallization of PLLA. Analysis of spherulite growth kinetics using the secondary nucleation theory of Lauritzen and Hoffman found that CNT could expand the temperature range of the crystallization regime III of PLLA. Values of the nucleation constant (K_g) in crystallization regimes III and II of PLLA both increased with increasing CNT contents. The K_g III/K_g II ratios were found to be close to the theoretical value 2 but were not clearly found to depend on the CNT contents. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 983–989, 2010     

聚左旋乳酸-聚乙二醇二嵌段共聚物的非等温结晶行为研究

通过变温广角X射线衍射(WAXD)、 差示扫描量热法(DSC)和偏光显微镜(POM)研究了聚左旋乳酸-聚乙二醇(PLLA-PEG)二嵌段共聚物的非等温结晶行为, 并用Ozawa方程分析了PLLA-PEG的非等温结晶动力学. 实验结果表明, 高熔点的硬段PLLA结晶符合Ozawa理论, 而低熔点的软段PEG对PLLA的结晶起到了稀释剂的作用; 当软段PEG开始结晶时, 已经结晶完全的硬段PLLA限制了PEG的结晶, 使得软段PEG的结晶不符合Ozawa理论. 此外, 不同降温速率下的结晶形貌研究结果表明, 随着降温速率的增加, 晶体经历了从环带球晶、 环带和十字消光的混合球晶到典型的十字消光球晶的转变, 并且球晶的尺寸也明显变小.     

DSC analysis of isothermal melt-crystallization, glass transition and melting behavior of poly(l-lactide) with different molecular weights

Isothermal melt-crystallization, glass transition and melting behavior of poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) with different molecular weights were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry. Analysis by Avrami equation showed that crystallization was initiated by heterogeneous nucleation, followed by 3-dimensional growth. The maximum reciprocal half-time of crystallization (1/t_1/2) was detected at 105 °C. Double endothermic peaks were observed around the glass transition for PLLA with intermediate crystallinities, indicating the coexistence of bulk-like and confined amorphous regions. Double-melting behavior was analyzed and combined with the equilibrium melting temperature evaluation by non-linear Hoffman-Weeks extrapolation, from which a value of 207.6 °C was deduced for PLLA of infinite molecular weight. Lauritzen-Hoffman theory was employed to analyze the crystallization kinetics. Regime II-III transition was found to occur at 120 °C for PLLA of lower molecular weight. The crystal morphology was also examined by scanning electron microscopy through chemical etching method.     

Nonisothermal crystallization behavior of the poly(ethylene glycol) block in poly(L‐lactide)–poly(ethylene glycol) diblock copolymers: Effect of the poly(L‐lactide) block length

The confined crystallization behavior, melting behavior, and nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of the poly(ethylene glycol) block (PEG) in poly(L ‐lactide)–poly(ethylene glycol) (PLLA–PEG) diblock copolymers were investigated with wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The analysis showed that the nonisothermal crystallization behavior changed from fitting the Ozawa equation and the Avrami equation modified by Jeziorny to deviating from them with the molecular weight of the poly(L ‐lactide) (PLLA) block increasing. This resulted from the gradual strengthening of the confined effect, which was imposed by the crystallization of the PLLA block. The nucleation mechanism of the PEG block of PLLA15000–PEG5000 at a larger degree of supercooling was different from that of PLLA2500–PEG5000, PLLA5000–PEG5000, and PEG5000 (the numbers after PEG and PLLA denote the molecular weights of the PEG and PLLA blocks, respectively). They were homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous nucleation, respectively. The PLLA block bonded chemically with the PEG block and increased the crystallization activation energy, but it provided nucleating sites for the crystallization of the PEG block, and the crystallization rate rose when it was heterogeneous nucleation. The number of melting peaks was three and one for the PEG homopolymer and the PEG block of the diblock copolymers, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3215–3226, 2006     

钴(Ⅱ,Ⅲ)与meso-四(4-苯基磺基)卟啉(TPPS)络合物的伏安行为研究

木文报道了钴(Ⅱ,Ⅲ)与meso-四(4-苯基磺基)卟啉(TPPS)络合物的形成条件和电还原行为.结果表明在醋酸缓冲溶液(pH3.5)中,Co²⁺-TPPS还原同时产生催化氢波.在氨性缓冲溶液(pH9.0)中,Co²⁺-TPPS产生络合吸附波,讨论了其伏安行为,认为络合物中Co²⁺和TPPS是一步同时还原.溶解氧可以把Co²⁺-TPPS氧化为Co³⁺-TPPS,对比Mn³⁺-TPPS讨论了络合物的形成和溶解氧的作用,认为氧对卟啉络合物中心离子价态变化和电子转移起着重要作用.     

拉伸对聚左旋乳酸结晶的影响

在成型加工过程中,拉伸是提高聚合物材料结晶能力的一种重要手段. 本文采用红外光谱、差示扫描量热分析、X射线衍射等方法系统研究了不同温度下拉伸对聚左旋乳酸（PLLA）结晶行为的影响. 结果表明,在合适的温度条件下,拉伸能迅速提高PLLA的结晶速度和结晶度. 对经过拉伸预处理但未结晶的PLLA样品进行等温及非等温结晶的研究发现,经过拉伸预处理的PLLA样品的结晶速率和结晶度都得到提高,这表明预拉伸会影响PLLA在后续过程中的结晶行为.     

Poly(L‐lactide) crystallization induced by multiwall carbon nanotubes at very low loading

Poly(L ‐lactide) (PLLA)/multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT) composites were prepared by the solvent‐ultrasonic‐casting method. Only very low concentrations of MWNTs (<0.08 wt %) were added in the composites. Isothermal and nonisothermal crystalline measurements were carried out on PLLA/MWNT composites to investigate the effect of MWNTs on PLLA crystalline behavior. DSC results showed that the incorporation of MWNTs significantly shortened the crystalline induction time and increased the final crystallinity of the composite, which indicated MWNTs have a strong nucleation effect on PLLA even at very low concentrations. The nonisothermal crystallization measurements showed that the MWNTs greatly speed up crystallization during cooling. From isothermal crystallization results, both PLLA and PLLA/MWNT composites samples closely followed a relationship based on Lauritzen‐Hoffman theory, with the regime II to III transition shifting to lower temperature with increasing MWNT concentration. A double melting peak appeared in both nonisothermal and isothermal measurements. The conditions under which it appeared were found to closely depend on the regime II‐III transition temperature obtained from Lauritzen‐Hoffman theory. From the magnitude and position of melting peaks, it is proposed that the double melting peak is caused by a disorder‐order crystal phase transition. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 2341–2352, 2009