A duality principle corresponding to the parabolic equations

Our principal problem consists in finding threshold values for a family of blow-up solutions of nonlinear evolution problems depending on a real parameter λ. We seek to obtain the solution of the problem in a constructive and unified approach which would provide the answer for the following general question: Is there is a constructive method for finding the threshold values? We illustrate our approach by means of an example of finding a threshold value for a family of parabolic equations with nonlinearity indefinite in sign. In the main result, the threshold value is expressed via explicitly specified dual variational principles of a new type.     

A quantum version of the classical Szilard engine

A reinvention of the classical Maxwel demon was proposed by Szilard around the time quantum mechanics was developed. His model continues to attract great interest, especially quantum versions of it. A quantum formulation of the Szilard engine is introduced and investigated here. It is made to operate through specified cycles in such a way that all thermodynamic quantities which pertain to the system can be evaluated exactly in closed form along each sequence of steps through a cycle. It is shown that as a result of the structure of the model, it is possible to calculate and compare various thermodynamic quantities as the engine proceeds around a well defined specific cycle.     

A quantum version of the inverse scattering transformation

We derive a formula that expresses the local spin and field operators of fundamental graded models in terms of the elements of the monodromy matrix. This formula may be understood as a quantum version of the classical inverse scattering transformation.     

On the duality principle in pseudo-Riemannian Osserman manifolds

Here we give a natural extension of the duality principle for the curvature tensor of pointwise pseudo-Riemannian Osserman manifolds. We proved that this extended duality principle holds under certain additional assumptions. Also, it is proved that duality principle holds for every four-dimensional Osserman manifold.     

A superposition principle in quantum logics

A new definition of the superposition principle in quantum logics is given, which enables us to define the sectors. It is shown that the superposition principle holds only in the irreducible quantum logics.     

A symmetry principle for topological quantum order

We present a unifying framework to study physical systems which exhibit topological quantum order (TQO). The major guiding principle behind our approach is that of symmetries and entanglement. These symmetries may be actual symmetries of the Hamiltonian characterizing the system, or emergent symmetries. To this end, we introduce the concept of low-dimensional Gauge-like symmetries (GLSs), and the physical conservation laws (including topological terms, fractionalization, and the absence of quasi-particle excitations) which emerge from them. We prove then sufficient conditions for TQO at both zero and finite temperatures. The physical engine for TQO are topological defects associated with the restoration of GLSs. These defects propagate freely through the system and enforce TQO. Our results are strongest for gapped systems with continuous GLSs. At zero temperature, selection rules associated with the GLSs enable us to systematically construct general states with TQO; these selection rules do not rely on the existence of a finite gap between the ground states to all other excited states. Indices associated with these symmetries correspond to different topological sectors. All currently known examples of TQO display GLSs. Other systems exhibiting such symmetries include Hamiltonians depicting orbital-dependent spin-exchange and Jahn-Teller effects in transition metal orbital compounds, short-range frustrated Klein spin models, and p+ip superconducting arrays. The symmetry based framework discussed herein allows us to go beyond standard topological field theories and systematically engineer new physical models with finite temperature TQO (both Abelian and non-Abelian). Furthermore, we analyze the insufficiency of entanglement entropy (we introduce SU(N) Klein models on small world networks to make the argument even sharper), spectral structures, maximal string correlators, and fractionalization in establishing TQO. We show that Kitaev’s Toric code model and Wen’s plaquette model are equivalent and reduce, by a duality mapping, to an Ising chain, demonstrating that despite the spectral gap in these systems the toric operator expectation values may vanish once thermal fluctuations are present. This illustrates the fact that the quantum states themselves in a particular (operator language) representation encode TQO and that the duality mappings, being non-local in the original representation, disentangle the order. We present a general algorithm for the construction of long-range string and brane orders in general systems with entangled ground states; this algorithm relies on general ground states selection rules and becomes of the broadest applicability in gapped systems in arbitrary dimensions. We exactly recast some known non-local string correlators in terms of local correlation functions. We discuss relations to problems in graph theory.     

On the origin of duality in the quantum Hall system

We discuss the possible origin of the duality observed in the quantum Hall current-voltage characteristics. We clarify the difference between “particle-vortex” (complex modular) duality, which acts on the full transport tensor, and “charge-flux” (“real”) duality, which acts directly on the filling factor. Comparison with experiment strongly favors the form of duality which descends from the modular symmetry group acting holomorphically on the complexified conductivity.     

A global equilibrium as the foundation of quantum randomness

We analyze the origin of quantum randomness within the framework of a completely deterministic theory of particle motion—Bohmian mechanics. We show that a universe governed by this mechanics evolves in such a way as to give rise to the appearance of randomness, with empirical distributions in agreement with the predictions of the quantum formalism. Crucial ingredients in our analysis are the concept of the effective wave function of a subsystem and that of a random system. The latter is a notion of interest in its own right and is relevant to any discussion of the role of probability in a deterministic universe.Research supported in part by NSF Grant DMS-9105661.     

Classical and quantum duality in Jordanian quantizations

We prove that for the first order coboundary deformation of a Lie bialgebra (g, g₁ ^*) (g, g₁ ^* + g₂ ^*) one can always get the quantized Lie bialgebra A(g, g₂ ^*) as a limit of the sequence of quantizations of the type A(g, g₁ ^*).     

Diachronic quantum action principle

Classical path and action are diachronic concepts in that they refer to many times instead of just one. The concept of a path is quantized into the concept of a propagation process between the initial preparation of and a measurement on a quantum system. A new quantum action is defined as a linear operator on the space of propagation processes, analogously to representing observables as linear operators on the ket and bra spaces. This quantization of paths and action results in a diachronic action principle: a variation of a dynamical propagation process is generated by the associated variation of the quantum action. The form of this principle is a candidate for the form of a dynamical principle of a theory without a classical time parameter.     

Correspondence principle for the quantum net

Finkelstein's suggestion for a flexible logic is taken up in the context of his causal net theory. We interpret on the net certain concepts that are first expressed in terms of the canonical flexible logic of the macroscopic world, namely, the logic of sheaves over the manifold model, here taken to be flat. From this we infer a correspondence principle in the form of a simple (model-dependent) semantics which translates certain concepts between the purely quantum world of the net and the familiar classical-quantum hybridized world of the macroscopic model. As an application, we derive and solve the reticular version of the massless Dirac equation by analyzing the Dirac operator on the net, where its behavior is easily apprehended.     

Path-integral derivation of quantum duality in nonlinear sigma-models

We show that a previously derived shift in the dilaton field, which necessarily augments the classical effects of duality transformation on the geometry of a nonlinear sigma-model if conformal invariance is to be preserved at the one-loop level, can be extended without change to the case of sigma-models with Wess-Zumino-Witten term (torsion) before and after duality. We also construct a path-integral implementation of the duality transformation, and discover the origin of the dilaton shift in a functional determinant resulting from the elimination of the first-order field. The path-integral formulation in principle allows a derivation of “quantum” duality transformations which preserve conformal invariance to all orders in α', the string tension parameter.     

Bilayer coherent and quantum Hall phases: duality and quantum disorder

We consider a fully spin-polarized quantum Hall system with no interlayer tunneling at total filling factor nu = 1/k (where k is an odd integer) using the Chern-Simons-Ginzburg-Landau theory. Exploiting particle-vortex duality and the concept of quantum disordering, we find a large number of possible compressible and incompressible ground states, some of which may have relevance to recent experiments of Spielman et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5808 (2000)]. We find interlayer coherent compressible states without Hall quantization and interlayer incoherent incompressible states with Hall quantization in addition to the usual (k,k,k) Halperin states, which are both interlayer coherent and incompressible.     

The duality principle and inversion of Laplace–Stielties transforms

The fundamental relation between the Laplace transform, the Stielties transform, and the generalized integral equation of refraction is revealed, and a duality principle is formulated for the solution of inverse problems of radio physics. New formulas of the Laplace-transform inversion satisfying the duality principle are obtained. There is no necessity of contour integration in a complex plane for the relations found, which considerably simplifies the reconstruction of originals and makes it possible to control systematic errors in the experimental data.