Acoustic signature of a submarine hull under harmonic excitation

The structural and acoustic responses of a submarine under harmonic force excitation are presented. The submarine hull is modelled as a cylindrical shell with internal bulkheads and ring stiffeners. The cylindrical shell is closed by truncated conical shells, which in turn are closed at each end using circular plates. The entire structure is submerged in a heavy fluid medium. The structural responses of the submerged vessel are calculated by solving the cylindrical shell equations of motion using a wave approach and the conical shell equations with a power series solution. The far-field radiated sound pressure is then calculated by means of the Helmholtz integral. The contribution of the conical end closures on the radiated sound pressure for the lowest circumferential mode numbers is clearly observed. Results from the analytical model are compared with computational results from a fully coupled finite element/boundary element model.     

Difference frequency and its harmonic emitted by microbubbles under dual frequency excitation

Vibro-acoustography is an elasticity imaging method that uses two ultrasound beams of slightly different frequency to excite an object and detects the resulting acoustic emission (AE) at the difference frequency. This method is especially sensitive to bubbles due to their nonlinearity. This study explores the harmonic acoustic emission (HAE) at twice the difference frequency emitted from bubbles. A perturbation method based on the dynamic bubble equation is used to derive the AE and HAE from a single bubble excited by dual frequency waves. Simulation shows that HAE is generated only by microbubbles whose resonant frequencies match the incident ultrasound frequencies. In contrast, AE is more sensitive to resonance at the difference frequency, which is relevant to sub-millimeter bubbles. This finding was confirmed by experiments where HAE was produced from Optison microbubbles, but not from larger air bubbles which are off resonance at the incident ultrasound frequency. In conclusion, harmonic acoustic emission is present for microbubbles. It is very sensitive to the size of the bubble and may be used for selective detection of microbubbles.     

一类谐波激励相对转动非线性动力系统的稳定性与近似解

建立具有一般非线性弹性力、广义摩阻力和谐波激励的一类相对转动非线性动力系统的动力学方程. 对相对转动非线性自治系统进行定性分析,通过构造Lyapunov函数研究自治系统奇点的稳定性. 运用多尺度法求解谐波激励下非自治系统在几种不同共振响应下的近似解,同时分析了主振系统稳态运动的稳定性. 关键词： 相对转动 非线性动力系统 Lyapunov函数 稳定性     

Dynamical parametric instability of carbon nanotubes under axial harmonic excitation by nonlocal continuum theory

Structures under parametric load can be induced to the parametric instability in which the excitation frequency is located the instability region. In the present work, the parametric instability of double-walled carbon nanotubes is studied. The axial harmonic excitation is considered and the nonlocal continuum theory is applied. The critical equation is derived as the Mathieu form by the Galerkin's theory and the instability condition is presented with the Bolotin's method. Numerical calculations are performed and it can be seen that the van der Waals interaction can enhance the stability of double-walled nanotubes under the parametric excitation. The parametric instability becomes more obvious with the matrix stiffness decreasing and small scale coefficient increasing. The parametric instability is going to be more significant for higher mode numbers. For the nanosystem with the soft matrix and higher mode number, the small scale coefficient and the ratio of the length to the diameter have obvious influences on the starting point of the instability region.     

Detecting cracked rotors using auxiliary harmonic excitation

Cracked rotors are not only important from a practical and economic viewpoint, they also exhibit interesting dynamics. This paper investigates the modelling and analysis of machines with breathing cracks, which open and close due to the self-weight of the rotor, producing a parametric excitation. After reviewing the modelling of cracked rotors, the paper analyses the use of auxiliary excitation of the shaft, often implemented using active magnetic bearings to detect cracks. Applying a sinusoidal excitation generates response frequencies that are combinations of the rotor spin speed and excitation frequency. Previously this system was analysed using multiple scales analysis; this paper suggests an alternative approach based on the harmonic balance method, and validates this approach using simulated and experimental results. Consideration is also given to some issues to enable this approach to become a robust condition monitoring technique for cracked shafts.     

Coded excitation for ultrasound tissue harmonic imaging

Coded excitation can improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in ultrasound tissue harmonic imaging (THI). However, it could suffer from the increased sidelobe artifact caused by incomplete pulse compression due to the spectral overlap between the fundamental and harmonic components of ultrasound signal after nonlinear propagation in tissues. In this paper, three coded tissue harmonic imaging (CTHI) techniques based on bandpass filtering, power modulation and pulse inversion (i.e., CTHI-BF, CTHI-PM, and CTHI-PI) were evaluated by measuring the peak range sidelobe level (PRSL) with varying frequency bandwidths. From simulation and in vitro studies, the CTHI-PI outperforms the CTHI-BF and CTHI-PM methods in terms of the PRSL, e.g., −43.5 dB vs. −24.8 dB and −23.0 dB, respectively.     

Energetics of the excitation of nearly harmonic superoscillations

The energy for creating a temporal train of nearly harmonic superoscillations is studied. It is shown that the power of sources necessary for creating the train of such superoscillations increases exponentially with the number of periods in the train and with the frequency of superoscillations.     

谐和与噪声联合作用下Duffing振子的安全盆分叉与混沌

研究了软弹簧Duffing振子在确定性谐和外力和有界随机噪声联合作用下，系统安全盆的侵蚀和混沌现象.推导出系统的随机Melnikov过程，根据Melnikov过程在均方意义上出现简单零点的条件给出了系统出现混沌的临界值，然后用数值模拟方法计算了系统的安全盆分叉点.结果表明，由于随机扰动的影响，系统的安全盆分叉点发生了偏移，并且使得混沌容易发生. 关键词： Duffing振子 安全盆 分叉 混沌     

多频谐和与噪声作用下Flickering振子的安全盆侵蚀与混沌

研究了催化反应Flickering振子在多频率确定性谐和外力和有界随机噪声联合作用下,系统安全盆的侵蚀和混沌现象.将Melnikov方法推广到包含有限多个频率外力和随机噪声联合作用的情形,推导出了系统的随机Melnikov过程,根据Melnikov过程在均方意义上出现简单零点的条件给出了系统出现混沌的临界值,然后用数值模拟方法计算了系统的安全盆分岔点.结果表明,由于随机扰动的影响,系统的安全盆分岔点发生了偏移,并且使得混沌容易发生.同时证明,激励频率数目的增加扩大了参数空间上的混沌区域,也使得安全盆分岔提 关键词： 多频率激励 Flickering振子 安全盆 混沌     

The effect of rotation on the steady state response of a spring-mass system under harmonic excitation

A two degree-of-freedom system, consisting of a point mass which is constrained to move in one plane, is considered. The motion is controlled by linear springs and viscous damping. A constant amplitude harmonic force is applied along one axis in the plane, which is rotating at a constant angular velocity about an axis perpendicular to the plane. Due to the rotation, oscillation takes place in the direction perpendicular to, as well as along, the axis of excitation.The amplitude and phase of the steady state vibrations are derived as a function of the excitation frequency and the rate of turn. For rates of turn very much less than the system natural frequencies, this theory covers the principles of vibratory rate sensors such as the tuning fork; however, the emphasis here is on the performance of the system when the angular velocity is of the same order as the natural frequencies of the system.     

Nonlinear vibration of a curved beam under uniform base harmonic excitation with quadratic and cubic nonlinearities

This paper presents nonlinear vibration analysis of a curved beam subject to uniform base harmonic excitation with both quadratic and cubic nonlinearities. The Galerkin method is employed to discretize the governing equations. A high-dimensional model that can take nonlinear model coupling into account is derived, and the incremental harmonic balance (IHB) method is employed to obtain the steady-state response of the curved beam. The cases investigated include softening stiffness, hardening stiffness and modal energy transfer. The stability of the periodic solutions for given parameters is determined by the multi-variable Floquet theory using Hsu's method. Particular attention is paid to the anti-symmetric response with and without excitation, as the excitation frequency is close to the first and third natural frequencies of the system. The results obtained with the IHB method compare very well with those obtained via numerical integration.     

Third harmonic transmit phasing for SNR improvement in tissue harmonic imaging with Golay-encoded excitation

Background

Ultrasound tissue harmonic signal generally provides superior image quality as compared to the linear signal. However, since the generation of the tissue harmonic signal is based on finite amplitude distortion of the propagating waveform, the penetration and the sensitivity in tissue harmonic imaging are markedly limited because of the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

Methods

The method of third harmonic (3f₀) transmit phasing can improve the tissue harmonic SNR by transmitting at both the fundamental (2.25 MHz) and the 3f₀ (6.75 MHz) frequencies to achieve mutual enhancement between the frequency-sum and the frequency-difference components of the second harmonic signal. To further increase the SNR without excessive transmit pressure, coded excitation can be incorporated in 3f₀ transmit phasing to boost the tissue harmonic generation.

Results

Our analyses indicate that the phase-encoded Golay excitation is suitable in 3f₀ transmit phasing due to its superior transmit bandwidth efficiency. The resultant frequency-sum and frequency-difference components of tissue harmonic signal can be simultaneously Golay-encoded for SNR improvement. The increase of the main-lobe signal with the Golay excitation in 3f₀ transmit phasing are consistent between the tissue harmonic measurements and the simulations. B-mode images of the speckle generating phantom also demonstrate the increases of tissue harmonic SNR for about 11 dB without noticeable compression artifacts.

Conclusion

For tissue harmonic imaging in combination with the 3f₀ transmit phasing method, the Golay excitation can provide further SNR improvement. Meanwhile, the axial resolution can be effectively restored by pulse compression while the lateral resolution remains unchanged.     

Three-dimensional resolution enhancement in fluorescence microscopy by harmonic excitation

A method for increasing lateral as well as axial resolution in fluorescence microscopy is presented. A passband with a high cutoff frequency throughout reciprocal space can be achieved by illumination of the object with spatially harmonic excitation patterns generated by the interference of two collimated laser beams. Theoretical calculations show an almost isotropic point-spread function with a FWHM near 100 nm.     

局域表面等离激元诱导的三次谐波增强效应

本文研究了二维金三角形纳米颗粒阵列的三次谐波非线性光学效应. 金三 角纳米颗粒阵列是基于微球刻印技术制成. 采用反射式光学系统, 观察到该纳米结构在光谱分辨的飞秒激光照射下产生明显的三次谐波. 研究表明, 当激光抽运频率接近金纳米颗粒的局域表面等离激元共振位置时, 三次谐波信号得到增强; 三次谐波辐射方向满足动量匹配条件. 关键词： 微球刻印 三次谐波产生 表面等离激元     

兴奋模式下谐波复合音音高感知机制的研究

通过测量谐波复合音的基频辨别阈,探讨中等\     

基于调频信号发射的超声造影剂谐波成像方法

提出了一种能够提取超声造影剂回波中二次谐波的非线性成像方法,从数学原理、仿真计算和声学实验三个方面对造影剂血流灌注成像方法进行了研究。首次将调频信号发射技术用于医学超声造影剂谐波成像领域,仿真计算和声学实验结果表明:为了获得较好的图像质量,发射调频信号应该具有合适的包络;发射信号带宽与解码匹配滤波器带宽之间必须有一个带宽间隔;适当降低发射声压能够降低生物组织的谐波。应用编码发射方法和解码滤波器,得到了造影剂二次谐波图像,此图像具有较好的信号噪声比和造影剂组织比。声学实验结果和理论计算结果完全吻合。