造纸污泥与废水污泥流化床焚烧时NO_x和SO_2的排放特性研究

1前言流化床焚烧污犯是近年来发达国家广泛采用的方法，它能很好地实现污泥的稳定化、无害化、减容化和资源化处理。燃煤流化床锅炉污染物排放方面已做了大量的研究工作，由于污泥与煤在结构和性质方面的差异较大，因此有必要对流化床焚烧污泥时污染物排放特性进行研究。本文详细研究了造纸、废水污泥在流化床中焚烧时污泥水份、运行床温及过量空气对NO。和SO。的排放特性及污泥N－＋NO。、S－SO。的转化率的影响，并对这两种性质差异较大的污泥焚烧时的NO。和502的生成特性进行了对比分析，取得了许多有价值的结果，为污泥流化床焚烧…     

城市干化污泥循环流化床燃烧过程中NO和N2O的排放特性

在15 kW循环流化床实验台上进行了城市干化污泥的燃烧实验,研究了污泥含水率、燃烧温度、过量空气系数、二次风比率等因素对NO和N₂O排放特性的影响。实验结果表明:污泥含水率从4.5%增加至17.5%时,NO排放浓度明显降低,N₂O排放浓度明显升高;燃烧温度升高,NO排放浓度呈上升趋势,N₂O排放浓度则呈下降趋势;增大过量空气系数会促进NO和N₂O的生成;提高二次风比率可以降低NO和N₂O的排放浓度。城市干化污泥在循环流化床燃烧过程中NO和N₂O的排放浓度高于污泥与煤混烧时的排放浓度,但燃料N向NO和N₂O的转化率低于与煤混烧过程。     

造纸污泥流化床焚烧试验研究

在一座密相床截面积为 ０．２３ ｍ×０．２３ｍ、高度为 ５ｍ的流化床燃烧试验装置上进行了造纸污泥的焚烧试验．探明污泥水分、流化速度、二次风份额和过剩空气系数等参数对污泥燃烧性能的影响规律,为高水分造纸污泥焚烧炉的优化设计提供了依据．测试表明,在不添加脱硫剂情况下焚烧烟气中ＳＯ２、ＮＯｘ和Ｎ２Ｏ的排放浓度完全满足国家排放标准．     

城市下水污泥和煤/LPG在循环流化床上的混烧试验研究

在高6000 mm、直径300mm的循环流化床上进行了含水率为79％的湿污泥与煤／石油液化气(LPG)的混烧试验。试验结果表明:无论用煤还是LPG作为辅助燃料,试验都能在设定的工况条件下稳定运行;向炉内加入石灰石的量达到钙硫摩尔比为3．4∶1时,二氧化硫和氯化氢的排放达标,脱硫效率和脱氯效率分别为75％和94％;在试验中, 烟气中NOx排放、烟气中汞含量和二恶英类排放都不超标;试验产生的飞灰含碳量低,飞灰中痕量元素的浸出毒性不超标;计算表明,如果利用余热干燥污泥和预热空气可有效地减少辅助燃料的消耗量。     

循环流化床上部空间燃料燃烧份额和传热

一、引言 循环流化床锅炉,作为第二代流化床燃煤热力装置,得到了国内外能源科学技术界的重视.这种装置的主要特点是:在高效率气-固分离和高倍率固体物料循环的条件下,燃烧与脱硫以及传热过程在整个燃烧室空间(炉瞠)内进行.这与传统的鼓泡流化床装置有显著的不同.探索这种装置在各种可能工况下,炉膛上部燃料的燃烧份额和炉内烟气对炉壁的传热率,以及与当地固体颗粒浓度之间的关系,对于设计和开发工业用循环流化床     

城市生活垃圾流化床焚烧时PCDD/Fs排放特性的研究

城市生活垃圾焚烧处理已逐渐在我国推广应用．垃圾焚烧所产生的二恶英污染问题日益被人们所关注,浙江大学基于我国城市生活垃圾的特点（高水份、多组份、低热值等）,成功开发了异重流化床焚烧技术并应用于一座 １５０ ｔ／ｄ垃圾流化床焚烧锅炉．木文首先介绍了二恶英的分析方法,其次在小型流化床上进行了ＰＣＤＤ／Ｆｓ的生成机理试验、在此基础上,对１５０ｔ／ｄ垃圾焚烧炉烟气中二恶英排放进行了分析,实验结果将指导焚烧炉优化运行并为进一步研究打下坚实基础。     

掺加粉煤灰提高含钙脱硫剂的烟气脱硫率的实验研究

一、前言 在我国降低SO_2的排放量,控制酸雨的形成和发展已刻不容缓。为了减少SO_2对大气的污染,应着重降低燃烧设备特别是电站煤粉燃烧设备的SO_2排放量。目前用以减少电站燃煤设备的SO_2排放量的方法主要有燃烧后烟气脱硫、流化床燃烧和炉内喷钙脱硫。烟气脱硫技术的设备投资昂贵,运行费用高,难以在我国广泛应用。流化床燃烧在相     

煤的清洁利用技术的现状与发展

文章针对中国一次能源以煤为主的特点,深入分析了几种主要的煤的洁净利用技术的现状及存在的主要问题和发展趋势,其中包括大容量、高参数的超(超)临界燃煤发电技术、燃煤烟气净化技术、循环流化床燃烧技术(CFBC)、整体煤气化联合循环技术(IGCC)和煤的洗选技术.在此基础上,给出了中国煤的清洁利用方式的建议:近期仍以超(超)临界燃煤发电机组+燃煤烟气净化技术和循环流化床燃烧技术为主;整体燃气化联合循环技术、富氧燃烧技术(特别是加压富氧燃烧技术)以及二氧化碳的捕集和封存技术(CCS),具有广阔应用前景,值得长期大力发展.     

垃圾焚烧炉氯源对氯化氢和二噁英排放的影响

本文研究了150 t/d垃圾与煤混烧流化床锅炉在不同含氯水平和添加钙基脱硫时氯化氢和二噁英的排放特性。实验结果表明烟气中的氯化氢和二噁英浓度随燃料中垃圾比例的增加而上升,在含氯量一定的情况下,炉内燃烧状况决定了二噁英的生成量,烟气中的二噁英随燃料中含氯量的增加而增加,飞灰中的二噁英则随燃烧状况的改善而增加。钙基的加入可以有效降低氯化氢和二噁英的排放。在我国目前的垃圾组分条件下,全煤工况和垃圾与煤混烧工况的二噁英排放量很低。     

内部烟气再循环式小型天然气炉内NOx排放的研究

本文采用实验和数值模拟方法对内部烟气再循环式小型天然气炉内氮氧化物的排放进行了研究.探讨了炉膛中加装的一种中心圆筒结构对炉内烟气再循环流动及NOx排放的影响.研究结果表明,中心圆筒的存在可以使氮氧化物的排放有所降低.与不加装中心圆筒的工况相比,加装中心圆筒后炉内NOx的排放随过晕空气系数的变化较弱.炉内加装中心圆筒后,烟道入口处的温度降低,这表明中心圆筒的存在强化了炉壁的散热,从而降低了排烟温度.     

Stabilization of biosolids with nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI)

Biosolids are the treated organic residuals, also known as sludge, that are generated from domestic wastewater treatment plants. According to the USEPA, over 7 millions tons (dry weight) of biosolids are generated every year in the US by more than the 16,000 wastewater treatment plants and a large portion of these biosolids is disposed on land. Nuisance odors, the potential of pathogen transmission, and presence of toxic and persistent organic chemicals and metals in biosolids have for the most part limited the use of land applications. This paper presents zero-valent iron nanoparticles (1–100 nm) for the treatment and stabilization of biosolids. Iron nanoparticles have been shown to form stable and nonvolatile surface complexes with malodorous sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and methyl sulfides, degrade persistent organic pollutants such as PCBs and chlorinated pesticides, and sequestrate toxic metal ions such as mercury and lead. The end products from the nanoparticle reactions are iron oxides and oxyhydroxides, similar to the ubiquitous iron minerals in the environment. Due to the large surface area and high surface reactivity, only a relatively low dose (<0.1% wt) of iron nanoparticles is needed for effective biosolids stabilization. The iron nanoparticle technology may thus offer an economically and environmentally sustainable and unique solution to one of the most vexing environmental problems.     

高炉渣非晶态含量的定量分析方法研究

通过X-ray衍射方法对高炉渣中非晶态与晶态的含量进行了定量分析研究。定量分析过程包括标准样品制备、配样与衍射以及数据处理分析。数据处理包括非晶态衍射峰及晶态峰在一定衍射角度内的积分、线性拟合与定量系数确定。提出了X-ray衍射方法所用的高炉渣标准样品的制备方法,包括100％非晶态标样和100％晶态标样。提出了由100％非晶态和100％晶态为标准样品时,高炉渣中非晶态含量的测定方法,适用于非晶态含量较高(>80%)的高炉渣的定量分析。结合数学处理和X-ray衍射结果,可得到原始高炉渣中非晶态含量和晶态含量,以及相应的比例系数,适用于非晶态含量高的高炉渣(>90%)。     

Energy recovery from municipal solid waste incineration—A review

Heat recovery from the incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) can make a useful contribution to the nation's energy needs. This paper reviews the literature on the field of energy recovery from MSW incineration. This review includes (1) An historical background on the MSW methods of disposal and the recent trends. (2) The potential role of waste as a fuel from the knowledge of its analysis, heating value and quantity. (3) The alternative methods of waste disposal including the thermal (mass incineration, refuse-derived fuel and pyrolysis), the mechanical and the biochemical processes. (4) Some economic considerations regarding MSW disposal costs. (5) The combustion characteristics of MSW and waste combustion plants. (6) Heat recovery from waste burning including the main types of waste heat boilers; the heat recovery rates; heat exchange boundary conditions; fouling, erosion and corrosion of waste heat boilers; control of waste incineration particulate emissions and finally the control of nitrogen oxides emissions. The intensive data given here is essential to the proper design and operation of any MSW-to-energy plant. The design needs to be undertaken with careful consideration of the experience that already exists in order to achieve success.     

印染废水处理厂排水中有机物的荧光方法表征

我国苏南地区印染企业众多,废水排放量巨大,加强印染废水的处理排放管理势在必行。三维荧光光谱测量快速、灵敏,能够反映水中有机物组成,可以弥补化学需氧量等传统有机物指标评价水质的不足。采集了我国苏南某市5家运行良好、达标排放的印染废水处理厂的排水,进行了总有机碳、UV254和三维荧光光谱的测定,来表征其中的溶解性有机物。5家污水处理厂排水的单位总有机碳的UV254为1.42~4.29L·mg~(-1)·m~(-1),表明其有机物芳香化水平与城市污水处理排水接近。各个污水处理厂印染废水处理排水的三维荧光光谱有所差别,但主要都有两个荧光峰,其激发波长和发射波长分别位于230/340和275/320nm处,校正归一化后的荧光强度远高于城市污水处理排水,而腐殖化指数远低于城市污水处理排水,表明印染废水处理排水相比城市污水处理排水存在较大比例的非腐殖类芳香族化合物。通过测定周边印染企业常用染料的三维荧光光谱可以推测印染废水处理排水的荧光信号可能来自于残留的染料及其未完全降解的中间产物,可能会对水环境造成一定的危害。研究显示三维荧光光谱在显示水体有机物污染组成上具有一定优势。     

A review on pharmaceuticals removal from waters by single and combined biological,membrane filtration and ultrasound systems

Contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) such as pharmaceuticals commonly found in urban and industrial wastewater are a potential threat to human health and have negative environmental impact. Most wastewater treatment plants cannot efficiently remove these compounds and therefore, many pharmaceuticals end up in aquatic ecosystems, inducing problems such as toxicity and antibiotic-resistance. This review reports the extent of pharmaceutical removal by individual processes such as bioreactors, advanced oxidation processes and membrane filtration systems, all of which are not 100% efficient and can lead to the direct discharge of pharmaceuticals into water bodies. Also, the importance of understanding biotransformation of pharmaceutical compounds during biological and ultrasound treatment, and its impact on treatment efficacy will be reviewed. Different combinations of the processes above, either as an integrated configuration or in series, will be discussed in terms of their degradation efficiency and scale-up capabilities. The trace quantities of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater and scale-up issues of ultrasound highlight the importance of membrane filtration as a concentration and volume reduction treatment step for wastewater, which could subsequently be treated by ultrasound.     

废弃物燃烧及流化床焚烧炉冷模实验研究

废弃物燃烧及流化床焚烧炉冷模实验研究王柏懿，盛宏至，戚隆溪，田文栋（中国科学院力学研究所北京１０００８０）关键词：固体废弃物，焚烧，流化床，冷模实验一、引言众所周知，环境污染已成为影响人类生存和社会发展的严重问题。例如，随着人口增长、经济发展和工业化...     

城市污水的三维荧光指纹特征比较

监控污水偷排以及诊断污染类型是当前水质预警研究的重点问题.由于污染物种类和含量各异,污水的荧光光谱与水样一一对应,被称为污水的"荧光指纹".以两种城市污水为例,探索了利用荧光指纹参数区分污水的可行性.两种城市污水荧光指纹特征的主要差异在于:A厂污水最强荧光峰强度(I280/340)平均为8308±1560,次强荧光峰强度(I225/340)平均为6350±1173;B厂污水I280/340平均为5929±400,I225/340平均为4224±90;平均最强和次强荧光峰强度之比分别为1.31和1.41.荧光指纹特征可以区分这两种城市污水的差异.     

Enhancement effects of ultrasound on secondary wastewater effluent disinfection by sodium hypochlorite and disinfection by-products analysis

Since fecal coliforms was introduced as a standard indicator of pollutants in effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants in China in 2003, chlorine had been widely used in many wastewater treatment plants. However, concerns about the disinfection by-products (DBPs) of chlorine have been increasing. One of the effective way to reduce the production of DBPs is to reduce the effective chlorine dosage by improving the utilization rate of disinfectant. Ultrasound (US) is proved to be effective in wastewater treatment for its multiple chemical and physical effects produced by cavitation, which could favor the disinfection process accordingly. For the purpose of improving disinfection efficiency with the help of US, following points are addressed in the current study: (1) investigate the enhancement effects of US on the disinfection efficiency of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) for real secondary effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants; (2) evaluate the possibility of using US specific energy consumption (kJ/L) as an parameter for disinfection efficiency evaluation; and (3) quantify the reduction in chlorine-DBPs through US application. Results demonstrated that sonication could reduce two-thirds (US pretreatment) or one-third (simultaneous US and NaClO disinfection) of the required concentrations of NaClO (available chlorine) for 4 log reduction of fecal coliforms, which could meet the Class 1A (fecal coliforms less than 1000 CFU/L) discharge standard of China. In addition, US pretreatment with NaClO disinfection performed better enhancement in disinfection efficiency compared with simultaneous US and NaClO disinfection. Furthermore, analysis on DBPs showed that US application as pretreatment could obviously reduce the contents of trichloromethane (TCM) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) by more than 85% and 50%, respectively, compared with NaClO disinfection alone for the same disinfection efficiency. Meanwhile, the experimental results also showed that the disinfection efficiency and DBPs concentration were only slightly affected under a constant US specific energy consumption, although input power density and irradiation time changed, indicating that specific energy consumption (kJ/L) could be considered as a better control parameter for disinfection efficiency evaluation.     

微生物接种堆肥胡敏酸三维荧光特性研究

为提高堆肥效率,试验采用接种微生物堆肥技术,通过对堆肥样品中胡敏酸三维荧光光谱特性进行动态分析,探讨了微生物接种对堆肥腐殖化进程的影响。在堆肥初期,胡敏酸只产生一个类富里酸荧光峰(peak a,Ex/Em为330/440)。在堆肥的336 h,与对照(RUN_ck)相比,接种微生物堆肥(RUN_mic)胡敏酸三维荧光光谱中类富里酸特征峰(peak a,Ex/Em约为350/440)荧光强度明显减少,而类胡敏酸荧光峰(peak b,Ex/Em约为390/470)强度则略有增加;并且peak a和peak b对应的激发、发射波长均有一定程度的红移。胡敏酸元素分析表明,堆肥336 h,RUN_ck胡敏酸分子中C/H和O/C依次增加9.68%和10.91%;RUN_mic中胡敏酸C/H和O/C依次增加了11.11%和20.37%,表明RUN_mic中胡敏酸分子缩合度明显。以上结果证实,接种微生物可明加快堆肥腐殖化进程,进而提高堆肥效率。     

不同处理工艺钢渣的X射线衍射和X射线荧光光谱分析及其活性指数预测模型

以不同处理工艺钢渣,即转炉热泼渣、转炉滚筒渣、铸余渣、铁水脱硫渣、电炉热泼渣和电炉滚筒渣作为研究对象。利用X射线衍射仪和X射线荧光光谱分析仪研究钢渣的化学成分与物相组成。利用BP神经网络模型建立钢渣活性指数预测模型,研究化学成分、物相组成与活性的关系。结果表明： 钢渣的处理工艺不同,其化学成分与物相组成存在明显差异;钢渣活性指数预测模型具有良好的符合性,即相对误差为2.42%和-2.54%,能充分反映输入层与输出层之间的映射关系。