A STUDY OF PACKING STRUCTURE OF POLY(P-PHENYLENE BENZOBISTHIAZOLE)BY MOLECULAR SIMULATION

Molecular simulation technique was used in an examination of the possibilities of chain packing inthe crystalline state for poly(ρ-phenylene benzobisthiazole).It has been found that one reason of hardlyforming very ordered crystal of the polymer is the existence of so many stable positions of interchaininteraction along chain axis.     

RAMAN SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY ON THE CHAIN CONFORMATION OF ELECTROSYNTHESIZED POLY(ρ-PHENYLENE)FILMS

Poly(ρ-phenylene)(PPP)films have been electrochemically deposited on mirrorlike stainless steel(SS)electrode surfaces by direct oxidation of benzene in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate(BFEE)solutions at a constant applied potential of 1.7 V(versus Ag/AgCl).The chain conformations of as-grown PPP films have been studied by Raman spectroscopy.The results demonstrated that high synthesis temperature favors the formation of planar PPP,and the conformation of planar PPP can be changed into torsional PPP by cooling treatment.     

PIEZOEIECTRICITY AND MOLECULAR MOTION OF POLY(VINYLIDENE-FLUORIDE)BLENDS

In the last few years,the piezoelectricity of PVDF has attracted much attention,andvarious transducers using PVDF have been widely used.With the purpose to clarify the influence of the second component of PVDF blend onits film piezoelectric property and to search for new piezoelectric materials,this paperreports the investigation on the piezoelectricity and the molecular motion of three types     

TRANSESTERIFICATION OF POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) WITH POLY(ε-CAPROLACTONE)*

Transesterification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) was investigated bymeans of NMR spectroscopy, extraction experiments, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and phase contrast microscopy(PCM). The ~1H-NMR results show that transesterification takes place in the melt blends and leads to the formation of thePET-PCL copolyester with a chemical structure similar to ethylene terephthalate-ε-caprolactonc copolycster (TCL)synthesized directly from monomers. However, even in the blend that has been transesterified for 8 h, the random PET-PCLcopolyester, PET-PCL copolyester with long PET or long PCL segments and the unreacted PET and PCL homopolymersmay coexist. Due to the low mobility of PET and PCL chains and the high viscosity of the two macromolecules, thetransesterification proceeds with difficulty. Furthermore, PET is incompatible with PCL, the transesterification can onlyoccur at the interface or in the interfacial region between two phases, and finally the reaction can only reach a localequilibrium. These results indicate that in fact the transesterification in the melt blend between two incompatiblehomopolymers could not lead to the formation of completely random or typical block copolyesters.     

STUDIES ON MISCIBILITY OF POLY (ε-CAPROLACTONE) AND ALIPHATIC POLYCARBONATE BLENDS AND DETERMINATION OF THEIR INTERACTION PARAMETER*

In this paper the miscibility of poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and aliphatic polycarbonate (APC) is studied by using DSC. The results show that PCL and APC are miscible in all ranges of composition. The interaction parameter between the polymers is calculated from the melting point depression data. Using optical microscope, the shapes of the PCL spherulites in the blends are observed.     

CRYSTAL PACKING OF POLY(ETHER KETONE KETONE)

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MOLECULAR WEIGHT DEPENDENCE OF THE MELTING BEHAVIOR OF POLY(ε-CAPROLACTONE)

Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with different molecular weights was synthesized and characterized by a gelpermeation chromatograph equipped with multiple detector. The melting behavior of PCL was also studied. It was found thatthe equilibrium melting points (T_m~0) of PCL samples depend on their molecular weights. Wide angle X-ray diffractionmeasurements (WAXD) and DSC measurements showed that the crystals of the high molecular weight PCLs were moreperfect than those of the low molecular weigh ones. These results demonstrate that the concentration of the end groups ofPCL chains is the main factor that influences the melting behavior. The fusion enthalpy per repeating unit (ΔH_u) wasdetermined to be 11.3 kJ/mol for PCL.     

COMPATIBILITY IN POLYMER BLENDS OF POLY (VINYL ACETATE) AND POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE)STUDIED BY NMR

Compatibility of poly (vinyl acetate) (PVAc) with poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) mixtures has been studied by using nuclear magnetic relaxation, differential scanning calorimeter and small-angle X-ray scattering techniques. The nuclear magnetic relaxation time T_1's were measured as a function of composition in blends of PMMA and PVAc prepared from chloroform solution. The results show that the system is miscible for casting from chloroform solution.     

CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURES OF 2-ACETYLDIFER-ROCENYLMETHANE AND 3'''' - ACETYLDIFERROCENYLMETHANE

<正> 2 - acetyldiferrocenylmethane, C5H5FeC5H4CH2C5H3 (COCH3) FeC5H5 ( I ),Mr=426. 1,violet-red prism-like crystal,m. p. 163. 7~166. 3℃,obtained from benzene-ligroin solution (benzene : ligroin=1 : 3). A crystal of approximate dimensions 0. 20×0. 40×0. 45 mm was selected for data collection from a CAD4 diffractometer with graphite monochromated MoKa radiation (λ=0. 71069A). Compound Ⅰ crystallized in the triclinic space group P1 with unit cell dimensions;a = 9. 597(2),b=9. 768 (2),c=11.540(1) A ,α= 111-93(1),β=111. 42(1),γ= 92. 46(2)°,V = 913. 9 A3, Z= 2, and Dc= 1. 548 g/cm3. 3' - Acetyldiferrocenylmethane, C5H5FeC5H4CH2C5H4FeC5 H4-COCH3(Ⅱ) ,is an isomer of compound Ⅰ ,yellow needle-like crystal,m. p. 110. 5~ 111. 0℃ ,obtained by the same method. A crystal of approximate dimensions 0. 025×0. 01×0. 45 mm was selected for data collection. Compound Ⅱ crystallized in monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 10. 930 (2), b= 5. 907(6) ,c= 27. 729(5) A ,β= 92. 64 (1)°,V=1788. 4A3,Z=4,Dc=1. 583 g/cm3.     

CHANGES OF STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF POLY (ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) CAUSED BY IN-SITU POLYMERIZATION OF PYRROLE

Conductive polymer composites based on crystalline polymer matrix have been prepared by using an in-situ polymerization process of pyrrole in amorphous poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film. The DSC and WAXD measurement and SEM observation show that liquid-induced crystallization of PET matrix has occurred during the preparation of composite films. Depending upon the equilibrium degree of swelling and crystallinity, the limited depth of penetration of pyrrole molecules results in a skin-core structure of the composite film. The skin layer containing charge transfer intercalated polypyrrole has a surface resistance of 3.5×10~4 Ω. Rigid and heat-resistant polypyrrole molecules formed in PET film increase the tensile modulus and, especially, the rigidity of PET at elevated temperatures. However, they decrease the tensile strength and elongation at break, and impair the thermal ductility of PET.     

INFLUENCE OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND PERIODATE-MODIFICATION OF β-D-GLUCANS FROM PORIA COCOS SCLEROTIUM ON ANTITUMOR ACTIVITIES*

In this work, influence of molecular weight and periodate modification ofβ-D-glucans isolated from Poria cocos sclerotium on the antitumor activities against Sar-coma 180 and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumor was studied. The results show thattwo glucans PC3 (linear β-(1→3)-D-glucan) and PC4 [β-(1→3)-D-glucan with a fewof branches and glucuronic acid] are devoid of antitumor activity. However, when theglucans were modified by periodate oxidation, borohydride reduction and mild hydrolysisor partially hydrolysis, the derivatives have obvious antitumor activities. The decreasein molecular weight of glucans after periodate modification hardly affects their antitumoractions, but on the other hand, the decrease of molecular weight without periodate modi-fication could lead to an enhancement of the antitumor activities. Moreover, the glucansand these derivatives have much higher enhancement ratios of body weight of mice thanthat of 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), suggesting that they are less toxic than 5-Fu.     

KINETICS OF NON-ISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION OF POLY (ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) MODIFIED BY POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL)

The non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) modified by poly (ethlene glycol) (PEG) were determined by DSC. The dual linear regression method was used to evaluate the relationship between the reciprocal of t 1/2 ( the half life of crystallization) and the appropriate temperature variable. The parameters such as the activation energy (Ed) for transport, the equilibrium melting temperature (T_m~0),the nucleation parameter (ψ),themaximum crystallization temperature (T_(e, max)), and the kinetic crystallizability (G) for the copolyesters were obtained. The influence of the PEG content in PET chains on the parameters characterizing crystallization kinetics and crystallization thermodynamics was discussed.     

EFFECTS OF ω-ACRYLOYL POLY (ETHYLENE OXIDE) MACROMONOMER ON EMULSIFIER-FREE EMULSI0N COPOLYMERIZATION OF METHYL METHACRYLATE AND n-BUTYL ACRYLATE*

Well-defined nonionic hydrophilic ω-acryloyl poly(ethylene oxide) macro-monomer (PEO-A) has been prepared by living anionic polymerization of ethylene oxidewith diphenyl methyl potassium as the initiator and acryloyl chloride as the reaction termi-nating agent. The polymer was characterized by FTIR and SEC. The emulsifier-free emul-sion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and n-butyl acrylate (BA) containingvarious concentrations of PEO-A was studied. In all cases stable emulsion coplymerizationsof MMA and BA were obtained. The stabilizing effect was found to be dependent on themolecular weight and the feed amount of the macromonomer.     

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND MORPHOLOGY OF NASCENT SAMPLES OF SYMMETRIC AROMATIC POLYESTERS——Ⅰ.POLY(P-PHENYLENE TEREPHTHALATE)*

The morphology and crytal structure of poly(p-phenylene terephthalate) (PPT), prepared by confined thin filmmelt (CTFMP) and solution (CTFSP) and bulk solution polymerization, were characterized by transmission electronmicroscopy, electron dimaction and molecular modeling. The unit cell is monoclinic (P2_1/a space group) with parameters a =7.89, b = 5.49, c = 12.65 A, α=γ= 90°, β=100.33°, density = 1.48 g/cm~3, the a, b and β values differing slightly from thosereported previously in the literature. A degree of variation in relative intensities of hk0 reflections in, apparently, untilted[001] ED patterns was observed from a given sample, suggesting some variation in molecular packing. ED evidence wasfound for a second phase, with [001] appearing the same as for phase Ⅱ of the related poly(p-oxybenzoate) (PpOBA)polymer. CTFMP crystals polymerized above 220℃ (up to 370℃) and CTFSP crystals polymerized at 300℃ consisted oflamellae 100-200 A thick.     

RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATION OF ε-CAPROLACTONE BY LANTHANOCENE CATALYSIS*

Ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone (CL) catalyzed bylanthanocenes, O(C_2H_4C_5H_3CH_3)_2YCl (Cat-YCl) and Me_2Si[(CH_3)_3SiC_5H_3]_2NdCl(Cat-NdCl) has been carried out for the first time. It has been found that both yttroceneand neodymocene are very efficient to catalyze the polymerization of CL, giving high molec-ular weight poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL ). The effects of [cat] / [ε- CL] molar ratio, polymeriza-tion temperature and time, as well as solvents were investigated and polymerization tem-perature is found to be the most important factor affecting the polymerization. The bulkpolymerization gives higher molecular weight PCL and higher conversion than that in solu-tion polymerization. NaBPh_4 was found to promote the polymerization of ε-caprolactone,and thus to increase both the polymerization conversion and MW of poly (ε- caprolactone ).     

SYNTHESIS OF POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE) WITH LOW CONTENTS OF HEAD-TO-HEAD CHAIN

The relations between polymerization conditions of vinylidene fluoride and contents of head-tohead chain in the polymer have been studied. It shows that the contents of head-to-head chain of the polymer are related to its polymerization temperature, but are not related with the kinds of initiators used. Therefore, poly(vinylidene fluoride) with low contents of head-to-head chain (ca. 3%) can be prepared under lower polymerization temperature. Plot of the contents of A chains against melting points of the polymer is linear, which can be expressed by an equation: A=24.8 + 0.362 T_m(%).     

THE Θ-STATE OF A SINGLE HOMOPOLYMER CHAIN IN SOLUTION*

 It has been an established practice to estimate the Θ-temperature of a polymer solution from thedisappearance of the interchain interactions (A₂ = 0) Recently, in studies of the temperature dependence ofthe chain conformation in solution, we found that the change of the chain conformation clearly underwentthree different stages which could be viewed as the "gas". "liquid" and "solid" states in terms of the freedomof the "blobs" on the chain. The transition temperature between the first and second stages corresponds nicely to the Θ-temperature determined by the conventional method.It reveals,for the first time,that the Θ-temperature can be deduced from the conformation change of a single polymer chain in solution,which is important not only in conception,but also in practice.     

CONFORMATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POLY(ACRYLIC ACID) AND POLY(METHACRYLIC ACID)

A full-relaxation optimization of molecule and the Dreiding force field are employed toobtain the geometry parameters and the conformational energy surfaces of meso or racemicdyad of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA). Three differentcarbonyl-bond orientations of side-groups resulted in the differences in depth of potentialwells in their energetic contours for a meso or a racemic dyad. These discrepancies areinterpreted as a result of various fine structures corresponding to grid search conformationsas well as thereby different interactions. The analysis on the most stable conformationsof PMAA confirmed that the ester groups are nearly perpendicular to the plane definedby the two adjacent skeletal bonds but may possibly change their relative orientations tomeet the requirement of lower energy during the conformational state transition. For eachpolyme, two global energy maps of a meso and a racemic dyad were finally constructedfrom the superposition of energy data for the three kinds of side-group orientations by theBoltzmann factors. From an ensemble average, the proposed scheme with three rotationalisomeric states (RIS) allowed us to access the experimentally unperturbed dimensions ofPAA chain via the configurational statistical mechanics. Although the calculation wasbased on the short-range, local interactions, it was interested to note that the experimentalcharacteristic ratios just fell within the range calculated for atactic chains.     

CONDUCTING BLENDS OF POLY (2-VINYL PYRIDINE) AND POLYETHYLENE OXIDE WITH HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT

Ionic, electronic and mixed (ionic-electronic) conductivities of blends of poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with high molecular weight after dopedwith LiClO_4, TCNQ or LiClO_4 and TCNQ were investigated. Effects of LiClO_4 and TCNQconcentrations on the conductivity of PEO/P2VP/LiClO_4 or TCNQ blend were studied.The ionic conductivity of PEO/P2VP/LiClO_4 blend increases with increasing PEO content.At a Li/ethylene oxide molar ratio of 0.10 and a TCNQ/2-vinyl pyridine molar ratio of 0.5,the mixed conductivity of PEO / P2VP / LiClO_4 / TCNQ is higher than the total of ionicconductivity of PEO/P2VP/LiClO_4 and electronic conductivity of PEO/P2VP/TCNQwhen the weight ratio of PEO and P2VP is 6/4 or 5/5. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) on the broken cross-section of the PEO/P2VP/LiClO_4 blend and differential scan-ning calorimetry (DSC) results show that LiClO_4 could act as a compatibilizer in the blend.