Recent developments in the doping of LiNi<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>1.5</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> cathode material for 5 V lithium-ion batteries

LiMn₂O₄ has been considered a promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. However, there are still a number of problems of severe capacity fading before any materials modifications. Among all doped LiMn₂O₄, spinel LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ material is seen as a potential cathode material for use in electric vehicles and energy storage systems in the future because of its high working potential (4.7 V), high energy density (the energy density of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ is 20% higher than that of LiCoO₂), acceptable stability, and good cycling performance. In the presented paper, the structure and electrochemical performance of doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ are reviewed. The rate capability, rate performance and cyclic life of various doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ materials are described. This review also focuses on the present status of doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄, then on its near future developments.     

A lithium salt additive Li<Subscript>2</Subscript>ZrF<Subscript>6</Subscript> for enhancing the electrochemical performance of high-voltage LiNi<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>1.5</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> cathode

In this work, Li₂ZrF₆, a lithium salt additive, is reported to improve the interface stability of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (LNMO)/electrolyte interface under high voltage (4.9 V vs Li/Li⁺). Li₂ZrF₆ is an effective additive to serve as an in situ surface coating material for high-voltage LNMO half cells. A protective SEI layer is formed on the electrode surface due to the involvement of Li₂ZrF₆ during the formation of SEI layer. Charge/discharge tests show that 0.15 mol L^?1 Li₂ZrF₆ is the optimal concentration for the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ electrode and it can improve the cycling performance and rate property of LNMO/Li half cells. The results obtained by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrate that Li₂ZrF₆ can facilitate the formation of a thin, uniform, and stable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer. This layer inhibits the oxidation decomposition of the electrolyte and suppresses the dissolution of the cathode materials, resulting in improved electrochemical performances.     

Nanosized LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinels synthesized by a high-oxidation-state manganese sol–gel method

Nanosized LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ spinels with the uniform average particle size of about 80–100 nm were synthesized by a high-oxidation-state manganese sol–gel method. It indicates that the resulting nanosized LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ materials not only have a phase-pure cubic spinel structure without any impurity but also have a good dispersion even without any physical treatment. Besides, the cell based upon the resulting nanosized LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ materials shows good cycle stability and ratio performance. It suggests that the novel method would be helpful for the synthesis and application of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ cathode.     

Improving the rate performance and stability of LiNi<Subscript>0.6</Subscript>Co<Subscript>0.2</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>0.2</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript> in high voltage lithium-ion battery by using fluoroethylene carbonate as electrolyte additive

Fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) is investigated as the electrolyte additive to improve the electrochemical performance of high voltage LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ cathode material. Compared to LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂/Li cells in blank electrolyte, the capacity retention of the cells with 5 wt% FEC in electrolytes after 80 times charge-discharge cycle between 3.0 and 4.5 V significantly improve from 82.0 to 89.7%. Besides, the capacity of LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂/Li only obtains 12.6 mAh g^?1 at 5 C in base electrolyte, while the 5 wt% FEC in electrolyte can reach a high capacity of 71.3 mAh g^?1 at the same rate. The oxidative stability of the electrolyte with 5 wt% FEC is evaluated by linear sweep voltammetry and potentiostatic data. The LSV results show that the oxidation potential of the electrolytes with FEC is higher than 4.5 V vs. Li/Li⁺, while the oxidation peaks begin to appear near 4.3 V in the electrolyte without FEC. In addition, the effect of FEC on surface of LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ is elucidated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The analysis result indicates that FEC facilitates the formation of a more stable surface film on the LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ cathode. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) result evidences that the stable surface film could improve cathode electrolyte interfacial resistance. These results demonstrate that the FEC can apply as an additive for 4.5 V high voltage electrolyte system in LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂/Li cells.     

Structural and magnetic properties of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4-δ spinels： A first-principles study

<正>Structural and magnetic properties of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ and LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O_4-δ are investigated using densityfunctional theory calculations.Results indicate that nonstoichiometric LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O_4-δ and stoichiometric LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ exhibit two different structures,i.e.,the face-centred cubic（Fd-3m） and primitive,or simple,cubic （P4₃32） space groups,respectively.It is found that the magnetic ground state of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄（P4₃32 and Fd-3m） is a ferrimagnetic state in which the Ni and Mn sublattices are ferromagnetically ordered along the[110]direction whereas they are antiferromagnetic with respect to each other.We demonstrate that it is the presence of an O-vacancy in LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O_4-δ with the Fd-3m space group that results in its superior electronic conductivity compared with LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ with the P4₃32 space group.     

Effects of lithium excess amount on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of LiNi<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>1.5</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> cathode material

Spinel LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ cathode materials with different lithium excess amount (0, 2%, 6%, 10%) were synthesized by a facile solid-state method. The effect of lithium excess amount on the microstructure, morphology, and electrochemical properties of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ materials was systematically investigated. The results show that the lithium excess amount does not change the particle morphology and size obviously; thus, the electrochemical properties of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ are mainly determined by structural characteristics. With the increase of lithium excess amount, the cation disordering degree (Mn³⁺ content) and phase purity first increase and then decrease, while the cation mixing extent has the opposite trend. Among them, the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ material with 6% lithium excess amount exhibits higher disordering degree and lower impurity content and cation mixing extent, thus leading to the optimum electrochemical properties, with discharge capacities of 125.0, 126.1, 124.2, and 118.9 mAh/g at 0.2-, 1-, 5-, and 10-C rates and capacity retention rate of 96.49% after 100 cycles at 1-C rate.     

Recent progress in the electrolytes for improving the cycling stability of LiNi<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>1.5</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> high-voltage cathode

High-voltage spinel LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ has been considered one of the most promising cathode materials for lithium-ion power batteries used in electrical vehicles (EVs) or hybrid electrical vehicles (HEVs) because the high voltage plateau at around 4.7 V makes its energy density (658 Wh kg^?1) 30 and 25 % higher than that of conventional pristine spinel LiMn₂O₄ (440 Wh kg^?1) or olivine LiFePO₄ (500 Wh kg^?1) materials, respectively. Unfortunately, LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄-based batteries with LiPF₆-based carbonate electrolytes always suffer from severe capacity deterioration and poor thermostability because of the oxidization of organic carbonate solvents and decomposition of LiPF₆, especially at elevated temperatures and water-containing environment. The major goal of this review is to highlight the recent advancements in the development of advanced electrolytes for improving the cycling stability and rate capacity of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄-based batteries. Finally, an insight into the future research and further development of advanced electrolytes for LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄-based batteries is discussed.     

AlF<Subscript>3</Subscript> coating of LiNi<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>1.5</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> for high-performance Li-ion batteries

AlF₃-coating is attempted to improve the performance of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. The prepared powders are characterized by scanning electron microscope, powder X-ray diffraction, charge/discharge, and impedance. The coated LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ samples show higher discharge capacity, better rate capability, and higher capacity retention than the uncoated samples. Among the coated samples, 1.0 mol% AlF₃-coated sample shows highest capacity after charge–discharged at 30 mA/g for 3 cycles, but 4.0 mol% coated sample exhibits the highest capacity and cycling stability when cycled at high rate of 150 and 300 mA/g. The 40th cycle discharge capacity at 300 mA/g current still remains 114.8 mAh/g for 4.0 mol% AlF₃-coated LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄, while only 84.3 mAh/g for the uncoated sample.     

Structure and insertion properties of disordered and ordered LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinels prepared by wet chemistry

We present the synthesis, characterization, and electrode behavior of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ spinels prepared by the wet-chemical method via citrate precursors. The phase evolution was studied as a function of nickel substitution and upon intercalation and deintercalation of Li ions. Characterization methods include X-ray diffraction, SEM, Raman, Fourier transform infrared, superconducting quantum interference device, and electron spin resonance. The crystal chemistry of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ appears to be strongly dependent on the growth conditions. Both normal-like cubic spinel [Fd3m space group (SG)] and ordered spinel (P4 ₁ 32 SG) structures have been formed using different synthesis routes. Raman scattering and infrared features indicate that the vibrational mode frequencies and relative intensities of the bands are sensitive to the covalency of the (Ni, Mn)-O bonds. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs show that the particle size of the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ powders ranges in the submicronic domain with a narrow grain-size distribution. The substitution of the 3d⁸ metal for Mn in LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ oxides is beneficial for its charge–discharge cycling performance. For a cut-off voltage of 3.5–4.9 V, the electrochemical capacity of the Li//LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ cell is ca. 133 mAh/g during the first discharge. Differences and similarities between LiMn₂O₄ and LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ oxides are discussed.     

Understanding the thermal stability and bonding characteristic of Li<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>Ni<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>1.5</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> as cathode materials for lithium-ion battery from first principles

The thermodynamic stability is a very important quantity for the electrode materials, because it is not only related to the electrochemical performances of the materials but also the safety issue of the cells. To evaluate the thermodynamic stability of Li _x Ni_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (x = 0, 1), the formation enthalpies from elemental phases and oxides were obtained. The values for LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ were calculated to be ?1341.10 and ?141.84 kJ mol^?1, while those for Ni_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ were ?949.11 and ?49.21 kJ mol^?1. These values are much more negative than those of LiCoO₂ and LiNiO₂ compounds, indicating that the thermodynamic stability of Li _x Ni_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ is better than the two classic compounds. To clarify the microscopic origin, the density of states, magnetic moments, and bond orders were systematically investigated. The results showed that the excellent thermodynamic stability of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ is attributed to the absence of Jahn-Teller distortions, strong electrostatic interactions of Li–O ionic bond, and strong Ni–O/Mn–O ionic-covalent mixing bonds. After lithium extraction, the disappearance of the pure Li–O bonds leads to an increase of formation enthalpy, indicating a decreasing thermodynamic stability for Ni_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ with respect to LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄.     

Simple co-precipitation synthesis of high-voltage spinel cathodes with different Ni/Mn ratios for lithium-ion batteries

The high-voltage spinel is a promising cathode material in next generation of lithium-ion batteries. Samples LiNi_0.5???xMn_1.5?+?xO₄ (x?=?0, 0.05, 0.1) are synthesized by a simple co-precipitation method, in which pH value and temperature conditions do not need control. In the simple co-precipitation method, NaHCO₃ solution is poured into transition metal solution to produce precursor. Ni and Mn are distributed uniformly in the products. The as-prepared samples are composed of ~?200 nm primary particles. Samples LiNi_0.5???xMn_1.5?+?xO₄ (x?=?0, 0.05, 0.1) are also tested to study the effects of different Ni/Mn ratios. Sample LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ delivers discharge capacities of 130 mAh g^?1 at 0.2 C. The decreasing of Ni/Mn ratio in samples reduces specific capacity. With the decreasing of Ni/Mn ratios in spinel, amount of Mn³⁺ are increased. Attributed to its high Mn³⁺ contents, sample LiNi_0.4Mn_1.6O₄ delivers the highest discharge capacity of 106 mAh g^?1 at a large current density of 15 C, keeping 84.5% of that at 0.2 C rate. With the increasing of Ni/Mn ratios in spinel, cycling performance is improved. Sample LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ shows the best cycling stability, keeping 94.4% and 90.4% of the highest discharge capacities after 500 cycles at 1 C and 1000 cycles at 5 C.     

Synthesis of LiNi<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>1.5</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> nano/microspheres with adjustable hollow structures for lithium-ion battery

High-voltage spinel LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ nano/microspheres with adjustable hollow structures have been fabricated based on the Kirkendall effect. The main characteristic is that the wall thickness of the hollow structure as well as the cavity size of the hollow structure can be adjusted by the different ratio of mixed precipitation agents. Especially, the diagrammatic sketch for the formation process of various LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ materials with adjustable hollow structures is discussed. Besides, the results of electrochemical performance test show that LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ obtained from 10:1 Na₂CO₃/NaOH (in mole) ratio is worth looking forward to, owing to its special hierarchical nano/microsphere and moderate hollow structures.     

Preparation of LiNi<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>1.5</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> cathode materials by electrospinning

LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ cathode material was prepared by electrospinning using lithium hydroxide, manganese acetate, nickel acetate, acetic acid, ethanol, and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) as raw materials. The effect of calcination temperature on the structure, morphology, and electrochemical properties was investigated. XRD results indicate that the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ composite is well crystallized as a spinel structure at calcination temperature of 650 °C for 3 h. SEM results reveal that this composite has a nanofiber shape with average size of about 300–500 nm. Electrochemical performance tests reveal that this composite shows the initial discharge capacity of 127.8 and 105 mAhg^?1 at 0.1 and 3 C rates, respectively, and exhibits good cycling performance.     

Effect of carbon coating process on the structure and electrochemical performance of LiNi<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript> used as cathode in Li-ion batteries

LiNi_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ powder was synthesized by a coprecipitation method. LiOH.H₂O and coprecipitated [(Ni_0.5Mn_0.5)C₂O₄] precursors were mixed carefully together and then calcined at 900°C. Surface modified cathode materials were obtained by coating LiNi_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ with a thin layer of amorphous carbon using table sugar and starch as carbon source. Both parent and carbon-coated samples have the characteristic layered structure of LiNi_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ as estimated from X-ray diffractometry measurements. Transmission electron microscope showed the presence of C layer around the prepared particles. TGA analysis emphasized and confirmed the presence of C coating around LiNi_0.5Mn_0.5O₂. It is obvious that the carbon coating appears to be beneficial for the electrochemical performance of the LiNi_0.5Mn_0.5O₂. A capacity of about 150 mAh/g is delivered in the voltage range 2.5–4.5 V at current density C/15 for carbon coated LiNi_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ in comparison with about 165 mAh/g obtained for carbon free LiNi_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ at the same current density and voltage window. About 92% and 82% capacity retention was obtained at 50th cycle for coated LiNi_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ using sucrose and starch, respectively; whereas, 75% was retained after only 30th cycle for carbon free LiNi_0.5Mn_0.5O₂. This improvement is mainly attributed to the presence of thin layer of carbon layer that encapsulate the nanoparticles and improve the conductivity and the electrochemical performance of LiNi_0.5Mn_0.5O₂.     

Flame synthesis of 5 V spinel-LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode-materials for lithium-ion rechargeable-batteries

The lithium transition metal oxide LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ with an space group (SG) structure has shown great potential as a cathode material for 5 V lithium-ion rechargeable-batteries. In this work, a flame-assisted spray technology (FAST) was developed to produce nanostructured LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ powder in a continuous manner. The as-synthesized powder had a uniform morphology, was spherical in shape and had a nanocrystalline structure, as observed by SEM and TEM. The XRD pattern of the as-synthesized powder matched the spectrum of spinel-LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄. The average grain size was about 16 nm, as calculated by XRD. However, XRD also indicated the impurity Mn₂NiO₄ in the powder. By varying flame temperature, it was possible to show that the impurity was formed due to the high temperature of the flame. While flame temperature was minimized by lowering the H₂/N₂ ratio, it was not possible to completely eliminate Mn₂NiO₄ from the as-synthesized powder. After annealing at 800 °C for 2 h, the impurity was eliminated, and the XRD pattern of the powder indicated a pure-phase spinel structure with an SG. The electrochemical performance of the flame-synthesized LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ powder was tested in coin-type test batteries that were charged and discharged at constant current under a 5 V potential. The test cells showed the characteristic voltage plateaus of spinel-LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ ( SG). The material proved to be electrochemically active as a cathode material for lithium-ion rechargeable-batteries.     

Review of 5-V electrodes for Li-ion batteries: status and trends

Lithium-ion batteries have dominated the battery industry for the past several years in portable electronic devices due to their high volumetric and gravimetric energy densities. The success of these batteries in small-scale applications translates to large-scale applications, with an important impact in the future of the environment by improving energy efficiency and reduction of pollution. We present the progress that allows several lithium-intercalation compounds to become the active cathode element of a new generation of Li-ion batteries, namely the 5-V cathodes, which are promising to improve the technology of energy storage and electric transportation, and address the replacement of gasoline engine by meeting the increasing demand for green energy power sources. The compounds considered here include spinel LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ and its related doped-structures, olivine LiCoPO₄, inverse spinel LiNiVO₄ and fluorophosphate Li₂CoPO₄F. LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ thin films, nanoscale prepared materials and surface-modified cathode particles are also considered. Emphasis is placed on the quality control that is needed to guarantee the reliability and the optimum electrochemical performance of these materials as the active cathode element of Li-ion batteries. The route to increase the performance of Li-ion batteries with the other members of the family is also discussed.     

Vinyl ethylene carbonate as an electrolyte additive for high-voltage LiNi<Subscript>0.4</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>0.4</Subscript>Co<Subscript>0.2</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript>/graphite Li-ion batteries

Vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC) is investigated as an electrolyte additive to improve the electrochemical performance of LiNi_0.4Mn_0.4Co_0.2O₂/graphite lithium-ion battery at higher voltage operation (3.0–4.5 V) than the conventional voltage (3.0–4.25 V). In the voltage range of 3.0–4.5 V, it is shown that the performances of the cells with VEC-containing electrolyte are greatly improved than the cells without additive. With 2.0 wt.% VEC addition in the electrolyte, the capacity retention of the cell is increased from 62.5 to 74.5 % after 300 cycles. The effects of VEC on the cell performance are investigated by cyclic voltammetry(CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS), x-ray powder diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR). The results show that the films electrochemically formed on both anode and cathode, derived from the in situ decomposition of VEC at the initial charge–discharge cycles, are the main reasons for the improved cell performance.     

Improvement of the first coulomb efficiency and rate performance of Li1.5Ni0.25Mn0.75O2.5 with spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 doping

Li_1.1Ni_0.25Mn_0.75O_2.3 and Li_1.5Ni_0.25Mn_0.75O_2.5 have been synthesized by co-precipitation method. The effect of the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ spinel structure on physical and electrochemical properties is discussed through the characterizations of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and electrochemical performance tests. The LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ spinel structure is detected in the XRD pattern, TEM image, first discharge, and CV curves of the Li_1.1Ni_0.25Mn_0.75O_2.3 electrode. The rate, cyclic performance, and first coulomb efficiency of Li_1.1Ni_0.25Mn_0.75O_2.35 are higher than those of Li_1.5Ni_0.25Mn_0.75O_2.5. The first coulomb efficiencies of Li_1.1Ni_0.25Mn_0.75O_2.3 and Li_1.5Ni_0.25Mn_0.75O_2.5 are 86.2 and 74.7 %, and the capacity retentions are 98.7 and 94.1 % after 50 cycles, respectively. EIS results indicate that the charge-transfer reaction resistance of Li_1.1Ni_0.25Mn_0.75O_2.3 is lower than that of Li_1.5Ni_0.25Mn_0.75O_2.5, which is responsible for the better rate capacity of Li_1.1Ni_0.25Mn_0.75O_2.3.     

Sonochemical synthesis of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and its electrochemical performance as a cathode material for 5 V Li-ion batteries

LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ was synthesized as a cathode material for Li-ion batteries by a sonochemical reaction followed by annealing, and was characterized by XRD, SEM, HRTEM and Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with electrochemical measurements. Two samples were prepared by a sonochemical process, one without using glucose (sample-S1) and another with glucose (sample-S2). An initial discharge specific capacity of 130 mA h g⁻¹ is obtained for LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ at a relatively slow rate of C/10 in galvanostatic charge–discharge cycling. The capacity retention upon 50 cycles at this rate was around 95.4% and 98.9% for sample-S1 and sample-S2, respectively, at 30 °C.     

A high-voltage lithium-ion battery prepared using a Sn-decorated reduced graphene oxide anode and a LiNi<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>1.5</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> cathode

This paper describes the preparation and characterization of a high-voltage lithium-ion battery based on Sn-decorated reduced graphene oxide and LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ as the anode and cathode active materials, respectively. The Sn-decorated reduced graphene oxide is prepared using a microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis method followed by reduction at high temperature of a mixture of (C₆H₅)₂SnCl₂ and graphene oxide. The so-obtained anode material is characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electron diffraction spectroscopy. The LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ is a commercially available product. The two materials are used to prepare composite electrodes, and their electrochemical properties are investigated by galvanostatic charge/discharge cycles at various current densities in lithium cells. The electrodes are then used to assemble a high-voltage lithium-ion cell, and the cell is tested to evaluate its performance as a function of discharge rate and cycle number.