Backscattering target detection in a turbid medium by use of circularly and linearly polarized light

The polarization properties of the backscattered light from a turbid medium containing large-diameter (10.143-microm) and small-diameter (0.202-microm) spherical polystyrene particles are studied. It is shown that the difference in the polarization properties of the emerging light that originates at the target and that is backscattered from the medium allows for improvement of image contrast by use of polarized light. Based on the images obtained by the CCD camera, the polarization memory effect with circularly polarized light is demonstrated to have an advantage over the linear polarization technique in imaging a highly reflective target inside a turbid medium containing large particles.     

Video rate depth-resolved two-dimensional imaging through turbid media by femtosecond parametric amplification

We report two-dimensional imaging through a liquid scattering medium by noncollinear femtosecond parametric amplification in a reflection configuration. The experiment presented permits direct observation at video rate of two-dimensional images with 24-mum depth resolution and 90-mum transverse resolution for an area with a 2.5-mm diameter on the object. These resolutions are achievable through a turbid phantom with a depth near 12 scattering mean free paths in double pass.     

Measurement and calculation of the two-dimensional backscattering Mueller matrix of a turbid medium

We present both experimental and Monte Carlo-based simulation results for the diffusely backscattered intensity patterns that arise from illumination of a turbid medium with a polarized laser beam. A numerical method that allows the calculation of all 16 elements of the two-dimensional Muller matrix is used; moreover, it is shown that only seven matrix elements are independent. To validate our method, we compared our simulations with experimental measurements, using a turbid medium consisting of 2.02-microm -diameter polystyrene spheres suspended in deionized water. By varying the incident polarization and the analyzer optics for the experimental measurements, we obtained the diffuse backscattering Mueller matrix elements. The experimental and the numerical results are in good agreement.     

High-speed adaptive interferometer for optical coherence-domain reflectometry through turbid media

Two-wave mixing in a dynamic holographic film acts as the adaptive beam combiner in a short-coherence interferometer that performs optical coherence-domain reflectometry (OCDR) through turbid media. This approach combines the high spatial resolution and sensitivity of coherence-domain reflectometry with photorefractive quantum-well-based adaptive homodyne detection. A depth resolution of 28 microm and penetration through 16 mean free paths in a turbid medium have been obtained in this adaptive OCDR application.     

Optical bistability in axially modulated OmniGuide fibers

We demonstrate the feasibility of optical bistability in an axially modulated nonlinear OmniGuide fiber through analytical theory and detailed numerical experiments. At 1.55-microm carrier wavelength, the in-fiber devices that we propose can operate with only a few tens of milliwatts of power, can have a nearly instantaneous response and recovery time, and can be shorter than 100 microm.     

Ultrasound detection through turbid media

Optical coherence-domain reflectometry and laser-based ultrasound detection have been combined with the use of adaptive optics to detect ultrasound through turbid media. The dynamic hologram in a photorefractive quantum-well device performs as a coherence gate that eliminates multiply scattered background. Quadrature homodyne detection conditions are selected by the choice of center wavelength of the pulse spectrum, requiring no active stabilization or feedback. A depth resolution of 30 microm was achieved, with a pulse duration of nominally 120 fs for ultrasound detection through turbid media up to optical thicknesses of 11 mean free scattering lengths.     

Determination of the depth of a scattering target in a turbid medium with polarization discrimination of transmitted signals

We demonstrate the feasibility of a novel method of determining target depth in a turbid medium through Monte Carlo simulations and experiments. The method is based on the strong and weak dependencies of the copolarized component and the degree of polarization (DOP), respectively, of the transmitted intensity on the target depth. The two-way measurements of the copolarized intensity can be used for determination of target depth, whereas the transversely scanned DOP results are used for estimating the two-dimensional image in a turbid system. The combination of these two sets of data could provide useful results for estimating three-dimensional images.     

A Monte Carlo study of penetration depth and sampling volume of polarized light in turbid media

Detection depth and sampling volume of polarized light in highly turbid, cylindrically-shaped samples are estimated using pathlength distributions calculated from a polarization-sensitive Monte Carlo model. Due to defined ranges of the polarized light pathlength distribution, the estimated penetration depth and the interrogated volume of the polarization-maintaining photon subpopulation are smaller than those of the whole collected photon population, the latter exhibiting a wider pathlength distribution resulting from multiple scattering. It is also demonstrated that the spatial interrogation extent of polarized light in turbid media is greatly affected by the experimental detection geometry.     

利用MODIS数据进行QuickBird-2卫星海岸带图像大气校正研究

大气校正是遥感信息定量化过程的一个重要环节,而在大气校正中起关键作用的是气溶胶光学厚度,气溶胶的模式和大气漫射透过率;但在浑浊的水体上空,这些参量很难用卫星图像反演得到,从而提出了基于同步MODIS数据辅助QuickBird-2卫星图像进行海岸带大气校正算法,该方法由MODIS图像的水体像元反演出混浊水域上空气溶胶光学特性,与MODIS气溶胶产品相比相对误差小于10%;同时,借助6S辐射传输模型,并考虑了高分辨率图像临近像元效应,对QuickBird-2卫星海岸带图像进行大气校正.给出了我国沿海地区QuickBird-2卫星图像大气校正的结果,并对反演误差进行了分析.     

Depth estimation of protoporphyrin IX objects in turbid media considering the fluorescence intensity ratio between two wavelengths of light for application in invasion diagnosis of gastric cancer

Optical Review - This paper demonstrates a method to estimate the depth of a fluorescence object in turbid media using dual-wavelength excited photodynamic diagnosis, to aid in the invasion depth...     

Imaging microscopic viscosity with confocal scanning optical tweezers

The techniques of confocal microscopy and optical tweezers have shown themselves to be powerful tools in biological and medical research. We combine these methods to develop a minimally invasive instrument that is capable of making hydrodynamic measurements more rapidly than is possible with other devices. This result leads to the possibility of making scanning images of the viscosity distribution of materials around biopolymer-producing cells. 100 x 100 images can be taken with 0.5-microm spatial resolution in 3 min. An image of the viscosity distribution around a pullulan-producing cell of Aureobasidium pullulans is shown as an example.     

Real-time measurement of in vitro flow by Fourier-domain color Doppler optical coherence tomography

The possibility of measuring a full Doppler flow depth profile in parallel by use of frequency-domain optical coherence tomography is demonstrated. The method is based on a local phase analysis of the backscattered signal and allows for imaging of bidirectional Doppler flow. The Doppler frequency limit is 5 kHz for the presented measurements and is set by half of the frame rate of the CCD detector array. We measured the flow of 0.3-microm microspheres suspended in distilled water at controlled flow rates and in vitro human blood flow through a 200-microm capillary with a real-time color-encoded Doppler tomogram rate of 2-3/s.     

Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography by broadband continuum generation from a photonic crystal fiber

We have developed an ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomographic system in which broadband continuum generation from a photonic crystal fiber is used to produce high longitudinal resolution. Longitudinal resolution of 1.3-microm has been achieved in a biological tissue by use of continuum light from 800 to 1400 nm. The system employed a dynamic-focusing tracking method to maintain high lateral resolution over a large imaging depth. Subcellular imaging is demonstrated.     

Alternating vorticity bands in a solution of wormlike micelles

We report on structural characterization of vorticity bands formed in a wormlike micellar solution by Rheo--small-angle neutron scattering and video imaging experiments. Below a critical shear stress tau{c} in Newtonian and shear-thinning regime, only a minor flow alignment of the micelles is observed. Above tau{c}, in the shear-thickening regime, alternating transparent and turbid bands are formed. Triggered small-angle neutron scattering shows different anisotropic patterns in both bands indicating strongly aligned structures. By high-speed video imaging, we show that such an alignment of micelles does not correspond to a phase of lower viscosity.     

Assessing a dual-frequency identification sonars' fish-counting accuracy, precision, and turbid river range capability

Accurately assessing migrating salmon populations in turbid rivers with hydroacoustics is challenging. Using single, dual, or split-beam sonars, difficulties occur fitting acoustic beams between the river's narrow boundaries, distinguishing fish from nonfish echoes, and resolving individual fish at high densities. To address these issues, the fish-counting capability of a dual-frequency identification sonar (DIDSON), which produces high resolution, video-like images, was assessed. In a clear river, fish counts generated from a DIDSON, an echo counter, split-beam sonar, and video were compared to visual counts from a tower, a method frequently used to ground-truth sonars. The DIDSON and tower counts were very similar and showed the strongest agreement and least variability compared to the other methods. In a highly turbid river, the DIDSON's maximum detection range for a 10.16 cm spherical target was 17 m, less than absorption and wave spreading losses predict, and 26 m in clear water. Unlike tower and video methods, the DIDSON was not limited by surface disturbances or turbidity. DIDSON advantages over other sonars include: better target resolution; wider viewing angle; better coverage of the water column; accurate direction of travel; and simpler to aim and operate.     

1.5-microm monolithic GaInNAs semiconductor saturable-absorber mode locking of an erbium fiber laser

We present a new monolithic GaAs-based semiconductor saturable absorber operating at 1.55 microm. An epitaxially grown absorber mirror in a GaInNAs/GaAs material system was successfully used to mode lock an erbium-doped fiber laser. The GaInNAs material system possesses intriguing physical properties and provides great potential for lasers and nonlinear optical devices operating at the 1.3-1.55-microm wavelength range.     

Label-Free Microscopic Imaging Based on the Random Matrix Theory in Wavefront Shaping

Wavefront shaping technology has mainly been applied to microscopic fluorescence imaging through turbid media,with the advantages of high resolution and imaging depth beyond the ballistic regime. However, fluorescence needs to be introduced extrinsically and the field of view is limited by memory effects. Here we propose a new method for microscopic imaging light transmission through turbid media, which has the advantages of label-free and discretional field of view size, based on transmission-matrix-based wavefront shaping and the random matrix theory. We also verify that a target of absorber behind the strong scattering media can be imaged with high resolution in the experiment. Our method opens a new avenue for the research and application of wavefront shaping.     

Simple time-domain optical method for estimating the depth and concentration of a fluorescent inclusion in a turbid medium

A simple time-domain optical method for estimating the depth and concentration of fluorescent inclusions in turbid media is described. We demonstrate direct depth estimation of a localized fluorescent object from the temporal position of the temporal point-spread function maximum. The depth estimation permits recovery of the fluorophore concentration, both of which are essential quantities for optical molecular imaging studies. Since the maximum is independent of the fluorophore concentration, excitation laser power, detector gain, and other system-dependent factors, this method ensures a robust and efficient approach.     

Micromachined array tip for multifocus fiber-based optical coherence tomography

High-resolution optical coherence tomography demands a large detector bandwidth and a high numerical aperture for real-time imaging, which is difficult to achieve over a large imaging depth. To resolve these conflicting requirements we propose a novel multifocus fiber-based optical coherence tomography system with a micromachined array tip. We demonstrate the fabrication of a prototype four-channel tip that maintains a 9-14-microm spot diameter with more than 500 microm of imaging depth. Images of a resolution target and a human tooth were obtained with this tip by use of a four-channel cascaded Michelson fiber-optic interferometer, scanned simultaneously at 8 kHz with geometric power distribution across the four channels.     

浑水中非均匀光场探测图像方法

分析了传统的水下观测和激光观测技术在能见度约为0.5~1.5 m的浑浊水域和0.2 m的特浑水域观测遇到的理论和技术上的局限性.叙述了一种非均匀光场集束光水下目标图像探测方法和系统,并在各种浑浊水质中进行其特性的试验.试验结果表明该系统基本上解决了浑浊水中的观测问题.