Synthesis of spiro[bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,2′-furan]-3-amines via stereoselective cycloadditions of trimethylenemethane to (1S,3EZ,4R)-3-arylimino-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ones

Stereoselective [3+2] cycloadditions of trimethylenemethane (TMM) to the exocyclic CO and CN double bonds of (1S,3EZ,4R)-3-arylimino-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ones gave the corresponding spiro[bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,2′-furan] and spiro[bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-3,2′-pyrrolidine] derivatives. Further stereoselective reductions of the CN or CO bond in these cycloadducts furnished new chiral amines, diamines, and a new aminoalcohol. All cycloadditions and reductions of the CN double bonds took place from the less hindered endo-face of the (1S,3EZ,4R)-3-arylimino-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ones, exclusively, thus giving the corresponding products in 100% de. The structures were determined by NMR, NOESY spectroscopy, and by X-ray diffraction.     

Intramolecular [2+3]-addition of an azide to a CC double bond as a novel approach to piperazines

An intramolecular [2+3]-cycloaddition of an azide to a CC double bond was carried out to obtain hexahydro[1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrazines. These compounds were used as intermediates to prepare 2-(halogenomethyl)piperazines that could serve as precursors for various condensed derivatives.     

Efficient and direct solid phase synthesis of ketomethylenimino and ketomethylenamino peptides

The aim of this study is the synthesis of pseudopeptides on solid supports, in order to quickly obtain modified peptides. We report a convenient step-by-step synthesis of ketomethylenimino ψ[CO-CHN] and ketomethylenamino ψ[CO-CH₂-NH] peptides. The key is the reaction between the free amino terminus of the supported peptide and a glyoxal-modified amino acid, leading to a ketomethylenimino bond, which can be reduced to a ketomethylenamino bond.     

Computational study of methane functionalization by a multiply bonded, Ni-bis(phosphine) complex

A computational chemistry study of nickel-catalyzed group transfer to methane is presented. Two mechanisms were evaluated: a one-step mechanism involving [1+2] insertion of E into the C-H bond of methane, and a two-step [2_π + 2_σ] mechanism involving addition of the C-H bond of methane across the NiE bond to a square planar Ni^II intermediate, followed by C-E reductive elimination. Analysis of the energetics for the different mechanistic steps implies a possible competition between the two mechanisms for carbene transfer. For nitrene transfer, the [1+2] pathway is predicted to be the preferred route. Finally, for phosphinidene transfer, the [2_π + 2_σ] mechanism is calculated to be the preferred mechanism. The two mechanisms studied - [1+2] and [2_π + 2_σ] - entail exothermic individual reactions, coupled with reasonable enthalpic barriers. Furthermore, regeneration of the catalyst active species by reaction with a group transfer reagent XE is highly exothermic. The calculations thus indicate that (P ∼ P)NiE (P ∼ P denotes a chelating bis-phosphine ligand) deserve consideration as plausible starting points in the search for improved hydrocarbon functionalization catalysts.     

New stable, isolable triarylmethyl based dyes absorbing in the near infrared

A series of new intensely coloured multicharged methylium compounds containing the 4-[2-ferrocenylethenyl]phenyl group and with significant electronic absorption in the near infrared have been prepared via acidification of the tertiary carbinols obtained by reaction of 4-[FcCHCH]C₆H₄Li with diethyl isophthalate, diethyl terephthalate, diethyl phthalate or the triethyl ester of 1,3,5-benzene carboxylic acid. Even more stable dyes were prepared from two new triarylmethanol derivatives containing 2,6-dimethoxy-4-[2-(ferrocenyl)ethenyl]phenyl or 2,6-dimethoxy-4-[2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]ethenyl]phenyl groups which were prepared by reaction of 4-[FcCHCH]-2,6-MeO₂C₆H₂Li or 4-[4-Me₂NC₆H₄CHCH]-2,6-MeO₂C₆H₂Li (Fc = ferrocenyl) with diethyl carbonate. These carbinols on treatment with acid deposit dark-purple crystals which have been isolated and characterised spectroscopically. They absorb in the near infrared and, whereas their solutions begin to decolourise only after several days, they display long-term stability to air and moisture in the solid state.     

Preparation of peri-annulated indoles from polynitro compounds

A novel peri-annulated heterocyclic system of 1,2-dihydrobenz[6,7]oxepino[4,3,2-cd]indole was prepared starting from TNT via 4,6-dinitro-1-tosylindoline as a key intermediate. Base-induced CC bond shift in 1,2-dihydrobenz[6,7]oxepino[4,3,2-cd]indoles affords isomeric 2,11-dihydrobenz[6,7]oxepino[4,3,2-cd]indoles.     

Tertiary phosphine abstraction from a platinum(II) coordination complex with SeCN: Crystal and molecular structures of SePTA and [SePTA-Me]I · CH3OH

Reacting [PtCl(PTA)₃]Cl(PTA = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphatricyclo[3.3.1.1^3,7]decane) with KSeCN in aqueous or MeOH medium results in the abstraction of the PTA ligands to yield SePTA. The reaction also proceeds quantitatively by direct reaction of PTA and KSeCN in water or methanol. The methylated PTA ligand, [PTA-Me]I (1-methyl-1-azonia-3,5-diaza-7-phosphatricyclo[3.3.1.1^3,7]decane iodide), reacts accordingly with KSeCN, albeit significantly slower. The crystal structure of SePTA, 1, and [SePTA-Me]I · CH₃OH, 2, revealed PSe bond distances of 2.0991(19) and 2.100(2) Å, respectively. The first order phosphorous selenium coupling constants, ¹J_P-Se (D₂O), of 722 and 788 Hz for SePTA and [SePTA-Me]I, respectively, indicates the latter is significantly less electron rich.     

Nickel alkynyl and allenylidene complexes: Synthesis and properties

Copper-catalyzed reaction of [Cp(PPh₃)NiCl] with the terminal alkynes H-CC-C(O)R (R = O-Menthyl, NMe₂, Ph) yields the alkynyl complexes [Cp(PPh₃)Ni-CC-C(O)R]. Subsequent O-methylation with either [Me₃O]BF₄ or MeSO₃CF₃ affords cationic allenylidene complexes, [Cp(PPh₃)NiCCC(OMe)R]⁺X¯ (X = BF₄, SO₃CF₃). N-Alkylation of Cp(PPh₃)Ni-pyridylethynyl complexes likewise gives cationic allenylidene complexes. [Cp(PPh₃)Ni-CC-C(CH)₄N] adds BF₃ at nitrogen. Modification of the ligand sphere in these nickel allenylidene complexes is possible by replacing PPh₃ by PMe₃ in the alkynyl complex precursors. The first allenylidene(carbene)nickel cation, [Cp(SIMes)NCCC(OMe)NMe₂]⁺, is accessible by successive reaction of [Cp(SIMes)NiCl] with H-CC-C(O)NMe₂ and [Me₃O]BF₄. By the analogous sequence an allenylidene complex containing the chelating (diphenylphosphanyl)ethylcyclopentadienyl ligand can be prepared. DFT Calculations were carried out on the allenylidene complex cation [Cp(PPh₃)NiCCC(OMe)NMe₂]⁺ and on its precursor, the alkynyl complex [Cp(PPh₃)Ni-CC-C(O)NMe₂]. Based on the spectroscopic data and a X-ray structure analysis the bonding in the new nickel allenylidene complexes is best represented by several resonance forms, an alkynyl resonance form considerably contributing to the overall bond.     

Synthesis of (1-alkynyl)dicarbonylcyclopentadienyliron complexes by palladium-catalyzed Sonogashira-type carbon-iron bond formation

Treatment of [CpFe(CO)₂I] with terminal alkynes in the presence of catalytic amounts of dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium and copper iodide in aliphatic amine/THF results in Sonogashira-type carbon-iron bond formation to yield [CpFe(CO)₂(CCR)] in good yields.     

Ethynyl[2.2]paracyclophanes and 4-isocyano[2.2]paracyclophane as ligands in organometallic chemistry

An alternative synthesis of (±)-4-ethynyl[2.2]paracyclophane (PCPCCH) (5) and 4,16-diethynyl[2.2]paracyclophane (6) via the Corey-Fuchs reaction has been developed. The olefinic intermediate 4-dibromovinyl[2.2]paracyclophane (3) has been isolated and structurally characterized. The racemic terminal alkyne 5 was employed as starting material for assembling of a luminescent extended π-conjugated system containing a thiophene unit and for a catalytic bis-silylation reaction yielding the olefinic dithioether Z-PhSCH₂Me₂SiC(H)C(PCP)SiMe₂CH₂SPh (9). The dimetallatetrahedran [Co₂(CO)₆(μ-η²-PCP-CCH)] (10) has been prepared and its crystal structure determined by an X-ray diffraction analysis. Alkyne 5 has also been used for the preparation of the Pt(0) complex [Pt(PPh₃)₂(PCPCCH)] (11) and the heterodinuclear dimetallacyclopentenone [(OC)₂Fe{μC(O)C(PCP)C(H)}(μ-dppm)Pt(PPh₃)] (12). The synthesis and reactivity of 4-isocyano[2.2]paracyclophane (15) towards heterobimetallic iron-platinum and palladium-platinum complexes is also presented. Opening of the dative iron → platinum bond of [(OC)₄Fe(μ-dppm)PtCl₂] (16) occurred upon addition of 15 to a CH₂Cl₂ solution of 16 leading to [(OC)₄Fe{μ-dppm}PtCl₂(CNPCP)] (17). Treatment of [ClPd(μ-dppm)₂PtCl] (18) with isocyanide 15 in a 1:1 ratio affords the A-frame compound [ClPd(μ-dppm)₂(μ-CNPCP)PtCl] (19), resulting from formal insertion of 15 into the Pd-Pt bond. Addition of 2 equiv. of 15-18 leads to the ionic A-frame compound [ClPd(μ-dppm)₂(μ-CNPCP)Pt(CNPCP)]Cl (20).     

The first examples of cycloadditions of 2-diazo-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds to aromatic thioketones

Acyclic 2-diazo-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds react at 20–50 °С with aromatic thioketones and through a cascade process, involving the cycloaddition of a diazo group dipole with the CS bond, elimination of nitrogen from the arising thiadiazoline, and subsequent [1,5]-electrocyclization of the intermediate СS-ylide, the relevant oxathioles being formed in yields of up to 70%. Carbocyclic 2-diazo-1,3-diketones at room temperature react with thiones much more slowly, but with increasing temperature they partly decompose to produce, via Wolff rearrangement, 2-oxoketenes, which yield [4+2]-cycloaddition products, that is oxathiinones and/or oxoketene dimers.     

Synthesis of di-, tri- and tetranuclear platinum(II) and copper(I) acetylide complexes

Heterobimetallic {cis-[Pt](μ-σ,π-CCPh)₂}[Cu(NCMe)]BF₄ (3a: [Pt] = (bipy)Pt, bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine; 3b: [Pt] = (bipy′)Pt, bipy′ = 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine) is accessible by the reaction of cis-[Pt](CCPh)₂ (1a: [Pt] = (bipy)Pt, 1b: [Pt] = (bipy′)Pt]) with [Cu(NCMe)₄]BF₄ (2). Substitution of NCMe by PPh₃ (4) can be realized by the reaction of 3a with 4, whereby [{cis-[Pt](μ-σ,π-CCPh)₂}Cu(PPh₃)]BF₄ (5) is formed. On prolonged stirring of 3 and 5, respectively, NCMe and PPh₃ are eliminated and tetrametallic {[{cis-[Pt](η²-CCPh)₂}Cu]₂}(BF₄)₂ (6) is produced. Addition of an excess of NCMe to 6 gives heterobimetallic 3a.When instead of NCMe or PPh₃ chelating molecules such as bipy (7) are reacted with 3a then the heterobimetallic π-tweezer molecule [{cis-[Pt](μ-σ,π-CCPh)₂}Cu(bipy)]BF₄ (8) is formed. Treatment of 8 with another equivalent of 7 produced [Cu(bipy₂)]BF₄ (9) along with [Pt](CCPh)₂. However, when 3b is reacted with 1b in a 1:1 molar ratio then 10 and 11 of general composition [{[Pt](CCPh)₂}₂Cu]BF₄ are formed. These species are isomers and only differ in the binding of the PhCC units to copper(I). A possible mechanism for the formation of 10 and 11 is presented.The solid state structures of 6, 10 and 11 are reported. In 11 the [{cis-[Pt](μ-σ,π-CCPh)₂}₂Cu]⁺ building block is set-up by two nearly orthogonal positioned bis(alkynyl) platinum units which are connected by a Cu(I) ion, whereby the four carbon-carbon triple bonds are unsymmetrical coordinated to Cu(I). In trimetallic 10 two cis-[Pt](CCPh)₂ units are bridged by a copper(I) center, however, only one of the two PhCC ligands of individual cis-[Pt](CCPh)₂ fragments is η²-coordinated to Cu(I) giving rise to the formation of a [(η²-CCPh)₂Cu]⁺ moiety with a linear alkyne-copper-alkyne arrangement (alkyne = midpoint of the CC triple bond). In 6 two almost parallel oriented [Pt](CCPh)₂ planes are linked by two copper(I) ions, whereby two individual PhCC units, one associated with each Pt building block, are symmetrically π-coordinated to Cu.     

Conformational analysis in the reversible intramolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition of diphenylbicyclo[4.2.0]oct-3-ene-2,5-diones

An irradiation of diphenylbicyclo[4.2.0]oct-3-ene-2,5-diones bearing variously substituted Me groups resulted in the reversible intramolecular [2+2] cycloaddition between the excited enedione CC double bond and the facing endo-phenyl ring to exclusively give pentacyclotetradeca-10,12-diene-2,7-diones. The equilibrated product ratios were much dependent on the substitution pattern of the Me-groups as well as the irradiated wavelength. The regiochemistry of these photoadditions was elucidated on the basis of the restricted conformation of the starting enediones.     

Synthesis of a novel one-handed helical poly(phenylacetylene) bearing poly(l-lactide) side chains

The living ring-opening polymerization of l-lactide was carried out by using organocatalyst to synthesize the molecular weight controlled poly(l-lactide) with an phenylacetylenyl end group (HCCPLLA), then the homopolymerization of HCCPLLA was performed by using two different rhodium catalysts. Low molecular weight poly-PLLA₆-1 (M_w,SEC-MALLS = 46,700) was synthesized by using Rh(nbd)BPh₄ as the catalyst, and higher molecular weight poly-PLLA₆-2 (M_w,SEC-MALLS = 471,000) was synthesized by using the [Rh(nbd)Cl]₂/Et₃N catalyst system. Then high molecular weight poly-PLLA₂₀, poly-PLLA₂₉, and poly-PLLA₆₈ were successfully synthesized by using the [Rh(nbd)Cl]₂/Et₃N catalyst system. The α values of the poly-PLLAs using [Rh(nbd)Cl]₂/Et₃N catalyst system were all in the range of 0.6–0.8, this means that these polymers possess linear flexible chain. It is concluded that [Rh(nbd)Cl]₂/Et₃N was more suitable for the synthesis of the cylindrical polymer brush, poly-PLLA with high molecular weight. The analyses of the CD spectra indicated that poly-PLLA possesses a predominantly one-handed helical conformation, temperature and solvents had significant influences on the helical structure of poly-PLLA.     

Reaction of 2-aminomethylaziridine with α-unsaturated carbonyl compounds

2-(Substituted vinyl)-1,3-diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes are formed in the reaction of 2-aminomethylaziridine with some -unsaturated carbonyl compounds containing a C=C bond in the a position, whereas 2-(substituted ethynyl)-1,3-diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes are formed with -acetylenic aldehydes. It was established by PMR spectroscopy that the 2-substituted 1,3-diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes are mixtures of endo and exo isomers.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 758–762, June, 1977.     

Oxidatively induced reactions of a diimine platinum(IV) tetramethyl complex

The oxidation of the Pt(IV) tetramethyl complex [ArNCHCHNAr]PtMe₄ (Ar = 2,6-Me₂C₆H₃) has been investigated in acetonitrile and dichloromethane. Cyclic voltammetry demonstrates that the irreversible oxidation of [ArNCHCHNAr]PtMe₄ occurs at a slightly less positive oxidation potential than the irreversible oxidation of the analogous Pt(II) species [ArNCHCHNAr]PtMe₂. The product distribution arising from the oxidation depends strongly on the reaction conditions and includes cationic Pt(IV) species (acetonitrile, dichloromethane solvents) and Pt(II) species (dichloromethane only). Evidence is presented that suggests that homolytic cleavage of a weakened PtC bond in is involved in the oxidatively induced reactions.     

Photochemical reactions of 1-ferrocenyl-4-phenyl-1,3-butadiyne with Fe(CO)5 and CO

Photolysis of a hexane solution containing ironpentacarbonyl, 1-ferrocenyl-4-phenyl-1,3-butadiyne at low temperature yields six new products: [Fe(CO)₂{η²:η²-PhCCCC(Fc)C(CCPh)C(Fc)Fe(CO)₃}-μ-CO] (1), [Fe₂(CO)₆{μ-η¹:η¹:η²:η²-PhCCCC(Fc)-C(O)-C(Fc)CCCPh}] (2), [Fe₂(CO)₆{μ-η¹:η¹:η²:η²-FcCC(CC Ph)-C(O)-C(Fc)CCCPh}] (3), [Fe₂(CO)₆{μ-η¹:η¹:η²:η²-FcCCCC(Fc)-C(O)-C(Fc)CCCPh}] (4), [Fe(CO)₃{μ-η²: η²-[FcCC(CCPh)C(CCPh)C(Fc)}CO] (5) and [Fe(CO)₃{μ-η²: η²-[FcCC(CCPh)C(CCPh)C(Fc)}CO] (6) formed by coupling of acetylenic moieties with CO insertion on metal carbonyl support. In presence of CO, formation of another new product 2,5-bis(ferrocenyl)-3,6-bis(tetracarbonylphenylmaleoyliron)quinone (7) was observed which on further reaction with ferrocenylacetyene gave the quinone, 2,5-bis(ferrocenyl)-3,6-bis(ethynylphenyl)quinone (8). Structures of 1-5 and 8 were established crystallographically.     

[2+2] Cycloaddition of electron-poor acetylenes to (E)-3-dimethylamino-1-heteroaryl-prop-2-en-1-ones: synthesis of highly functionalized 1-heteroaroyl-1,3-butadienes

Microwave-assisted [2+2] cycloaddition of (E)-3-dimethylamino-1-heteroaryl-prop-2-en-1-ones to dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylates gives (2E,3E)-dimethyl-2-[(dimethylamino)methylene]-3-(substituted)succinates in 8-91% yield. In the case of a 4,5-dihydrothiazoline derivative, cycloaddition also took place at the endocyclic CN double bond.     

Facile [3+2] dimerization and formal dehydrogenative coupling mode of a cyanophenylphosphaallene

Due to a facile head-to-tail [3+2] dimerization, even a sterically demanding group such as the Mes^∗ (2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl) group around the PCC moiety did not allow us to isolate 3-(4-cyanophenyl)-1-(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)-1-phosphaallene from the elimination reaction of 2-bromo-3-(4-cyanophenyl)-1-(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)-1-phosphaprop-1-ene with DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene), and the corresponding 1,4-diphosphafulvene containing cyano groups was obtained and characterized. Theoretical studies on the [3+2] dimerization of phosphaallene characterize possible intermediates affording 1,4-diphosphafulvenes and also suggest the cyano group effect to facilitate the saturation of the PC double bonds. On the other hand, 1,2-bis(4-cyanophenyl)-3,4-bis[(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)phosphinidene]cyclobutene was obtained from 2-bromo-3-(4-cyanophenyl)-3-trimethylsiloxy-1-(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)-1-phosphaprop-1-ene together with the 3-(4-cyanophenyl)-1-phosphaallene.